Collecting Comic Books

Comic Book Collecting, A Starting Point

Jump Start Your Collection Using Internet Resources

By: Dave Gieber And: Johnny Blue Star

All work contained in this book is the copyright of Dave Gieber. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted for resale or used by any party without express written permission from the author.

LEGAL NOTICE

While all attempts have been made to provide effective, verifiable information in this document, neither the Author nor Publisher assumes any responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, or omissions. Any slights of people or organizations are unintentional. The information contained in this package does not make any claims or guarantees. Many variables affect each individual's results. Results will vary. The author does not make any promise of your personal success. The author has no control over what you may or may not do with this information, and therefore cannot accept the responsibility for your results. Any and all references to persons or businesses, whether living or dead, existing or defunct, are purely coincidental.

Table of Contents

A Gentle Warning to the Reader: Preface ...... 4 Introduction: The Purpose of this Book ...... 5 The Origin of Comic Books, Chapter One ...... 7 The Ten Great Comic Books, Chapter Two ...... 13 Comic Book Collecting-for Fun and Profit, Chapter Three ...... 24 The Different Ages of Comic Books, Chapter Four ...... 27 Legendary Artists of the Comic Book Industry, Chapter Five ...... 48 Grading Your Comic Books, Chapter Six ...... 54 Cataloging and Pricing Your Collection, Chapter Seven ...... 57 Comic Book Conventions, Chapter Eight ...... 60 Preserving Your Collection, Chapter Nine ...... 62 Comic Book Art Collecting, Chapter Ten ...... 65 Final Thoughts ...... 68

3 A Gentle Warning to the Reader: Preface

Comic book collecting is not the same as comic book reading. When you read comic books, you soar into the sky with your favorite comic book hero and fight outrageous battles against Doc Ock or Lex Luthor. When you collect comics, you may not only have to spend a whole lot more money than you did when you were a happy little reader, but you also will surrender a lot of valuable comic reading time to your new hobby. And where will your money go? Not just to the comic books themselves, anymore! No, you will be spending your precious funds on price books, acid-free cardboard backs, Mylar covers, specially constructed storage boxes, money for hotels and airfare or just plain gas when you visit conventions. Instead of going on joyous adventures in your own mind or laughing at your favorite characters parading around on newsprint before your enchanted eyes, you will be spending a lot of time counting, stuffing, grading, pricing, buying and selling the stuff you used to love. What was purely a joyous fantasy now will become partially a numbers game. If you are a collector, you are somewhat between a book reader and a bookkeeper, between an art collector and an art dealer. You have to love this sort of thing and be prepared for it if you are going to be happy as a collector.

So, collecting isn‟t just a simple, fun thing. It is a serious, focused, often money-centered activity. And, furthermore, it‟s you and your art conservation techniques against the clock. Because comic books, although they are the grand purveyors of your wildest dreams, are, in fact, just fragile things, made with self-consuming ink and paper. Love them, treasure them, but always be aware- they don‟t last forever!

Dave Gieber Webmaster and Operator of http://www.comic-book-collection-made-easy.com/ebook

4 Introduction: The Purpose of this Book

The purpose of this book is to rapidly bring the reader into a knowledge of the methodology of collecting comic books. This book focuses on the way the Internet has allowed the Collector to move into levels of access to the marketplace and to essential resources. To be found are high levels of information and discussion, as well as information on pricing and cataloging of an individual‟s own collection. After reading this book, the reader will know where to go and what to do if they want to start a comic book collection and, also some of the flavors and sensibilities of the hobby. This book isn‟t meant to do everything for you, but it is meant to get you started- fast!

The Internet has really affected the collecting of comic books as it has everything else. It allows you to buy and sell, price, organize your collection, examine the history of comic books, get in touch with experts and fans, etc. I have decided to emphasize the tools and resources of the Internet so to best help the reader jumpstart their collection using the most contemporary tools.

There is no doubt that history is what drives comic book collecting, particularly in the loftier areas of pricing. Specific comics have a certain place in this history and so they can command a higher price. In our little e-book, we will point out elements of this history, as an illustration of how a collector needs to think, but the actual development of a real understanding of the market and its history may take decades. That is what a hobby or a long-term investment- collecting scenario is all about - time, patience and the acquisition of profit through intelligence, knowledge and strategic planning.

Although we list many resources on the Internet, we cannot be responsible for the demeanor, efficiency or integrity of all the companies, vendors and persons we address in this book. This book is a guide to the use of the Internet and other resources for comic book collecting. It shows you how to research, buy,

5 sell, organize and communicate, but leaves the rest to you. As in everything else, you must do your own background research, if appropriate, before you spend your money or your time. We are here to give you an overview and approach to what you are doing. Spend your money wisely and research yourself before you actually spend your hard-earned capital.

6 The Origin of Comic Books, Chapter One

The origin of comic books is somewhat a controversy. Perhaps the jury is still out. Since the reader is probably interested in how the product he longs to collect got started, I shall try to touch on this mystery.

Perhaps we could go back to the cartoonish broadsheets of the Middle Ages, parchment products created by anonymous woodcutters. As mass circulation of these broadsheets became possible, they soon developed a market- particularly at public executions, popular events for centuries which drew thousands of happy spectators. Many of which, came to invest in an artist‟s rendering of a hanging or burning, making a very lucky day for the sheet seller. Below is a type of woodcut indicative of the “look” or “style” of this art.

The broadsheet evolved into higher-level content as humor was introduced. Eventually, all types of broadsheets emerged, which were eventually bound in collections, the prototype of the modern magazine. Magazines formatted like the popular Punch, an elegant British creation, became the primary focus of documentary accounts of news and events, fiction and humor. One can see in Punch, the sophisticated evolution of a comic style, particularly in respect of the evolution of comics in Great Britain. Still and all, from an historical standpoint, the comic strip stood in the alley, waiting to be born.

Some say England‟s Ally Sloper‟s Half Alley was the first comic book, an 1884 black and white tabloid that had panels of cartoons mixed with a sliver of news. Sloper led to an abundance of halfpenny titles, led by Comic Cuts and then with Illustrated Press in 1880. These were pioneered by the Amalgamated Press, whose Alfred Harmsworth made his mark on the marketplace by cutting prices in half. The halfpenny roared to popularity, again in England, where a lot of the action was.

Now while all this was going on in Great Britain- this inching towards the comic book- the United States had its own brand of evolution. Instead of magazines, US newspapers took the lead in creating the comic book industry. Newspapers took the first steps as their single image gags evolved into multi- paneled comic strips.

8 It was during this period that William Randolph Hearst scored a knockout with the Yellow Kid, which was actually printed in yellow ink.

By 1905, “Little Nemo in Slumberland,” created by Winsor McCay, with its more urbane middle-class story of an affluent child‟s dream excursions, became very popular. George Heriman‟s “The Dingbat Family” was another great success, which eventually evolved into “Krazy Kat,” the comic that gave him his historical place in the industry.

So where did the actual comic book begin? Some say with reprints of Carl Schultz‟ Foxy Grandpa- from 1901 to 1905. Remember though, that other say it was Great Britain‟s Ally Sloper‟s Half Alley. Then there was Little Nemo, transformed into a 10” x 14” book in 1906. In 1902, Hearst published the Katzenjammer Kids and Happy Hooligans in books with cardboard covers. Bud Fisher‟s popular “Mutt and Jeff” found themselves in a 5” x 15” book in 1910. For a time, the Yellow Kid himself was a top contender. But, you see it depends how rigid you are in your description of a comic book. But, for sure, there were predecessors to the modern comic book, which exploded in the 1930‟s.

Many of these were reprints and, indeed, the likes of Charlie Chaplin in 1917, Tarzan in 1929 and Mickey Mouse in 1931 found themselves in some type of book format, all before the comic book industry began to define everything in an explosion for original content. The closest contender, a book with appearance of the modern comic book, may have been the ten cents Comic Monthly.

Just before the industry grabbed America by the throat and shook it for all its dimes and nickels, an alternative contender emerged, the still collectible BLB‟s or Big Little Books, which essentially featured a page of text followed by a comic book panel without the balloon.

Buck Rogers, Tarzan and Little Orphan Annie found their way into BLB‟s with Dick Tracy leading the pack in 1932. But BLB‟s were not to last. The modern comic book was on its way.

The Whitman Publishing Company, which launched the BLB‟S in 1932, also became one of the pre-launchers for the modern comic book. In 1934, it published forty issues of Famous Comics, which was a black and white hardcover reprint.

The first regularly published comic in the recognizable modern format was Famous Funnies. It featured such greats as Joe Palooka, Buck Rogers and Mutt and Jeff.

Harry L. Wilderberg, sales manager at the Eastern Color Printing Company of Connecticut, created famous Funnies. His motivation was to develop a really good giveaway program. He got Gulf Oil to buy into the concept, giving the impetus to 64-page, cola comic books.

Further enlisting the aid of the legendary Max C. Gaines, color comics were produced for Proctor and Gamble, Wheatena and Canada Dry, with high printing runs, some as high as one million copies.

Gaines made his industry mark when he worked for the McClure Syndicate. There, Gaines used its color presses to produce Dell Comics. Advised by his friend, Shelton Myers, he passed on one bit of advice to Dell: Publish Superman! Gaines went on to launch All-American Comics, Flash Comics, and Sensation Comics before he founded his own company, EC (Educational Comics), which specialized in Bible Stories. When he died, his son made history by developing some of the most renowned and notorious horror and mystery comics as well as Mad Magazine. The former “Educational Comics” had now become Entertainment Comics, or EC Comics.

