DOCSLIB.ORG

An Analysis of Chinese Four-Character Idioms Containing Numbers: Structural Patterns and Cultural Significance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Analysis of Chinese Four-Character Idioms Containing Numbers: Structural Patterns and Cultural Significance AN ANALYSIS OF CHINESE FOUR-CHARACTER IDIOMS CONTAINING NUMBERS: STRUCTURAL PATTERNS AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY TIMOTHY M. NALL DISSERTATION ADVISOR: DR. ELIZABETH M. RIDDLE BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA MAY 2009 Abstract This dissertation explores the robust confluence of syntactic and cultural factors involved in the structure and content of chéngyǔ. It unpacks a number of structural tendencies in the data sample, and illuminates selected underlying cultural themes. The presence of syntactic and semantic parallelism within chéngyǔ, as an expression of the correlative Chinese philosophy of the wǔxíng (五行 ‗Five Phases‘ or ‗Five Elements‘ of the universe), in the dataset is a recurring point. Syntactic parallelism is demonstrated via chéngyǔ with invertible elements and by the overwhelming preference for syntactic parallelism, in particular the # N # N structure. Semantic parallelism is demonstrated via content words with related semantic fields or separable content words. The Chinese philosophical concepts of yīn and yáng are shown to have a clear impact on the use of numbers within chéngyǔ. Yīn and yáng are preferably arranged in balance with each other. If only one is present, however, then yáng is considered to be preferable over yīn. The interaction between the numbers within chéngyǔ has several pragmatic effects. For example, the combination of the numbers qī (七 'seven') and bā (八 'eight') is used to suggest disorder, untidiness or physical or emotional disturbance (Pellatt 2007:96). Bàn (半 ‗half‘) may be used in chéngyǔ to denote the meaning of ‗a proportion.‘ It also may be used together with yī (一 ‗one‘) to indicate ‗any at all‘ as well as a cluster of closely related concepts generally indicating ‗the existence of a small amount.‘ Numbers also often have the effect of highlighting the contrast between two content words. Some chéngyǔ have a clearcut syntactic analysis, others do not. This is due to their highly elliptical and idiomatic nature, the fact that many lexemes can fall into more than one word class, and the fact that chéngyǔ are frozen expressions that often preserve some grammatical structures from Classical Chinese. Additionally, chéngyǔ do include conceptual metaphors, from the standpoint of the conceptual theory of metaphor launched with Lakoff and Johnson (1980). ii Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. Elizabeth M. Riddle for the guidance, support and encouragement throughout the years that I have been working with her. I am also very grateful to my dissertation committee members Dr. Mary Theresa Seig, Dr. Megumi Hamada and Dr. Jiansheng Yang for their insightful and valuable comments on the dissertation. The input and insights of four native speaker informants who assisted me in this dissertation is gratefully acknowledged. Three of these are Dr. Su Shu-Chin, Dr. Fan Chung-Ju (Tim Fan), and Dr. Yang Huei-Mei (Grace Yang). In particular, the native speaker to whom I owe the greatest debt is my beautiful wife, Shu Pin. Finally, I wish to express my thanks to God, for His kindness to the undeserving. iii Table of Contents Page Abstract ii Acknowledgments iii List of Figures V List of Tables vi Chapter 1: Introduction and rationale 1 1.1. Introduction and rationale 2 Chapter 2: Literature review 8 2.1. Regional significance of four-character idioms 9 2.2. Significance of chéngyǔ in Chinese culture 10 2.2.1. Creative and ritual language use 11 2.3. English-language literature on chéngyǔ 18 2.4. Distinguishing features of chéngyǔ 20 2.5. Chinese perspective on metaphor 25 2.6. Numerals and number mysticism in Chinese culture 29 2.7. Culture and cultural beliefs 31 Chapter 3: Methodology 33 3.1. Sources of Data 34 3.2. Methodology 35 Chapter 4: Data Presentation and Findings 43 4.1. Analysis of chéngyǔ by constituent numeric value 44 4.2. The form of chéngyǔ containing numbers 48 4.3. The distribution of numbers in chéngyǔ 60 4.3.1. Chéngyǔ containing only 1 number 60 4.3.2. Chéngyǔ containing two