Luigi Longo, Un Segretario Comunista Troppo Dimenticato

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Luigi Longo, Un Segretario Comunista Troppo Dimenticato Luigi Longo, un segretario comunista troppo dimenticato Cade in queste settimane il quarantesimo anniversario della morte di Luigi Longo (1900-1980). Dopo essere stato in carcere in Italia e Francia, fu partecipe della guerra civile spagnola nelle Brigate internazionali (1936-1939), poi comandante partigiano delle brigate comuniste con il nome di battaglia “Gallo”, poi ancora segretario del Pci nel periodo 1964-1972 dopo la morte di Palmiro Togliatti e prima dell’elezione di Enrico Berlinguer. In Dialogo sull’antifascismo, il Pci e l’Italia repubblicana (Editori Riuniti university press, 2013) tra Aldo Natoli e Vittorio Foa, il primo riconosce il ruolo che ebbe Longo nel corso dell’invasione della Cecoslovacchia da parte delle truppe del Patto di Varsavia: La posizione di critica netta che Longo fece giustamente, una delle sue iniziative migliori in fondo, e quindi come tale passò nella politica ufficiale del partito, non era per niente condivisa dalla base. Natoli spiega a Foa che Longo ebbe un ruolo decisivo nel prendere le distanze da Mosca nella crisi di Praga del 1968 e nel pubblicare il Memoriale di Yalta, l’ultimo scritto di Palmiro Togliatti alla vigilia della sua morte nell’agosto 1964, dove erano contenuti critici giudizi su Mosca e Pechino, auspicando la ricostruzione dell’unità del movimento comunista internazionale su altre basi. Si deve citare a favore della segreteria di Longo anche l’incontro con gli studenti del ’68 nel maggio di quell’anno nella sede del partito a Botteghe oscure: un gesto positivo di dialogo con il movimento nascente. Fu una scelta su cui insistette proprio Longo, che in un’intervista a Rinascita ne spiegò le motivazioni contro le titubanze di altri dirigenti del partito. Natoli, nel dialogo con Foa, gli riconosce infine il merito di aver salvato in alcune circostanze “non solo la fisionomia del Pci, ma anche la sua politica reale” (la via italiana al socialismo) che poteva andare in crisi con la morte di Togliatti. | 1 Luigi Longo, un segretario comunista troppo dimenticato Il Comando generale del CVL sfila il 6 maggio 1945 a Milano. A rappresentare l’unità della Resistenza delle cinque forze politiche che combatterono la lotta di Liberazione, da sinistra Mario Argenton per gli autonomi e i liberali (militari); Giovan Battista Stucchi, socialisti; Ferruccio Parri, azionisti; il generale Raffaele Cadorna, Comandante; Luigi Longo, comunisti; Enrico Mattei, democristiani. A destra leggermente disallineato, Leo Valiani Longo inoltre prese apertamente posizione contro l’idea dello “Stato guida” (Mosca) e a favore del “policentrismo”. Per un uomo cresciuto al tempo della seconda guerra mondiale e dei miti dell’Urss e di Stalin non era facile o scontato continuare la politica di autonomia sulla scia di quanto aveva indicato Togliatti. Con la segreteria di Longo il Pci muta pure la posizione sull’integrazione della Comunità europea: con prudenza, si schierò a favore dell’unità del vecchio continente e dell’“Ostopolitik” del socialdemocratico tedesco Willy Brandt (il dialogo Est/Ovest) e per le cause di liberazione dei paesi del Terzo mondo. | 2 Luigi Longo, un segretario comunista troppo dimenticato In Il sarto di Ulm (il Saggiatore, 2009), Lucio Magri annota di aver scoperto dalle carte dell’Archivio del Pci che il solo e tenace oppositore della strategia del “compromesso storico” all’interno del partito fu Longo, nonostante il cattivo stato di salute che l’accompagnò fino alla morte (era stato colpito da ictus alla fine del 1968 dopo i ripetuti e faticosi viaggi a Praga e Mosca nel tentativo di scongiurare l’invasione sovietica della Cecoslovacchia). Nelle riunioni di Direzione che venivano verbalizzate, era sempre critico, così sulla scelta dei governi di “unità nazionale” (1976-1979). Magri, in qualche altra occasione, ha ricordato come lo stesso gruppo che poi diede vita al manifesto forse ha trascurato il ruolo di Longo nel dibattito interno. Il successore di Togliatti, già malato nel 1969, ebbe probabilmente un ruolo secondario nella radiazione dei manifestini dal Pci. Per quanto riguarda l’XI Congresso del 1966, quello in cui Pietro Ingrao pose i temi di “un nuovo | 3 Luigi Longo, un segretario comunista troppo dimenticato modello di sviluppo” e della democrazia nel partito, Longo era stato convinto – secondo la leggenda storiografica – dall’ala del Pci che faceva capo a Giorgio Amendola che l’obiettivo del confronto politico aperto da Ingrao fosse quello di scalzarlo dal ruolo di segretario. Imprescindibile per continuare il dibattito politico e storiografico su Longo è il lavoro di ricerca di Alexander Hőbel, autore di Luigi Longo, una vita partigiana (1900-1945) per l’editore Carocci, dopo aver dato alle stampe nel 2010 Il Pci di Luigi Longo (1964-1969), Edizioni scientifiche italiane. Indubbiamente, la scarsa fortuna storica di un grande dirigente politico quale fu Longo risente del periodo in cui egli si trovò a guidare il Pci, lui piemontese riservato, tra due leadership carismatiche, quella di Palmiro Togliatti, il suo predecessore, e quella di Enrico Berlinguer, il suo successore. Contano anche le circostanze in cui avvenne il suo insediamento. L’improvvisa morte di Togliatti e successivamente la sua rinuncia alla segreteria nel 1972 per diventarne presidente, dopo l’ictus che nel 1968 aveva ridotto notevolmente la sua attività, delegando al giovane Berlinguer, suo vicesegretario, la gestione effettiva del partito. Ma va sottolineato che, anche da presidente del partito, non esitò mai a esprimere le sue opinioni, talvolta in dissenso con quelle del suo successore e con la maggioranza del partito, come, appunto, sul “compromesso storico”. Luigi Longo, un segretario comunista troppo dimenticato was last modified: Gennaio 21st, 2021 by ALDO GARZIA | 4.
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