11 It was Max C. Gaines, the father, who brought “Superman” to Dell‟s publisher, Harry Donenfield. Donenfield scored the comic coup of the century when he published a story written by two teenagers, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster- and so “Superman of Metropolis” (the title of their short story they wrote in their own fanzine) was born. Superman was to set a standard for comic book heroes that persists to this day.

People speculate what influenced Shuster and Siegel. Many attributed a major influence to be Hugo Danner, the hero of Philip Wylie‟s novel, Gladiator. Like Batman, Superman had a dual identity, reminiscent of characters of film and radio like Zorro and the Shadow.

Although the first editions did not do well, there was a buying spree on the fourth edition. Donenfeld rightly deduced that this Superman fellow might be something else- a potential Blockbuster. Circulation, syndication and eventually radio led to amazing notoriety for Superman and created soaring circulation figures. The comic book grossing almost a million dollars in 1940.

12 The Ten Great Comic Books, Chapter Two

Mitchell Brown is a Canadian journalist and longtime comic book fan, living in Toronto, whose hobby is comic book collecting. He has compiled a list of the 100 Greatest Comics of the Twentieth Century (This link was good as of this update)! We have brought you an abridged version of his comments. The prices are from an online price guide and their pricing would need to be re-researched, to the particular guide in affect at the time, by the reader if he is a contender for buying one of these fabulous books. Current estimates can be found in the latest Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$150,000 $425,000 $500,000 $650,000

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #1. ACTION COMICS #1: Superman ushers in a new Golden Age of heroes 2010 Update: In February an 8.0 (Very Fine) copy sold for 1.0 million dollars. And then in March an 8.5 (Very Fine +) sold for 1.5 million dollars. 2010 became the year of the million dollar comic book!!

FILM FANS ARE FREE TO ARGUE about which film is the greatest movie of all time, but there can be no such argument among comic collectors. For them, there are only two kinds of comics: Action Comics #1 and everything else.

13 To put it as simply as possible, this is the one comic book that made all the others possible. Before the introduction of Superman, comic books were either collections of already published newspaper comic strips or depositories of immediately unforgettable characters. Superman was the first true superstar of the comic page, and his phenomenal early success spurred thousands of imitators, all rushing to cash in on his popularity.

Sure, heroes were nothing new in 1938 -- the Shadow, Flash Gordon and other heroic types had entertained readers for years in comic strips and movie serials. But how many of those guys could lift an entire car over their heads?!? In our jaded time, it's impossible for us to imagine the feeling kids must have felt when they saw that first issue.

Superman was the first true "superhero" of modern times. Myths of gods and men with near-impossible strength have thrilled humanity for thousands of years. It was left though, to two young men named Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster to create a new mythological hero for the 20th century, a man "with powers and abilities far beyond those of mortal men."

This comic book has to be the first on any greatest-books list because Superman was the first true comic-book superstar. Before him, the heroes of the industry were mere mortals and funny animals; after him, the public's demand for more sent publishers back to the drawing board to create entire universes of super powered beings. The very fact we call them superheroes testifies to the place Superman occupies in the pantheon of our modern-day heroes. Action Comic #1 was the beginning of a character -- and an entire industry -- which continues to thrill readers into the 21st century. For that reason alone, it deserves to be called the greatest comic book of this -- or any other -- century.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$115,875 $328,312.50 $386,250 $502,125

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #2 DETECTIVE COMICS#27: The Batman begins his crusade against crime 2010 Update: To continue the year of the million dollar comic book, in February an 8.0 (Very Fine) copy sold for 1.075 million dollars.

NEXT TO ACTION COMICS #1, Detective Comics #27 is perhaps the most sought-after comic book in the world today, and there is only one reason why: Batman. Conceived by a young artist named Bob Kane, Batman was a mysterious vigilante who worked under the cover of darkness to punish evildoers.

Batman is often called the Dark Knight, and for good reason -- while he is not above using a little physical persuasion to get what he needs from a criminal, he lives by a strict code that absolutely forbids him to kill. He has been bruised and beaten by his enemies, he has witnessed horrors beyond belief and he lives with the guilt of knowing he can never do enough, but he never gives up. Just as we need a Superman to remind us of the value of doing what's good, we need a Batman to remind us of the need to do what's just.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$3000 $8500 $10,000 $13,000

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #3 NEW FUN COMICS #1: The First Comic Book To Publish Original Material Debuts

NEWSPAPER COMIC STRIPS were hugely popular in the early decades of the 20th century, and it was only a matter of time before someone got the idea of repackaging the more popular strips in a magazine format for collectors. When Eastern Color launched Famous Funnies, a collection of reprinted Sunday comics, its success encouraged others to get in the game.

One entrepreneur by the rather odd name of Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson was keen on the money to be made in the new-fangled comic books. As he saw it, the big problem was that the newspaper syndicates charged exorbitant fees for the rights to their strips. Wheeler- Nicholson figured that publishing new material would cost less, and so he hired writers and artists to produce original material. His creation, New Fun Comics #1, thus became the first comic book to present all-original material.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$90,000 $255,000 $300,000 $390,000

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #4 MARVEL COMICS #1: The Very Beginnings of A Marvelous Universe Debuts

MARTIN GOODMAN WAS A SUCCESSFUL publisher of pulp fiction magazines that covered all the bases: war, horror, romance, adventure and science fiction. But he had never created titles to rival those created by his competition, which was probably why he was receptive to a business proposal from an outfit called Funnies Inc.

The deal was simple: Funnies Inc. was prepared to give Goodman a complete package of artwork every month for him to print, and the printing costs would be covered by the service fee asked by Funnies. By 1939, several publishers had proven the profit to be made in the comic industry, so Goodman decided to give it a shot.

They probably had no idea of the history about to be made. Funnies Inc. employed several veterans of the booming superhero business, and they came up with a lot of new ideas for costumed adventurers. Bill Everett's creation, the Sub- Mariner, was given the anchor spot. Carl Burgos, seeing Bill's watery creation, perhaps saw a fitting balance in the Human Torch, an android whose artificial skin burst into flames upon contact with oxygen. And Ben Thompson created Ka-

17 Zar the Great, a character that carried the civilized-man-in-the-jungle theme just far enough away from a certain Lord of the Apes to avoid any lawsuits.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$11,400 $32,300 $38,000 $49,400

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #5 SHOWCASE #4: Flash Signals The Start Of A Silver Age In Comics

BY THE LATE 1950s, the comics industry was in pretty bad shape. Except for Superman, Batman and a handful of others, the heroes of the Golden Age were forgotten. No one knows whose idea it was, but the creators at DC began toying with a superhero revival in the mid-1950s. It fell upon editor Julius Schwartz to resurrect the speedster from his four-color grave.

But the new Flash would not be the same as the old Flash. Schwartz edited the original Flash Comics until the book's cancellation in 1949, and he was not interested in looking back. He agreed to bring back the character, but only if he could make a few changes. It's hard to overestimate this book's impact on comic history. The Flash's phenomenal success spawned revivals of other famous heroes from the past -- Green Lantern, Hawkman, the Atom, the Spectre, Dr. Fate and more were given new leases on life. It didn't happen quite as fast as the Flash, but

18 there was no denying the excitement that was building. Comicdom's Silver Age had officially begun.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$9,696 $27,472 $32,320 $42,016

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #6 FANTASTIC FOUR #1: It's (Sales)Clobberin' Time For Marvel's Super-Team

BY 1961, STAN LEE AND JACK KIRBY had done more for the comic book industry than just about anyone else in the business. Legend has it that Marvel publisher Martin Goodman had seen the phenomenal success that DC was enjoying with its newly revived heroes, and the Justice League of America -- a team-up book that featured all the heroes fighting together -- was one of its biggest bestsellers.

They did it by taking every superhero cliché and throwing them out the window. Their team had no secret identities to hide, and they were a family more than a team -- literally, in the case of Sue and Johnny Storm (Sue and Reed would eventually get married -- another comics first). The book would soon do better than Goodman could ever have hoped for -- it would quickly become the flagship

19 title of an entirely new line-up that would completely change the face of the comic industry.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$14,400 $40,800 $46,560 $62,400

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #7 AMAZING FANTASY #15: Is He Strong? Listen, Bud...

LIKE DC'S OWN HERO in red and blue, Spider-Man almost never came to be. When Stan Lee approached his publisher with an idea for a new teenaged hero who had "the proportionate strength and agility of a spider," he didn't exactly get an enthusiastic response. No one likes spiders, they said. Teenagers work better as sidekicks, not as superheroes in their own book. And what's with the depressing origin story?

But Lee believed in it, and he pushed for his creation. And that was that. The title was over, and it was up to the readers to decide what came next. When the book became one of the company's biggest bestsellers in years, it wasn't hard to figure out why. Lee got the green light to go ahead with The Amazing Spider- Man #1. Spider-Man broke all the rules for superheroes. Spider-Man cursed his new abilities almost as often as he reveled in them. He paid bills, looked after his sickly Aunt May, and often wondered where his next rent check was coming from.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$112.50 $318.75 $375 $487.50

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #8 CEREBUS #1: Canada's Dave Sim Starts An Aardvark On His Journey

A SWORD-SWINGING AARDVARK this high up on the list? To paraphrase a Canadian television commercial from the 1990s: "Is this some kind of Canadian joke, sir?" When Cerebus was first published, it could hardly have had a less auspicious beginning. Writer and artist Dave Sim printed about 300 copies and sold them at a few comic shops in the Toronto area.

Sim's creation soon took on a life of its own, and quickly became one of the most literate (not to mention unpredictable) series in comics history.