numbers 62 4.3.2.1. Doubling and tripling in chéngyǔ containing 2 numbers 65 4.3.2.2. Chéngyǔ containing two identical numbers 67 4.3.2.3. Chéngyǔ containing two numbers where N1 > N2 69 4.3.2.4. Chéngyǔ containing two numbers where N1 < N2 72 4.3.2.5. Yīn Yáng and the Five Phases 76 4.3.2.6. The combination of seven and eight 81 4.3.2.7. Highlighting contrast 85 4.3.2.8. Numbers used to show proportion 90 4.3.2.9. Content words with related semantic fields 91 4.3.2.10 Reduplicated content words 98 4.3.2.11. Separable content words 100 iv Table of Contents (cont’d) Page 4.3.3. The forms of chéngyǔ containing 3 numbers 102 4.3.4. Chéngyǔ containing 4 numeric characters 106 4.4. Special attributes of chéngyǔ 107 4.4.1. Grammatical structure of chéngyǔ with numbers 107 4.4.2. Invertible elements 111 4.4.3. The effect of ban (半 half) 114 4.4.4. Negation in chéngyǔ 119 4.5. Historical and cultural information 123 4.5.1.1. Historical incidents, practices or figures 124 4.5.1.2. Cultural concepts 129 4.5.1.2.1 Wealth and money 129 4.5.1.2.2. Luck and Success 132 4.5.1.2.3. Value of ‗Knowledge‘ 138 4.5.1.2.4. Concepts of ‗Longevity‘ and ‗Death‘ 141 4.5.1.2.5 Religious concepts 146 4.5.1.2.6. Politics, patriotism, government and war 151 4.5.1.2.7. Gender concepts in chéngyǔ 157 4.5.1.2.8. Body parts in chéngyǔ 163 4.5.1.2.9. Animals in chéngyǔ 166 4.6. Modern and ancient frequencies of chéngyǔ 169 Chapter 5: Conclusions 178 5.1 Conclusions 179 5.2 Implications 182 5.3 Limitations of Study 182 5.4 Suggestions for Further Research 183 References 184 Appendix One: Abbreviations 192 Appendix Two: Common correspondences and meanings 193 Appendix Three: Chéngyǔ contrasting 'one' and 'many' 195 Appendix Four: Chéngyǔ containing two numerals showing 196 proportion Appendix Five: Chéngyǔ containing zhī (之) 197 Appendix Six: Chéngyǔ reflecting historical information 199 v List of Figures Page Figure 1: Distribution of materials in the 41 Corpus of Centre of Chinese Linguistics vi List of Tables Table Page Table 1: The Five Elements in relation to five 28 other categories Table 2: The distribution of numbers within 44 chéngyǔ Table 3: Numbers occurring in chéngyǔ, ranked by total number of chéngyǔ in 46 which they occur Table 4: Distributions of the Forms 53 Table 5: Total count of numbers 59 Table 6: Form Comparisons among Chéngyǔ 60 with 1, 2 and 3 numbers. 6A: Chéngyǔ with one number 60 6B: Chéngyǔ with two numbers 60 6C: Chéngyǔ with three numbers 60 Table 7: The positions of numbers 61 Table 8: Summary of the distributions of 62 numbers Table 8: The positions of numbers in Chéngyǔ 62 Table 10: The values of numbers in chéngyǔ 64 Table 11: Instances of doubling the value 65 Table 12: Numbers in ‗N1 = N2‘ chéngyǔ 68 Table 13: Forms of ‗N1 = N2‘ chéngyǔ 68 Table 14: Forms of ‗N1 > N2‘ chéngyǔ 69 Table 15: Distribution of the Number 70 Collocations ‗N1 > N2‘ Table 16: The Forms of ‗N1 < N2‘ 72 Table 17: Distribution of the Number 74 Collocations ‗N1 < N2‘ Table 18: The yīn and yáng properties 79 Table 19: The yīn and yáng relationship 80 Table 20: Chéngyǔ containing seven and eight 82 Table 21: The highlighting effect of numbers 89 in chéngyǔ vii List of Tables (cont’d) Table Page Table 22: Proportion signaled by numbers 90 Table 23: Chéngyǔ containing two numbers 99 with reduplicated content words Table 24: Summary of Forms in chéngyǔ 104 Table 25: The distribution of numeric values 105 Table 26: Chéngyǔ containing 4 numbers 106 Table 27: The distribution of numeric values 107 in chéngyǔ containing four numbers Table 28: Forms of invertible chéngyǔ 113 Table 29: Symmetrical Forms 114 Table 30: The Forms of Chéngyǔ with 122 Negation Table 31: Chéngyǔ that mention body parts 165 Table 32: Animals in chéngyǔ containing 168 numbers Table 33: Top 20 chéngyǔ occurring in both the modern and ancient corpuses, by 170 ranking in the modern corpus Table 34: Top 20 chéngyǔ occurring in both the modern and ancient corpuses, by 172 ranking in the ancient corpus Table 35: Top 20 chéngyǔ occurring in the 174 modern corpus but not the ancient Table 36: Top 20 chéngyǔ occurring in the 176 ancient corpus but not the modern Table 37: Common correspondences and 193 meanings. viii Chapter 1 Introduction and rationale 1.1. Introduction and rationale Chinese culture is steeped in numbers and numerology, and