Other comics are valuable for the characters they introduced, or the companies they helped get off the ground. Cerebus belongs on this list because it shows how far one person's reach can go with just a pencil and an idea, and it serves as an inspiration to every aspiring self-publisher who dares to dream.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$5100 $14,450 $17,000 $22,100

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #9 PEP COMICS #22: Archie... Archie Andrews, Where Are You?

THE DATE WAS DECEMBER, 1941, and the Allied forces needed all the heroes they could find to help fight the Axis menace. The major heroes had already been recruited to boost morale and help sell war bonds, and the comic publishers were cranking out even more to meet the demand for patriotic men in tights. How ironic, then, that the company's most famous character turned out to be as far from a superhero as you can get.

Pep Comics was an anthology series, featuring several stories within each issue. Issue #22 saw the debut of Archie Andrews, a freckle-faced teenager who lived in Riverdale and whose biggest worries were fixing his car and choosing between two very attractive girls (we should all have such problems). Archie was a hit from the start. Archie Comics has made several attempts to revive the superheroes from the old days, but Archie and the gang remained the company's top draw throughout the century, and arguably the stars of the best-selling humor books of all time.

Fine Very Fine Near Mint Mint

$7500 $21,250 $25,500 $32,500

COMIC OF THE CENTURY #10 FUNNIES ON PARADE: Everything Has To Start Somewhere

BEFORE 1933, COMIC BOOKS as we know them today didn't exist. The newspapers were where most of today's great comic writers and artists would have had to publish their work if they wanted to get into the business. Of course, back then comic strips were more detailed -- and a lot more highly regarded -- than they are today. Once the syndicates realized how popular their strips were, they published hardcover and soft cover collections of the black-and-white daily strips and the color Sunday comics.

In 1933, three men at the Eastern Color Printing Company in Connecticut -- Harry Wildenberg, M.C. Gaines, and Leverett Gleason -- were amazed by the full-color comics that rolled off their presses, especially their ability to increase the sales of newspapers in which they appeared. They figured that the brightly colored pieces of paper could also sell other products, if they were marketed in the right way. The promotion was a success, and other manufacturers were soon sold on the idea. The comic book, at least as a promotional item, was born. The rest, as the saying goes, is history.

23 Comic Book Collecting-for Fun and Profit, Chapter Three

When you go for advice about collecting comics, be sure and go to an expert. We did. We went to James F Payette, a rare books and comic book dealer, operating out of Bethleham, New Hampshire. With over eighteen years of advising the Overstreet Guide, the most prestigious comic book price guide in the world and over ten years on the Grading Committee at Sotheby‟s. Mr. Payette brings a very personalized knowledge to the business of collecting. He also puts his money where his mouth is by buying thousands and thousands of dollars worth of collections, having often successfully bid on the top collections in the world. At times he will pay up to 100% or more of your comic book price guide for comics of special interest.

Mr. Payette at first made clear to us that not all collectors have the same objectives. “There are really three types of collectors- those who collect for pure enjoyment, those who invest purely for monetary gain and those who do a little of both.”

“Knowing the cost of comic books these days, I certainly would prefer that people invest in the long term, for themselves or for their heirs, rather than waste their money on the huge number of comics that just cannot hold their value. Among these comics, are one‟s that were published in the late 70‟s to the present. These comics are published in the millions and have little or no true resale value, although here and there, as in any era, there are some moments of interest.”

“So we want to pick our investments carefully- thinking, someday I want to have something for all my trouble. “

“To do this, first, we must focus on higher grade books. These books should also be highly collectible. They must be the right titles or be published by the right companies. It might be best to invest in comics published before 1965, VG (Very Good) or better. If you are going to buy something from 1965 to the mid

24 70‟s, it ought to be 9.2 or better (that‟s Near Mint or better, according to Overstreet). If I were to invest, I would certainly look at Timely Comics, which fostered such masterful titles as the Sub-Mariner, the Human Torch and Captain America. Most collectible are 1-75 of Captain America and 1-92 of Marvel Mystery. 1-34 of the Human Torch is a nice, lucrative set of collectibles. Young Allies is also a very nice title, whose early numbers have moved exceptionally well. Timely evolved into Atlas and eventually into Marvel. There were probably 400-500 books put out by Timely. I would also look at Atlas products, who put out a lot of Horror, War and Romantic comics before they morphed into Marvel.”

“Of course, there are the mainline DC investments, like Superman or Batman. Be sure these are VG or better. Take a look at More Fun from DC. From 1-51, More Fun was kind of oriented to Adventure. But 52-100 brought in some great Superheroes, like the first appearance of AquaMan and Doctor Fate.”

“Relatively scarce, Centaur comics, another company, are very collectible- as long as they are a very solid VG or better.”

“In general, you always do good with #1‟s. You do well with originals. You do well with certain companies. Certain themes sometimes do better at one time to another. Right now, classic horror comics- like weird Mysteries or Weird Horror- have somewhat leveled out after a fairly recent peak. Be wary of media splashes- like buying Daredevil because of the movie. These things don‟t usually last.”

“Perhaps the most remarkable example of media splashing was the Death of Superman fiasco, where DC published something like 5.2 million copies to the point that it would be easier these days to find a Near Mint “Death of Superman” than one in “Good” or “Fine” shape. I remember, shortly after the publication, how one woman bought two copies so she could put her daughter though college. That kind of fantasy thinking doesn‟t work well. There is a basic economics to collecting. If there is no scarcity, there is not going to be much of a market. Of

25 course, even with scarcity, there must be demand. If there is no demand, there is no value whatsoever.”

If you are reading this and have a real good comic collection you wish to sell (maybe you inherited it or are working on cataloging your uncle‟s favorite comics), feel free to contact Mr. Payette at 603-869-2097 or email him at [email protected].

26 The Different Ages of Comic Books, Chapter Four

Gemstone Publishing, which publishes the Overstreet Price Guide has been leading the debate in trying to classify the ages of comic books, which formerly were Platinum, Golden, Silver and Modern- with Bronze sometimes thrown in.

DATES NAME OF AGE TRIGGER 1828-1882 Victorian Age 1883-1938 Platinum Age 1938-1945 Golden Age Action #1 1946-1956 Atom Age 1956-1973 Silver Age Showcase #4 1973-1985 Bronze Age Amazing #121 featuring Death of Gwen Stacy 1986-1992 Copper Age DC‟s Crisis 1992- ???

The purpose of this chapter is to allow the reader to get the sense of this discussion and how this effects the value and goals of his collection. In our first little discussion, we lump together the Bronze Age and the Modern Age into one category.

Platinum Age 1897-1932

These comics were described in detail in the first chapter. They were developed prior to the real comic book industry Very popular titles included the Yellow Kid in McFadden Park, the Mickey Mouse Book, Buster Brown and his Resolutions, Little Nemo. These are not necessarily all extremely hot items, but even at Very Fine, they are pricey. And, as they deteriorate- and as comic book historians continue to piece together the early history of the industry, they may get more important.

Because of their priciness, the lack of public awareness of the titles (because a lot of people who read them are now passed away) and their rarity, they are not going to be candidates for the usual comic book collection. This is

27 not to say they are not fine for the sophisticated, knowledgeable collector- particularly for those who wish to take their part in archiving comic book history.

The Golden Age 1933-1955

Spanning the 1930‟s and 1940‟s, the Golden Age of Comics not only features a whole new cast of characters, artists and publishers but really represents the beginning of the comic book industry.

The stars of this industry are “The Big Two,” DC (Detective Comics) and Marvel, beginning in 1937 and 1938 respectively. As to titles, there are enduring superheroes like Superman, Superboy, Batman, Captain America, Captain Marvel, Green Lantern, Sub-Mariner; great kid comics like Little Lulu, Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Archie; and others that once potent, are now obscure- like Plastic Man, the Rawhide Kid and Tom Mix. The Golden Age set the stage for everything else.

These items, depending upon the title, are very sellable- but, of course, the condition is very important to get a good price. For this reason, you may not be able to afford some of the better comics in the very highest grades. You need to develop a reasonable perspective as to what you can and cannot collect from the Golden Age.

The Silver Age 1956-1973

As Mitchell Brown notes in our Chapter on the Top Ten Comics of the Century, the Silver Age begins with DC Showcase #4, which was released in September 1956 with the reintroduction of the Flash. From 10 cents to $49,400, as priced by our online price guide, well, that‟s what I would call appreciation.

28 The new Flash followed on the heels of a Senate Investigating committee having been spurred on by the wide-ranging criticisms of comics, voiced by Dr. Fredric Wertham. Actually, although many people did not appreciate Wertham‟s excesses, magazines like “Tales of the Crypt Comics,” which was ultimately banned New York State, were filled with hellish, disgusting gruesome images that quite possibly had no redeeming value. There may have been some good that came from Dr. Wertham‟s criticisms.

Great new titles began to come center stage- like the Amazing Spider Man, Daredevil, the Incredible Hulk, X-Men, the Fantastic Four- many of which have danced in other venues- like television and film. These characters were more human, more real than the former superheroes and had more foibles and eccentricities and soap-opera type problems than their predecessors.

The Modern Age 1974- Present

In 1971, the Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide was introduced and set new standards for the Marketplace. New independents began to appear like ElfQuest and Cerebus the Aardvark.

One of the weird fun things of the Modern Age was Eastern and Laird‟s self-depreciating Teenage Ninja Turtles. This 3000 copy, self-published bonanza roared to mainstream multimedia and toydom star status in a way that proved that home brew still worked in America.

I am ambivalent about the Modern Age. Many reading this book won‟t have that luxury because they weren‟t born until the Modern Age began. They therefore won‟t know the pleasures of comic books being sold, hawked and traded everywhere. Now, I admit that albatrosses like the “candy store” or the “drug store” where they sold a variety of items besides candy or drugs and had a required soda fountain- were not always as elegant as a comic specialty-shop.

29 Specialty-shops are now a mainstay of the comic business- but comics were not so much art then as they are now. They were a part of fantasy and exuberance and the joys of trading with your friends. I am saying they were part of life and not so much a collectible treasure.

On the other hand, specialty comic book stores bring a certain professionalism to the realm of collecting even if they are a product of a change in the mass media atmosphere. So, in a sense, for the serious collector, they are a kind of treasure in themselves, a newcomer to the industry that is now firmly planted in the realities of distribution.

But this is an extremely limited view of the comic book ages and does not even touch the real controversy and the depth that serious collectors and scholars are approaching it. The following is an excerpt from a tremendous article on the Ages of Comic Books. Click here for the entire article by Ken Quattro.

30 Special Thanks to Dr. Michael Vassallo and Dr. Jerry Bails

Assuming that comic books are deserving of serious study and assuming that future comic book historians need a framework on which to hang their studies, then it follows that a logical framework needs to be constructed. As it currently exists, the concept of comic book ages is a rickety patchwork of quaint terms, myopic prejudices and totally arbitrary time spans. The entire premise and terminology of comic book ages needs to be amended.

Certain terms, specifically Golden Age and Silver Age, have themselves developed historical validity having been in use for many years. Indeed, according to fanzine historian Bill Schelly, "The first use of the words "golden age" pertaining to the comics of the 1940s was by Richard A. Lupoff in an article called "Re-Birth" in COMIC ART #1 (April 1960)." Silver Age has a more vague origin, but it came into common use sometime later, around 1965-66. To re-label these periods now would cause unnecessary confusion. However, subsequent terms, such as Atom Age (why not the Television Age?), Bronze Age, etc., not only should be changed, but make little sense. The temptation to continue the "metal motif" is the obvious raison d’être for most of these labels. The problem is that they do little to either describe the eras or explain them. My proposal attempts to remedy this.

There is a strong tendency amongst present day comic book fans and historians to equate all of its history to superheroes and their comics. The fervor of the fan sometimes overstates the true importance of the genre. While the impact of superheroes, the main contribution of comic books to popular culture, is indisputable, in reality the history of the medium has more variables than just that one. Looking dispassionately at the history, it is apparent that changes occurred periodically in reaction to outside events, economic factors and trends. Industry wide changes in editorial direction should be the determining factor when delineating the comic book Ages.

I am not the first to question the accepted comic ages definitions. Dr. Jerry Bails, one of comic fandoms founding fathers and probably the first to look at comic books historically, summed up his thoughts on the subject in an email to me. "I did not prefer the terms Golden & Silver Age because the term Golden Age was already in use by fans of syndicated strips. ''Golden Age'' referred to the late 1920s and 1930s, when so many of the great newspaper strips were thriving. I recall at the first significant fan gathering at my house, the Alley Tally, I posted banners using the terms ''Second Heroic Age'' in a gallery of original art I set up. I think that was 1964???

I preferred the terms First Heroic Age and Second Heroic Age to refer to the 1940s and the emerging phenomenon of the 1960s, which I hoped would not fade out again.

I would certainly NOT start the Silver Age in the mid-1950s. That is entirely revisionist fantasy. The Martian Manhunter was a backup feature, and did not spark any copycats. Ditto Charlton's brief efforts, and a few others. Only Flash in the late 1950s, GL (note: Green Lantern), and the JLA (Justice League of America) broke open the dike, and led Martion Goodman to instruct Stan Lee to create a group-hero book. Others followed."

The second continuing problem with defining comic ages is that the milestones are often arbitrary. To ascribe the end of the Golden Age to the end of World War II is one such example. To end the Silver Age with either the end of the 12 cent cover price or just the final year of the 1960s is another. Again, my proposals hope to better define the time periods. That said, here is my comic ages proposal:

32 Pre-Modern (1933 and earlier) Nascent Age (1933-1938) Golden Age (1938-1949)

First Heroic Era (1938-1955)

Genre Age (1950-1958)

Code Era (1955-1958)

Second Heroic Era (1956-1986)

Silver Age (1958-1968) Neo-Silver Age (1968-1986) Post-Heroic Age (1986-Present)

Third Heroic Era (1986-Present)

You will notice that I've subdivided several Ages into Eras. I did this in order to hone in more closely to trends and influences that affected comic books. These Eras don't necessarily correspond exactly with the Ages. Trends sometimes precede an Age, as a harbinger of what would eventually become the prevailing direction of the comic medium. Other times, they span several Ages. Here is how I arrived at these Ages and Eras:

Pre-Modern & Nascent Ages: Important comic: Funnies on Parade (1933)

As Robert Beerbohm, Dr. Richard Olson and Doug Wheeler have written, while Funnies on Parade wasn't the first comic book, nor was it the first to contain original material, it was the first to be published in the format associated with the modern comic book.

Mr. Beerbohm, et al. have conducted extensive research and continue to expand the knowledge of these Ages. However, I believe lumping everything prior to 1938

33 (and post-Victorian) into a single "Platinum" Age dilutes the watershed importance of this book and its subsequent imitators. The modern comic continued to develop during this time period (1933-1938) and the proposed Nascent Age recognizes that fact.

Golden Age: Important comic: Action Comics #1 (1938)

The first appearance of Superman not only was the single most important event in comic book history, but resulted in the 'purest' and most easily agreed upon starting point of any Age. Where I differ with the current definition is in the duration. Dawning concurrently with the Golden Age and the introduction of Superman in Action #1, was the First Heroic Era.

Although the height of the Golden Age and the predominant superhero genre may have occurred during the years of W.W.II, and many titles may have ended soon after, the franchise comics of most stable publishers continued for some time. The superhero genre lasted far longer. I set the ending of the Age in 1949 due to the ending of so many established comics and characters in that year. A partial list includes: Human Torch, Sub-Mariner, Marvel Mystery, The Flash, Green Lantern, Smash, Crack and the Green Hornet. All contained super-hero strips and it's significant that so many ended in such a short time period. The superhero genre continues (actually, limps) into the 1950s and truly doesn't reach its nadir until 1955.

Just Fading Away...

With the end of World War II, many marginal costumed heroes disappeared, particularly those from the plethora of small publishers that sprang up in the War years. Over the next several years, the attrition rate accelerates as the genre loses popularity and others gain. Finally, in 1949, most of the

34 remaining second tier heroes lose their comics and even franchise players begin to give up. This trend continues into 1950.

TITLE CHARACTER LAST ISSUE The Flash The Flash, Hawkman* 104 (Feb. 1949) Human Torch Human Torch 35 (March 1949) Green Lantern Green Lantern* 38 (May-June 1949) Black Terror Black Terror 27 (June 1949) Sub-Mariner Sub-Mariner 33 (July 1949) Moon Girl Moon Girl 8 (Summer 1949) Green Hornet Green Hornet 47 (Sept. 1949)

* Continued appearing in All Star Comics until #57 (Feb.-March 1951), which in actuality went on sale in late 1950.

Comics in transition

Quite often, a costumed hero lost their venue as their comic was transfigured into a different genre. Captain America provides a perfect example as it evolved from a superhero comic into a horror book.

#70 (Jan. 1949) #71 (March 1949) #72 (May 1949)

35 The leading Timely/Atlas/Marvel historian, Dr. Michael Vassallo, details the chronology at that company: "At Timely, the immediate post-war period saw the rise of teen comics like Patsy Walker, Millie the Model and others. By cover date Fall/47 Timely introduced 2 crime titles patterned after Lev Gleason's Crime Does Not Pay. Timely released Justice Comics and Official True Crime Cases. In 1948 they followed with Crime Fighters, Lawbreakers Always Lose, Crime Exposed and Complete Mystery. Following Simon and Kirby's Young Romance, Timely introduced their romance comics with My Romance in 1948 and 29 other romance titles in 1949! Horror as a genre began with Amazing Mystries #32 (May/49) and Marvel Mystery Comics #92 then changed to Marvel Tales #93 (Aug/49). Then the 2 Captain America's Weird Tales issues, #74 (Oct/49) and #75 (Feb/50). With #74 & 75 superheroes at Timely were dead and the genres took off."

The transition in a microcosm

Probably no comic went through more changes than the EC title Moon Girl. What had started out as their lone superhero book in the Fall of 1947, became a virtual chameleon, changing genres every few issues. Moon Girl #5 (Fall 1948) contained EC's first horror story, Zombie Terror. By issue #7 (May- June 1949), the title had changed to Moon Girl Fights Crime, to cash in on

36 that popular genre. With #9, the title becomes A Moon, A Girl...Romance (Sept.-Oct. 1949), breathlessly relating "True Stories of Young Love."

The short, strange trip ends when the title disappears totally with #12 (March- April 1950) and has its numbering taken up by one of the defining titles of the Genre Age, Weird Fantasy #13 (May-June 1950).

Genre Age: Important comics: EC "New Trend" titles, among them Crypt of Terror #17, Weird Science #12 [#1] and Weird Fantasy #13 [#1] (all 1950) The transition from the Golden Age into the Genre Age took place over a period of several years. With the ending though, of so many established costumed character comics the preceding year and the advent of the very influential EC "New Trend" titles in 1950, this seems to be a likely line of demarcation.

Using the revamped EC line as a starting point is a logical choice. Most assuredly, EC did not publish the first science fiction comic, or the first horror comic, or the first war comic, but they defined those genres with well-crafted comics and their success spawned a phalanx of imitators.