is remarkable for its strong reliance on proverbs and idioms as discourse tools.i A specialized form of four-character idioms known as chéngyǔ (traditional Chinese: 成語 simplified Chinese: 成语, literally ―set phrases‖) is accorded high regard and high frequency of use in spoken and written Chinese. Chéngyǔ comprise nearly ninety per cent of Chinese idioms (Xu 2006: 108). Their metonymic allusions, tonal prosody and quadrisyllabic form reflect the influences of Classical Chinese literature and poetry. Similarly, numbers are freighted with special cultural significance and symbolism. In traditional Chinese cosmology, for example, numbers played a significant role in the creation of the universe. All odd numbers possess a masculine yáng (陽) nature, and all even numbers are yīn (陰), which assigns these numerals certain non-numeric properties, as well as asserting a categorial relationship based on shared characteristics between them and many other objects in the perceivable world: Every Chinese number from one to ten and beyond is redolent with negative or positive spiritual and symbolic associations by which… behavior may be consciously or unconsciously guided..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Is a Sample Copy, Not to Be Reproduced Or Sold
    Startup Business Chinese: An Introductory Course for Professionals Textbook By Jane C. M. Kuo Cheng & Tsui Company, 2006 8.5 x 11, 390 pp. Paperback ISBN: 0887274749 Price: TBA THIS IS A SAMPLE COPY, NOT TO BE REPRODUCED OR SOLD This sample includes: Table of Contents; Preface; Introduction; Chapters 2 and 7 Please see Table of Contents for a listing of this book’s complete content. Please note that these pages are, as given, still in draft form, and are not meant to exactly reflect the final product. PUBLICATION DATE: September 2006 Workbook and audio CDs will also be available for this series. Samples of the Workbook will be available in August 2006. To purchase a copy of this book, please visit www.cheng-tsui.com. To request an exam copy of this book, please write [email protected]. Contents Tables and Figures xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction to the Chinese Language xvi Introduction to Numbers in Chinese xl Useful Expressions xlii List of Abbreviations xliv Unit 1 问好 Wènhǎo Greetings 1 Unit 1.1 Exchanging Names 2 Unit 1.2 Exchanging Greetings 11 Unit 2 介绍 Jièshào Introductions 23 Unit 2.1 Meeting the Company Manager 24 Unit 2.2 Getting to Know the Company Staff 34 Unit 3 家庭 Jiātíng Family 49 Unit 3.1 Marital Status and Family 50 Unit 3.2 Family Members and Relatives 64 Unit 4 公司 Gōngsī The Company 71 Unit 4.1 Company Type 72 Unit 4.2 Company Size 79 Unit 5 询问 Xúnwèn Inquiries 89 Unit 5.1 Inquiring about Someone’s Whereabouts 90 Unit 5.2 Inquiring after Someone’s Profession 101 Startup Business Chinese vii Unit
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Mechanisms of Navigation Involving Interactions of Cortical and Subcortical Structures
    J Neurophysiol 119: 2007–2029, 2018. First published February 14, 2018; doi:10.1152/jn.00498.2017. REVIEW Where Are You Going? The Neurobiology of Navigation Neural mechanisms of navigation involving interactions of cortical and subcortical structures James R. Hinman, Holger Dannenberg, Andrew S. Alexander, and Michael E. Hasselmo Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts Submitted 5 July 2017; accepted in final form 1 February 2018 Hinman JR, Dannenberg H, Alexander AS, Hasselmo ME. Neural mecha- nisms of navigation involving interactions of cortical and subcortical structures. J Neurophysiol 119: 2007–2029, 2018. First published February 14, 2018; doi: 10.1152/jn.00498.2017.—Animals must perform spatial navigation for a range of different behaviors, including selection of trajectories toward goal locations and foraging for food sources. To serve this function, a number of different brain regions play a role in coding different dimensions of sensory input important for spatial behavior, including the entorhinal cortex, the retrosplenial cortex, the hippocampus, and the medial septum. This article will review data concerning the coding of the spatial aspects of animal behavior, including location of the animal within an environment, the speed of movement, the trajectory of movement, the direction of the head in the environment, and the position of barriers and objects both relative to the animal’s head direction (egocentric) and relative to the layout of the environment (allocentric). The mechanisms for coding these important spatial representations are not yet fully understood but could involve mechanisms including integration of self-motion information or coding of location based on the angle of sensory features in the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Rediscovering the Idea of Cultural Heritage and the Relationship with Nature: Four Schools of Essential Thought of the Ancient Han Chinese
    heritage Article Rediscovering the Idea of Cultural Heritage and the Relationship with Nature: Four Schools of Essential Thought of the Ancient Han Chinese Otto Chen * and Dawei Han Department of Civil Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-117-903-5428 Received: 12 June 2019; Accepted: 28 June 2019; Published: 3 July 2019 Abstract: After a long-standing debate of pluralism in heritage conservation, the global practice has just started to broaden its view from material to people and even to nature, leading to the potential of a more comprehensive understanding and harmony between these spheres. Notwithstanding that the shift from material to people and then to nature seemingly looks like the only path in the modern heritage conservation movement to achieve the foregoing goals, in fact, there exist some regional cultures that originally featured particular views on human–nature harmony. This paper hence highlights the regional difference in heritage with a focus on China of ancient times, which unfolds the particular perspective emphasising the unity of human and nature. With a case study of Huaqing Palace of the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), the research is expected to be the first attempt to rediscover that the four schools of thought, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and I Ching, had jointly formed a “wisdom” system of the ancient Han Chinese in shaping the idea of cultural heritage, as well as the idea of heritage conservation, which were inherited by modern Chinese without knowing and recognising it. The paper, therefore, argues that without understanding and acknowledging the significance of the ancient Han Chinese’s particular view on nature and the universe formed by the four schools of thought behind the material, it is not likely to protect and promote comprehensively their heritage value, such that the importance of cultural diversity will be just rhetoric.
    [Show full text]
  • China in 50 Dishes
    C H I N A I N 5 0 D I S H E S CHINA IN 50 DISHES Brought to you by CHINA IN 50 DISHES A 5,000 year-old food culture To declare a love of ‘Chinese food’ is a bit like remarking Chinese food Imported spices are generously used in the western areas you enjoy European cuisine. What does the latter mean? It experts have of Xinjiang and Gansu that sit on China’s ancient trade encompasses the pickle and rye diet of Scandinavia, the identified four routes with Europe, while yak fat and iron-rich offal are sauce-driven indulgences of French cuisine, the pastas of main schools of favoured by the nomadic farmers facing harsh climes on Italy, the pork heavy dishes of Bavaria as well as Irish stew Chinese cooking the Tibetan plains. and Spanish paella. Chinese cuisine is every bit as diverse termed the Four For a more handy simplification, Chinese food experts as the list above. “Great” Cuisines have identified four main schools of Chinese cooking of China – China, with its 1.4 billion people, has a topography as termed the Four “Great” Cuisines of China. They are Shandong, varied as the entire European continent and a comparable delineated by geographical location and comprise Sichuan, Jiangsu geographical scale. Its provinces and other administrative and Cantonese Shandong cuisine or lu cai , to represent northern cooking areas (together totalling more than 30) rival the European styles; Sichuan cuisine or chuan cai for the western Union’s membership in numerical terms. regions; Huaiyang cuisine to represent China’s eastern China’s current ‘continental’ scale was slowly pieced coast; and Cantonese cuisine or yue cai to represent the together through more than 5,000 years of feudal culinary traditions of the south.