It should be mentioned that the First Heroic Era lingers into this Age, but suffers casualties along the way. By 1955, the list includes; the Black Cat, the entire Fawcett Marvel clan and the Timely triumvirate of Captain America, Human Torch and Sub-Mariner. After a brief encore, these characters finally disappeared (in the first incarnations) by the end of 1955. Plastic Man, alone among the non-DC super-heroes, made it into 1956.

The Code Era was a very important influence not only on the Genre Age, but even upon the subsequent Silver Age. To ignore this fact by not crediting it with its own historical period is a major oversight of the current system. The emasculation of the E.C. line and its imitators along with the editorial changes necessitated to comply with the Code altered the entire industry. Traditional comic history roughly overlaps the installation of the Comics Code with the beginning of the Silver Age. Nothing could be further from the truth. The Silver Age was a Renaissance of the industry, while the Code Era nearly caused its death. The Code resulted in the collapse of some publishers, reduction in others and retrenching by most of the survivors.

Tales from the Code Era

No comic book company suffered as much or as publicly as EC. Publisher William Gaines made his famously impassioned if flawed, defense of his comics before the Senate subcommittee investigating the industry. In the pages of his comics and in the bulletin of the EC Fan-Addict Club in particular, he pled his case to his devoted readers. "Your editors sincerely believe that the claim of these crusaders...that comics are bad for children...is nonsense. If we, in the slightest way, thought our horror comics, crime comics, or any other kind of comics were harmful to our readers, we would cease publishing them and direct our efforts toward something else!" (from EC Fan-Addict Club Bulletin #3, June 1954).

The handwriting, however, was on the wall and as they announced in the September 1954 Fan-Addict Club Bulletin, "...we at E. C. are giving up! WE'VE HAD IT!" Desperately, EC sought ways to comply with the Comics Code they had signed onto out of necessity. Drained of the violence and 'disturbing' subject matter they were known for, the results were a bowdlerized, no longer 'weird', science fiction book entitled Incredible Science Fiction and painfully

38 non-engaging New Direction titles such as Psychoanalysis ("stories of people searching for peace of mind through the modern science of psychoanalysis").

A brave effort branded Picto-Fiction attempted to circumvent the Code by presenting 'adult' comics in a black and white magazine format. The same format that was wildly successful for Mad was a commercial failure for such titles as Shock Illustrated. Neither fish nor fowl, they left retailers scratching their heads where to rack them, misread their core market and the consequential poor sales led to a quick death. Nearly a decade later, Jim Warren would revive the format, beyond the clutches of the Code, successfully in his horror books, Creepy and Eerie.

However, not all companies suffered equally during the Code Era. Neither Gilberton, publishers of the Classics Illustrated comics, nor Dell submitted their comics to the Comics Code Authority for its approval. They didn't feel that it was necessary.

Gilberton enjoyed marginal respectability (and the thanks of homework pressed students) for its visual representations of 'real' books. Meanwhile, the Dell imprint ran on a wide range of licensed material that was generally viewed favorably, or at least innocuously, by the public.

Dell president and CEO Helen Honig Meyer's assertion during Congressional hearings that, 'Dell comics are good comics,' was such a powerful statement that it became part of the ubiquitous Dell Pledge to Parents that appeared on their books in the late 1950s. Their claims resonated with concerned parents and were reflected in their sales as their flagship licensed title, Walt Disney's Comics and Stories, often sold over two million copies a month.

Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #197 (February 1957)

39 Silver Age: Important comics: Showcase #13 & 14, Lois Lane #1, Challengers of the Unknown #1, Adventure #247 (all 1958) Here lies my greatest disagreement with the current historical ages. Showcase #4, which featured the origin of the revamped The Flash, is most assuredly an important comic book. However, its currently accepted place as the starting point of the Silver Age is incorrect. As mentioned earlier, the prevailing influence on comic books at this time was the adoption of the Comics Code Authority in 1955. The companies that survived its impact were desperately trying to find ways to continue publishing under its strict guidelines. Showcase was DCs forum for trying out potential comic book formulas and The Flash was but one of the trial balloons. As Dr. Bails has pointed out, The Flash didn't really catch on until his third Showcase appearance, in issue #13. That same year, Lois Lane became the first Showcase graduate to get her own title, followed quickly by the Challengers of the Unknown. Amazingly, in approximately the same month (April 1958), the first appearance of the popular Legion of Super-Heroes occurred in Adventure #247.

By late 1958, the first issue of The Flash's new comic, #105, appeared on the newsstands (though dated early 1959) along with the first new offerings from Atlas following its disastrous "implosion" in 1957. Dr. Michael Vassallo explains, "After the implosion Stan Lee used up inventory and new work by Maneely, Ayers and Keller on the westerns and Goldberg, Weiss and Hartley on the teen books. Fantasy and war was old inventory. Then in mid 1958 Stan called back a small core of artists. Kirby, Ditko, Heck, Reinman, Sinnott and Ayers are the core but Forte, Williamson, Wildey, Forgione and others also contribute. Strange Worlds #1 (Dec/58) is the first pre-hero type book in the fantasy genre. World of Fantasy is next with Tales to Astonish, Tales of Suspense, Strange Tales and a revived Journey Into Mystery. They start as sci-fi type books but eventually morph into monster books by mid 1960. To peg Marvel' s Silver-Age down you seem to need super-heroes and this would really be FF (Fantastic Four) #1 but the roots of FF #1 are back in the

40 monster books. The same creators were working on them but they were going nowhere. FF #1 jumpstarted everything."

Placing the beginning of this historic age in 1956 denies the prevailing tenuous nature of the industry at that time. Calling Showcase #4 the first comic book of the Second Heroic Era is accurate. But it occurred in the Genre Age, not the Silver.

Neo-Silver Age: Important comics: Showcase #73, 74, 75, 76 & 77, Iron Man #1, Captain America #1, Silver Surfer #1, Nick Fury Agent of Shield #1, etc., (all 1968)

Perhaps the most misunderstood ending of one Age and beginning of another. The problem arises from the fact that most of the predominant characters and comics continued publication, unlike previous Ages, which were signaled by the ending of established comics and characters. It was virtually a sequel to the previous Age, yet it spawned new comics, new characters and new directions.

The comic book industry, and DC in particular, had experienced a brief boom and was beginning to suffering from a "post-Batman television series depression" as the popularity of that show waned and the 'campy' trendiness that dogged the industry in that period thankfully went away. The flurry of publishers that sprang up and tried to profit from that superhero boom had either failed (i.e. Tower's Thunder Agents, M.F. Enterprises version of Captain Marvel) or gone back to what they knew best (Archie) by 1967. This left a de facto two- company superhero market, despite the sometimes valiant attempts by Charlton.

There was also DCs increasing awareness of Marvel as the industry's style setter. Marvel‟s brash self-image as 'The House of Ideas' bore a lot of truth and its popularity with a 'hipper' audience than DCs core 12-year olds turned heads at the long established industry giant. Their response to the Marvel threat

41 is noted by Christopher Melchert of Oxford University, England, who points out, "Also significant about 1968: the sacking of what was it five? major writers at NPP (note: National Periodical Publications, DCs official name at the time) & the hiring of enthusiastic young fans like Skeates & Friedrich to take their places, along with promoting Infantino & making various artists into editors to take the place of the old writers like Schiff, Miller, & Weisinger."

In 1968, DC began a vigorous attempt to add life to its line with a series of original concepts in its long-running Showcase title. The first of these was Steve Ditko's DC premiere with The Creeper. DC had trumpeted for months the arrival of Ditko to their ranks ("Steve Ditko Strikes Like Lightning!"). Ditko and Jack Kirby were the main architects of the 'Marvel style' and his coming to DC was a major coup. Ditko left Marvel over conflicts with Stan Lee and The Creeper was a more personal hero in the mold of his Charlton character, The Question. As described in the text introduction in Showcase #73, "As for The Creeper, it wasn't just a matter of thinking up a new feature for Steve...Bearing in mind all the past and current crop of comic magazine heroes, we strived to create a different sort of hero."

Subsequent issues of Showcase featured Howie Post's Anthro, Ditko's Hawk and the Dove, Aragones'/Cardy's Bat Lash and the Bob Oksner humor comic, Angel and the Ape. They also began their 'mystery' line of comics with the revamped House of Mystery #174. Even in their war comics DC had changes with the ending of the bizarre, if entertaining, War That Time Forgot series in Star Spangled War Stories and the revival of Joe Kubert's classic, Enemy Ace in SSWS #138 (April/May 1968).

Many of DCs attempts this year appeared to be of the 'let's throw it against the wall and see what sticks' variety. One of the monumental mistakes in comic book history was the Joe Simon creation, Brother Power, The Geek. The comic tried desperately to tap into the hippie culture of that time, but only succeeded in being an embarrassment.

Meanwhile, Marvel itself was experimenting with the splitting of its established anthology titles Strange Tales, Tales to Astonish and Tales of Suspense into single character books. The Silver Surfer, Captain Marvel and Capt. Savage premiered in their own comics this year and Marvel made its first foray into the magazine format with the two issues of Spectacular Spider- Man and a collection of strips from various men's magazines entitled Pussycat aimed at the adult market. What should be noted is that these books are the first comics published by Marvel to not carry the Comics Code seal.

A Year of Changes...

Marvel added by division. A case in point: Strange Tales #168 (May 1968) begat Doctor Strange #169 and Nick Fury, Agent of Shield #1 (both June 1968).

DC tried the opposite. In an attempt to save two struggling Silver Age starwarts, they teamed them up in one comic. Two years before Green Lantern and Green Arrow attempted it, The Atom and Hawkman combined forces in The Atom and Hawkman #39 (Oct.-Nov 1968), one month after their own titles ended.

In an effort to make a fading star more relevant and 'hip', DC drastically revamped its leading lady, Wonder Woman, with #178 (Oct. 1968) of her comic. In this issue, WW gives up her super powers and under the guidance of a blind mentor named I Ching, becomes a martial arts crime fighter. Obviously patterned after the Mrs. Peel character of the then popular TV show The Avengers, she continues, sans costume and powers, until issue #204.

A similar renovation attempt, Blackhawk #242, in an issue drawn by Pat Boyette, the old team and classic uniforms briefly return. Its fate, however, had been predetermined and the comic was canceled, ending its original run, in the very next issue.

...and Beginnings

The Neo-Silver Age was sparked by a definite change in editorial direction for the major players at DC and Marvel in 1968. To accord its beginning to the price change from 12 to 15 cents in 1969 is meaningless. It bore no more significance than any previous or subsequent price change. To end the Silver Age with the end of the sixties decade is another arbitrary line that has no relationship to what was published. Some end the Silver Age with Kirby's defection to DC or the publishing of Conan #1 in 1970, but neither event was followed by the sea-change in content that occurred in 1968.

Post Heroic Age: Important comics: Watchmen #1, Batman: The Dark Knight Returns #1 (both 1986)

The dissolution of the Silver Age universe began with DC‟s Crisis on Infinite Earths in 1985. In 1986, however, not only did that important series finish, but also two highly influential series started. Alan Moore's Watchmen and Frank Miller's Batman: The Dark Knight Returns comics completely changed the way super-heroes would be portrayed. Their "dark" and edgy characterizations impacted the comic industry and redefined the heroic genre. For that reason, I've called this the Post-Heroic Age that apparently continues to this day. Note too that this redefined hero model gives rise to the Third Heroic Era.

Daredevil #168 (Jan. 1981) Swamp Thing #20 (Jan. 1984)

Both Watchmen and The Dark Knight had antecedents that were vanguards of this Age. Miller's work on Daredevil, particularly the issues he scripted starting with #168, lay the groundwork for the anti-hero paradigm he fully realized in his characterization of Batman. Moore's Swamp Thing issues (beginning with #20) took comics in directions never explored before in mainstream books and subsequently, beyond the constrictions of the Comics Code Authority. The highly individualistic, and successful, work produced by these creators induced the two industry giants to give greater creative freedom to all artists and writers.

A parallel development that defines this Age is the rise of the creator owned comics. This trend had a sporadic past, first manifested in underground comics and the independent work of such artists as Dave Sim (Cerebus), Eastman and Laird's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and the Pini's (ElfQuest).

Emboldened by the success of Eastman and Laird, a brief burst of black and white independent comics, circa 1984-86, proved to be a fertile ground for young artists and widened the opportunities for creative efforts beyond the mainstream publishers.

Eventually, with the clarity that comes with some distance over time, the Post- Heroic Age may be further fragmented into defining Eras.

Hopefully, these offerings will be seriously considered. The purpose of these proposals is not to cause controversy, but to provide a coherent language for the discussion of comic book history. Many years of research and many conversations with comic book fans and historians led to these conclusions. Obviously, there is still much more research and refinement to be done and these proposals will surely evolve.

47 Legendary Artists of the Comic Book Industry, Chapter Five

WILL EISNER

Will Eisner, an icon of the comic book industry, was born in Brooklyn in 1917. During the latter part of his life he would chronicle growing up in the New York tenements in a series of legendary graphic novels. His first comic works debuted in “Wow! What a Magazine,” a short-lived venture that functioned solely to cement his friendship with Jerry Iger. This friendship would blossom into Eisner and Iger, home of the Eisner-Iger Studio, which was the first outside studio to supply comic book art for publishers and helped developed artists like Bob Kane and Jack Kirby who became giants in the industry. His first strip was called Scott Dalton. Then came Mess Em Up Donovan, followed by Eisner‟s Hawk of the Seas.

Eisner‟s work gained commercial acceptance because he pioneered his art during a period in which the life of the dying pulps were transfusing their commercial blood into the new comic book genre.

But history making or not, the partnership ended fairly soon later and in 1939 Eisner was with another company, helping to develop a 16-page syndicated feature that turned into “The Spirit,” the vigilante detective, who became Eisner‟s best known character. This feature became the laboratory for Eisner‟s ground-

48 breaking cartooning techniques, which brought the drama of film-making into the dramatic quality of exciting new “splash pages,” focused lighting and drawings cast at thrilling angles, as if seen through the lens of a camera. Above all, there was the story. Eisner became a master of sequential art.

After a stint in World War II, Eisner came back to work on the Spirit, somewhat tarnished by his departure. Great-cartoonists-to-be Jules Feiffer and Wally Wood joined him in his attempt to renew the vitality of the Spirit, a character that would endure for decades afterwards. His American Visuals Corporation, a commercial art company, was launched soon afterwards- taking his cartooning talents into more commercial and educational fields. In 1978, Eisner returned to the comic art form and developed 4 sequential art pieces called, “A Contract with God” which Eisner has said was the first attempt to produce a serious editorial, very adult and substantial material in this medium. This was followed by a set of graphic novels, including one that explored his life in New York as a young boy. Eisner tried to bring a new dimension to comic art, outside the realm of children‟s stories.

We explore some of Eisner‟s influence in our final chapter. He taught at the School of Visual Arts in New York, where he lectured on sequential art and tried to impart a knowledge of storytelling to his eager protégés. His two books, Sequential Art and Graphic Storytelling were enduring contributions to the teaching of sequential art. He has been the inspiration and host for the Eisner awards for many years.

BOB KANE

Bob Kane, who died at 83 in 1998, was the co-creator of Batman, one of three comics (including Superman and Wonder Woman) in continuous publication for over fifty years. His career began when working for Jerry Iger and Will Eisner at their studio at Fiction House. During the end of his stay at the

49 Eisner-Iger studio, he also worked at DC Comics, where Superman had begun his endless flight.

He developed Batman with writer, Bill Finger, who was his collaborator on a number of adventure stories before the Dark Night was conceived. How did this come about? In looking at a book of inventions by Leonardo DaVinci, Kane was seized by the image of a flying machine in the drawings. One of a giant sled driven by a man with giant bat wings and the enigmatic phrase, “Your bird will have no other model than that of a bat. Another influence was Douglas Fairbanks Sr.‟s “The Mark of Zorro,” depicting a prosperous Spanish nobleman in the day and fought injustice as Zorro at night.

Unlike many other unfortunate comic books artists, Bob Kane sought and obtained a copyrighted interest in Batman, which was propelled to ever-greater levels of popularity by many other talented artists. Batman was launched in Detective #27 in May of 1939. (See Mitchell Brown‟s description of this piece in Chapter 4). Other credits include the development of the Courageous Cat TV series and the character, Cool McCool. Work on the campy, but highly successful Batman series, was his ticket to Los Angeles. During the latter part of his lifetime, he did a lot of appearances and exhibitions in art galleries.

50 ROBERT CRUMB I was never that much of a funny comic book fan, except in my earliest days of Little Lulu and Donald Duck. I was much more a serious superhero kind of guy. But the works of Robert Crumb, growing up in the 1960‟s always resonated with my funny bone. Most of all I loved Mr. Natural, an anti-guru if there ever was one.

Crumb, was born in 1943, in Philadelphia and was destined to become the victim of a dysfunctional family. He was prodded into cartooning by his older brother, Charles, who became a kind of slave master/mentor to the young artist, with Pogo and Little Lulu as key influences. Depressed and saddened by his lot in adolescence, Crumb decided to “get revenge on the world by becoming a famous cartoonist.” But his world changed and he achieved his primal inspiration when he discovered Harvey Kurtzman and Mad Magazine. Years later, Crumb would approach Kurtzman with an infamous early rendering of Fritz the Cat which eventually landed him a short term position with Kurtzman at Help!, which eventually published the Cat. With the psychedelic revolution and 1967 came Crumb‟s Zap Comics and the beginning of world notoriety, including the creation of Mr. Natural and his friends, Schuman the Human and Flakey Foont.

Crumb‟s work has really escalated since the days when he and his wife were selling Zap Comics, created on a crude, hand-fed press, on the streets of San Francisco and to selected head shops for pennies. Is Crumb the Vincent Van Gogh of underground comics, destined to shoot the rooftops off of auction houses?

NEAL ADAMS

51 Neal Adams started training early as an artist. He pursued his chosen field at the School of Industrial Arts when he was thirteen and, upon leaving school, was immediately rejected by DC Comics, his company of choice. Instead of DC, he wound up at Archie comics, where he did artistic surgery on Ben Casey for a number of years- until the mid 60‟s. His subsequent work at Warren Publishing brought him in collaborative contact with science fiction giant, Harlan Ellison, who he worked with for decades.

Adams broke through into new territory when he helped developed “Deadman,” a carnival character that lived on as a ghost, hunting for revenge. With his entry into the Brave and the Bold series, Adams helped engineer weird team-ups, including ones with Deadman. His move to Marvel precipitated the resurrection of a doomed title that would bring him enhanced notoriety and introduce characters that would eventually create the legend that X-Men eventually became.

Returning to DC in 1970, Adams began a great deal of revolutionary artistic work- from Man-Bat to Green Lantern/Green Arrow. 1974 brought him the legendary assignment, Superman vs Mohammed Ali. Later on, he would work on the famous Twilight Zone series with Harlan Ellison.

Eventually, Neil Adams developed Continuity Comics, which morphed into a more comprehensive multi-media business called Continuity Studios.

Checkout more about Neil‟s background and his current activities at Neal Adams' offical website.

WALT KELLY

I don‟t know. There was always something about Pogo. He was developed by versatile cartoonist, Walt Kelly, who was born in 1913 in Philadelphia. Fortune

52 smiled on him as a young man and, in 1936, he found his place as an animator, working for Walt Disney. After working on such legendary masterpieces as Dumbo and Fantasia, he found himself in the middle of a strike. He chose to vacate Hollywood for the cool wasteland of Connecticut where he went to work for Dell, working on several titles, including Animal Comics, which proved to be the first platform for the amazing Pogo.

Like everyone else, Walt got caught up in the war and wound up writing prosaic army manuals. When he came back, he brought Pogo to the newspapers, first to the ill-starred New York Star, which lasted about eight months- and then to the more enduring New York Post. Pogo became a vehicle for Kelly‟s wit and social commentary. Walt got into a lot of trouble for this commentary, particularly during the McCarthy era.

He was often banned or yanked from the comic pages, but, like his characters, he endured, regularly running Pogo for President. Okefenokee, despite everything, appeared all over the country and Pogo became the poster child for Earth Day. “We have met the enemy and he is us,” proclaims the image, as Pogo walks beside a garbage dump in the middle of a forest.” His critics could not silence Kelly. He died in the 1970‟s, having showed the power of comic books to affect public sentiment.

53 Grading Your Comic Books, Chapter Six

Grading comic books can be fun and is an essential part of estimating a correct price, for buying and for selling. But it is not necessarily easy and the novice could easily overlook what the professional or seasoned collector could spot in a New York second, particularly in the better grades.

The one requirement for decently grading a comic book is a profound sense of self-honesty. There is a lot to wish for, particularly when one is buying or selling a comic book and it is all connected with its grade. You have to abandon everything to the grim god of objectivity and brute realism. You have to look carefully at everything. Is the comic book ripped or torn? Is it creased or wrinkled? Did some old tape pull off and leave a splotch of color from a pristine cover? Is the paper aging visibly? Did someone mark up the book, perhaps even leaving a little dab of magic marker?

We will discuss only the most conventional grading processes. There are some alternatives and probably more precise methodologies of grading- like the decimal system used in the Overstreet Comic Book Price guide.

Mint You don‟t need to be a genius to get this one. The comic book has to be practically perfect- like you just bought it fresh and new. Wonderful, bright colors; gleaming, clean staples; properly flexible, clean, fresh paper; a nicely put together spine. Don‟t get uptight about your ultimate decision, but, again, don‟t lie to yourself. Mint is mint. Any imperfection has got to be almost invisible.

Near Mint/Mint What a difference a slight imperfection makes? And that‟s the difference between Near Mint/Mint and Mint. No crying. Continue to grade.

Near Mint

54 You are actually still in a very good place. A very good price, too- so, take a deep breath and be sure this baby is close to perfect, with an emphasis on the word “close” (which also means “near”). Scrutinize the book for bindery tears over 1/6th of an inch, visible stress marks, the cover even a little slightly faded? Rust free staples. Square corners. Paper like new. Spine flat. Everything you always wanted from a comic with, perhaps, some tiny imperfections to mar your perfect view. Like a towering, uncannily picturesque mountain with a tiny sloping hill in the corner, barring a complete view of an intriguing, rugged northeastern slope hardly noticed in the entire breathtaking splendor.

Very Fine/Near Mint Slightly less, but still very appealing. A half a grade worse.

Very Fine Still holds its own- bright, flexible pages with a corresponding bright, flat color. Stress lines and a bit longer (1/4”) crease- OK. A slight discoloration of the paper- tan to yellow is allowed.

Fine You look at this and you know it‟s been read, but it‟s also been treasured- or, at least, adequately preserved, by accident. Cover has a slight bluntness, but still some brightness. Pages haven‟t turned brittle, but yellowing, quite possibly, has begun.

Very Good/Fine Another subtle hybrid.

Very Good This comic is intact, but used, somewhat creased- somewhat faded, somewhat soiled. It could even have a ¼” triangle missing from corner. All kinds of stamping and marking from stores or distributors are permitted in this grade.

55 Even a loose cover with bindery problems and page corrosion is allowed. Even some tape damage.

Good/Very Good A little less than very good.

Good All pages and cover, but pieces might be missing. ½” triangle or ¼” square may be missing. All kinds of creases, scruffing, soiling, fading, but it‟s still whole.

Fair/Good I want to say, “why bother?” but I won‟t.

Fair Fairly horrible condition- soiled, faded, torn- up to 1/10 of the cover missing. Readable, but barely. This is the last stop on the road for a serious collector. Worth about 50-70% of value.

Poor You‟ll recognize this one, all right. It‟s got tears and stains and mildew and dullness in the cover. Chunk of the cover and pieces of the pages are missing or marked up. A page may be missing, but it must be clearly noted for this messy monstrosity to even get this grade. You don‟t want this in your collection, unless there is something exceptional about it. Give it to your little sister or five-year-old daughter, whatever‟s appropriate.

Cataloging and Pricing Your Collection, Chapter Seven

At the outset, we would recommend that everyone who is going to collect comic books, invest in “The Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide,” the single most authoritative price guide on the market today. Even if you were going to look at other price guides, it would be unfortunate if you would not take this resource seriously as a barometer of honest, pricing information. You can review this all encompassing guide and decide for yourself how useful it may be at:

http://www.comic-book-collection-made-easy.com/overstreet

Another famous price guide is Wizard Magazine. Their price guide is basically oriented on currently published books. Check out their website at http://www.wizarduniverse.com.

One interesting free price guide is http://www.comicspriceguide.com. Anyone can use it and it appears to be fairly comprehensive.

One of the coolest resources we‟ve found for comic book collecting is a company called Nostomania. Nostomania allows you to manage your collection on-line for free- all in one place, with a lot of other resources, if you appropriately register.

In this article, we are specifically recommending Nestomania for its assistance in helping you develop your catalog online.

Want to play three-dimensional chess with your inventory list? With Nostomania, you can view your collection in different tiers. For instance, you can see the value of your entire collection at a glance and can see the value of each title. Your collection can be developed as a whole, but also displayed as a sales

57 and want list. These lists can be printed and archived separately or taken with you to your local comic convention or friend‟s house.

At the next page, the website summarizes each title in your collection- with items in your collection proper, items that you want and items you wish to sell. There‟s also a summary of the item. You can move your items around in this page, Items may be easily moved from sale list to collection, collection to sale list, want list to collection list, deleting items that you don‟t want anymore.

Finally, at the third tier, you can see and modify the details for any item in your collection, sales or want list. Any changes made here will automatically be entered in the appropriate place for the rest of your collection. To get into the details of this, go to www.nostomania.com.

Your Friendly Comic Book Specialty Shop We asked Erin Scott, manager of the Allston Branch of New England Comics, to give us her opinion about collecting comics and how she helps collectors. Her first piece of advice is rather simple, but very important.

MAKE SURE YOU LIKE IT!

Then she goes on to say- “Collecting comics can be fun. Hunting down back issues in row after row of bins, trading issues with other collectors via the internet or mail, getting a great deal on that first appearance of your favorite character and being able to say you have the entire run of something is totally awesome. It's a medium that is not only great to look at but can also tell a fantastic story. So when people ask me questions about collecting, there are a few things that I think are important and that I try to pass onto my customers that come into my store.

58 First off is the idea of supply and demand. Many collectors are not familiar with this concept and therefore do not understand why the comics they bought 5 years ago are still worth cover price. Comics from the Golden and Silver Age are valuable because you want them and there are not enough in existence for everyone to have them. There are several reasons why people did not use to collect everything they came in contact with. For example; paper drives during WWII, no specialty comic book stores, and finally the good old "my mom threw away my whole collection when I was away at camp/college/army" etc. story. Therefore the older comics are worth more because there is more demand than there is supply.

The second and central idea is to really like what you're collecting; do it because you enjoy the medium not because you think that someday you're going to be rich. I feel this is especially important in a field such as comic books. Because, face it, comics are mass-produced in an era where everybody is collecting something. The chance that your collection of comics from 1990 on up will make you a fortune in 20 years is delusional.

Therefore, when people ask me if I think their collection (of modern comics) is worth a lot or going to be worth a lot I tell them no, at least not for 50 more years. And when somebody asks me what's collectible, I ask him or her what they like to read. This way even if you don't make bank when you decide to sell off your collection, you at least got enjoyment out of the process and the medium. This is not to say you shouldn't collect, just that one should be realistic in their goals and comfortable with their time and financial investment.

So get out there people, elbows deep in the bins and dig, Dig, DIG your way towards the completion of your collection. Explore the racks for the new and ever evolving comics of today that could be the ace collection of tomorrow.

Erin Scott is manager of New England Comics-Allston branch. New England

59 Comics has 7 stores in the Boston area and can be reached at [email protected] Their website is www.newenglandcomics.com.

Comic Book Conventions, Chapter Eight

A „ComiCon‟ is a comic book collector‟s convention and was first deployed in 1964 by Bernie Bulnis, who organized a New York Convention. Comicons can last for days. An example of this would be the “San Diego ComicCon,” which was developed by Shel Dorf. As one comic artist, told me, this comicon is a much bigger affair than just a comic book convention- actors, publishers, producers, writers- everybody hangs out in San Diego because this is where things begin to happen.

Cons are places to meet friends, artists, publishers and dealers. One major advantage of a ComiCon is the chance for a collector to get autographed comics or other forms of comic book art. In our last chapter, we will meet Mark Sparacio and learn how an emerging comic book artist relates to fandom and the very positive symbiotic relationship formed between an artist and the patrons- who, in this case are comic book fans- of his art.

COMIC BOOK CONVENTIONS

There are so many comic book conventions, there is not room enough to list them in this book Fortunately, the Net has some great resources for catching up on the latest schedules and dates. For a very focused list of conventions and plenty of information and discussion about them, go to:

http://www.comicbookconventions.com/

Comic Book collecting is an international affair. There are conventions literally held all over the world. Just to give you an example of some of the

60 conventions here in the United States, here are a few links in a quasi-geographic way.

COMIC BOOK CONVENTION LINKS

Atlanta’s ComiCon http://www.atlantacomicconvention.com/

Baltimore’s Comic-Con http://comicon.com/baltimore/

Central Texas Comic Book Show http://www.jmventertainment.com/comicbooks.html

Chicago’s ComiCon http://www.wizardworld.com/home-ch.html Dallas ComicCon http://www.scifiexpo.com/

New York’s Comic Book, Art and Toy Show http://www.bigapplecon.com/

San Diego’s Comic-Con http://www.comic-con.org/

61 Preserving Your Collection, Chapter Nine

For any potential comic book collector, it‟s best to go into collecting with the understanding that the collection has to last long enough to be traded or sold or kept in perfect shape as long as probable. Grading of comic books, that is evaluating them on the basis of their condition, is a fundamental part of comic book collecting and will likely remain an essential component as long as people collect comic books. After all, comic books are really no different than postage stamps, toys or vintage clothing and require special treatment to maintain their value. But, unfortunately, the fact that a comic book is made out of paper- puts it under significant environmental stress from the moment of its manufacture. The tiniest imperfection, according to modern grading techniques, a stain, wrinkle or crease can drive it to a much lower grade. And collectors very much appreciate the Mint, Near Mint or very Fine Status. So great care must be taken, from the outset, to guard the direction of this collection.

What are the immediate enemies of preservation? There are seven, which the comic book collector needs to think of constantly. They are 1) Physical damage 2) Moisture 3) Heat 4) Light 5) Air Quality 6) Biological contaminants 7) The internal elements of the comic book itself- such as the quality of the paper and the chemistry of the inks.

It‟s difficult to believe but the experienced collector needs to handle his comics with extreme caution and avoid them being handled by careless or inexperienced people, at least not without supervision. What‟s the use of having a collection if in ten minutes your kid sister wreaks inestimable damage on the cover of a prized Batman or, if you‟re older, your six year old spills ice cream on an irreplaceable Teen Titans? Even you, yourself, the Supreme Collector must pay homage to your collection by performing ablutions before perusal. This means WASH YOUR HANDS! and do it very carefully so that the small amount of oily substances do not tarnish and stain your collection. And you don‟t “rip” through your comic books. Lay them down on a table or other flat surface so that you

62 won‟t bend them or injure the way they are put together- with staples. Staples can tear the paper or become bent themselves. Handle your comic books with care- always!

Outside of physical care in handling, a lot of your comic book preservation will be spent in proper storage. This actually can be a real expense and cannot be avoided. Using Mylar “D” sleeves and acid-free cardboard backing is probably the most common state-of-the-art way. Stuff your comics in an acid-free storage box custom-tailored for your comic books. Physical storage will help you handle some of the various outside factors that endanger your collection.

For instance, physical storage in a dark, cool environment will prevent the destruction of the delicate, comic book inks through light. While fluorescent light, which has a high ultraviolet (UV) content, will wreak havoc with your beautiful, catchy comic book covers, regular artificial lighting as well as sunlight can wreak havoc on your collection also. Although you want your environment to be relatively cool, you do not want it too moist- not only because of the direct damage potential to your books through added moisture, but also because of the dangers of biological infiltration, mainly through molds and fungus. The cool temperature also puts a damper on fungus growth. Good air circulation will also decrease the mold and fungus problem. Comics do not like garages and basements- with the possibility of auto exhausts adding to the potential for the corruption of the paper, making it yellow prematurely.

But, unfortunately, there is another problem- the mortality of the paper and the acidity of the ink in the comic book itself. For the moment, there is no permanent realistic answer to this problem. After awhile- and this could be a good long while- the COMIC BOOK WILL EAT ITSELF! Old comics, owing to these acids- and perhaps the natural processes of aging paper fiber- become yellow and brittle. Comic books have a mortality that coins and toys do not have. So factor this in before you begin a collection. If you were a genuine Highlander, you probably would prefer hard-core antiques.

Here are some cool sites that have state-of the-art comic supplies.

COMIC BOOK SUPPLY SITES http://www.tcbulk.com/ http://www.grahamcrackers.com/ http://www.comic-book-collection-made-easy.com/milehighcomics http://www.bcemylar.com/ http://www.iconusa.com/online/index.html

64 Comic Book Art Collecting, Chapter Ten

When I first contacted Mark Sparacio, I was looking for some help in developing a restoration component for this book. I had identified Mark as a potential resource for this information, but when I got in touch with him I found that he was no longer into restoration and was concentrating on work as a comic book artist.

Mark and I grew up in Brooklyn and Long Island (he was in East Meadow and I was in North Merrick). We shared a few common interests and it was enjoyable talking to him on the phone for the first time, but I had worked with a lot of artists and was generally disappointed in much of the art I would preview. But later that evening, when I went to Mark‟s website, I saw these bright neon lights flashing “talent” all over it, meaning I saw Mark as a very visionary, very professional comic book artist.

What I did not realize, despite glimpsing some great pieces in his web portfolio- that Mark was just beginning his journey.

Although, Mark had a great start in comic book art. In fact, when he was just fifteen, he got a personal tour of the Marvel offices by famous artist, Marie

65 Severin, whose work he had admired as a child. As I got to know Mark and his work, I began to realize that Mark was a true emerging artist in comic book art and that his current direction would illustrate to the reader one of the main sidelines of a comic book collector, collecting comic book art. But his life also shows more- something about the traditions revolving around comic book art, the passage of comic book artistry from one tradition to another; the determination and will it requires to break into the industry and the relationship between the comic book artist and his fans.

Like almost everyone who enters into the comic book world, Mark started off as a fan. Around when he was fifteen, he and his best friend used to visit a small gallery in Huntington, which hosted famous comic book artists. Mark began to work for his friend‟s sci-fi magazine called “Probe” and the die was cast. He decided to attend Manhattan‟s famous School of Visual Arts, where he wanted to study under Will Eisner (see our cameo bio of Will Eisner). One of his best classes was with Harvey Kurtzman, but he found that somewhat limiting as it dealt with comic strip art and not the heavy duty, superhero sequential artwork that Mark truly wanted to learn.

Through determination and dedicated rhetoric, he compelled Eisner to let him in his class a year early and quickly entrenched himself as a serious student of sequential art. As he puts it, “I also studied painting and was offered my first job while still in school to illustrate a movie poster. I went into advertising illustration right out of school and had a real good career there for almost twenty years, so that's where I really developed my painting skills. I transferred this style of painting to what I'm doing with comic book superheroes and the fans seem to like it.”

What is strange about Mark‟s story is that his passion did not lead him in a straight line. From a comic book apprenticeship, he wound up in advertising illustration, honing his craft with a different set of objectives and processes. After 911, a sad event for Mark‟s family- when his brother-in-law died in the World

66 Trade Center attack- Mark‟s business, like others, began to suffer- and one early morning, unable to sleep, he picked up a stack of comic books and began to read. There was his answer. He would do something he truly loved. He would re-find the thread of his dream.

He was fortunate to get some guidance from Rags Morales, a famous comic penciller, who pointed him in the direction of doing comic covers. This led eventually to the opportunity to show his work to Billy Tucci, who he met at a convention. This led to continual work with Billy on his landmark comic, “Shi.”

You can see more of Mark‟s work with Shi at www.marksparacio.com.

As to his convention work- “I've been getting a very good response to my paintings and I have been doing a lot of commissions lately with a few more lined up. The fans that I've met have been terrific. They range from around 16 to 45, mostly male. Of course, I know there are lot of women who are big fans of Shi. On the whole, they are upbeat and friendly. I don't have a big reputation in the comic book industry, yet, but the fans have stopped and spoken to me as if I did. It is very satisfying to be respected and thought of so highly in regards to my artwork. In the comics industry the fans want to see your signature and ask you for it. In my twenty years in advertising I was not allowed to sign my paintings because I

67 was selling a product (and I guess not allowed to promote myself), so this is very special and exciting for me. It's just great to meet nice people who like my work.”

And what about the technical aspects of his art? What about the limited editions? “The materials that I use to do a limited edition print is a two step process: first I do a fully hand rendered watercolor painting using Holbein watercolors with Winsor and Newton series 7 paint brushes on 100% rag, acid free Strathmore 400 series watercolor paper. After my painting is complete, I have my lithographs printed on Howard Linen 80-lb. cover stock paper. In regards to their being limited, I put a strict limit of 250 signed and numbered copies. Currently, I am charging $700.00 for a fully hand painted watercolor painting commission. But that may change.”

Final Thoughts

I hope this has given you an enlightening tour through the world of comic book collecting. Although, I contracted this ebook out to my good friend and partner on other projects, Johnny Blur Star, I have put in a sizable amount of editing and formatting. He was able to put together a sizable amount of information in a limited time. I am very grateful to him for that. Although, I did find chapter 4, The Different Ages of Comic Books a little hard to follow, there is some amazing discussion there.

And I really hope you drop by and visit me at my website on occasion. It has been a fantastic experience putting it together for you and will continue to grow over the coming months and years. Have a happy comic book collecting day.

Dave Gieber Webmaster and Operator of http://www.comic-book-collection-made-easy.com/ebook

And feel free to sign up for my comic book ezine “Comics Galore” at: http://www.comic-book-collection-made-easy.com/ezine