    [Show full text]
  • Treating Osteoarthritis with Chinese Herbs by Jake Schmalzriedt, DOM
    TREATING OSTEOARTHRITIS WITH CHINESE HERBS By Jake Schmalzriedt, DOM Osteoarthritis is a progressive joint disorder that is also known as WESTERN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS degenerative joint disease, degenerative arthritis, osteoarthrosis Western diagnosis is made primarily from signs and symptoms, (implying lack of inflammation), and commonly “wear and tear” history, and a physical exam checking for tenderness, alignment, arthritis. It is the gradual breakdown of cartilage in the joints and gait, stability, range of motion, and absence of an inflammatory the development of bony spurs at the margins of the joints. The response (heat, redness, and swelling). Western blood work is term osteoarthritis is derived from the Greek words, osteo mean- also used to rule out rheumatoid arthritis and gout. X-rays can ing bone, arthro meaning joint, and itis referring to inflamma- show joint narrowing and osteophyte formation, confirming the tion. This is somewhat of a contradictory term as osteoarthritis osteoarthritis diagnosis. generally has little inflammation associated with it. WESTERN MEDICAL TREATMENT Osteoarthritis falls under rheumatic diseases. There are two main The Western medical treatment principle is categories of arthritis: inflammatory and non- Cartilage and symptomatic relief and supportive therapy inflammatory. Osteoarthritis belongs in the Bone Fragment Normal Bone with an emphasis on controlling pain, in- non-inflammatory category. There are over Thinned Cartilage creasing function and range of motion, and 100 different types of arthritis (all sharing the Normal Cartilage improving quality of life. common symptom of persistent joint pain) Eroded Cartilage with osteoarthritis being the most common Western Therapy and affecting over 27 million people in the Physical therapy and gentle exercises are United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Tongguang Zhai ————————————————————————————————
    Tongguang Zhai ———————————————————————————————— Tel no: (859) 257-4958 (office) Postal address: 163B F. Paul Anderson Tower (859) 396-0924 (home) Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering E-mail: [email protected] University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA Academic Degrees D.Phil. (Ph.D.), 9/1994 B.Sc., 7/1983 University of Oxford, England University of Science and Technology Beijing, China Research Interests • Fatigue life prediction: identification of fatigue weak-link density and strength distribution, quantification of fatigue crack initiation and resistance to fatigue crack growth due to crack deflection at grain boundaries, • Optimum alloy design through micro- and macro-texture control, • Failure analysis, Materials characterisation, processing and modelling, etc. Education and Career 6/2007—Present Associate Professor Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, USA 8/2001—5/2007 Assistant Professor Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, USA 8/2000—6/2001 Postdoctoral Research Associate Light metals research center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046, USA 1/1995—7/2000 Research fellow Department of Materials, University of Oxford 10/1994—12/1994 Research Assistant Fraunhofer Institute for NDT (IzfP), University Building 37, 66123 Saarbrueken, Germany 10/1991—9/1994 D. Phil. student Department of Materials, University of Oxford Academic Awards and Honours ● NSF CAREER AWARD: 7/2007-6/2012 ● Visiting Professorship: University of Hong Kong (June, 2009), Sichuan University (June, 2005). ● Excellent Teacher Award by College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, 2002/2003. ● Buehler Technical Merit Paper Award, 4/1994, jointly by International Metallography Society and Materials Characterisation, Paper 48) in the publication list.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Death Mystery of Huo Qubing, a Famous Cavalry General in the Western Han Dynasty
    Journal of Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology DOI: 10.23977/jfsst.2021.010410 Clausius Scientific Press, Canada Volume 1, Number 4, 2021 An Analysis of the Death Mystery of Huo Qubing, a Famous Cavalry General in the Western Han Dynasty Liu Jifeng, Chen Mingzhi Shandong Maritime Vocational College, Weifang, 261000, Shandong, China Keywords: Huo qubing, Myth, Mysterious death Abstract: Throughout his whole lifetime, Huo Qubing created a myth of ancient war, and left an indelible mark in history. But, pitifully, he suddenly died during young age. His whole life was very short, and it seemed that Huo was born for war and died at the end of war. Although he implemented his great words and aspirations “What could be applied to get married, since the Huns haven’t been eliminated?”, and had no regrets for life, still, his mysterious death caused endless questions and intriguing reveries for later generations. 1. Introduction Huo Qubing, with a humble origin, was born in 140 B.C. in a single-parent family in Pingyang, Hedong County, which belongs to Linfen City, Shanxi Province now. He was an illegitimate child of Wei Shaoer, a female slave of Princess Pingyang Mansion, and Huo Zhongru, an inferior official. Also, he was a nephew-in-mother of Wei Qing, who was General-in-chief Serving as Commander-in-chief in the Western Han Dynasty. Huo Qubing was greatly influenced by his uncle Wei Qing. He was a famous military strategist and national hero during the period of Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty. He was fond of horse-riding and archery.
    [Show full text]
  • French Names Noeline Bridge
    names collated:Chinese personal names and 100 surnames.qxd 29/09/2006 13:00 Page 8 The hundred surnames Pinyin Hanzi (simplified) Wade Giles Other forms Well-known names Pinyin Hanzi (simplified) Wade Giles Other forms Well-known names Zang Tsang Zang Lin Zhu Chu Gee Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Xi Zeng Tseng Tsang, Zeng Cai, Zeng Gong Zhu Chu Zhu Danian Dong, Zhu Chu Zhu Zhishan, Zhu Weihao Jeng Zhu Chu Zhu jin, Zhu Sheng Zha Cha Zha Yihuang, Zhuang Chuang Zhuang Zhou, Zhuang Zi Zha Shenxing Zhuansun Chuansun Zhuansun Shi Zhai Chai Zhai Jin, Zhai Shan Zhuge Chuko Zhuge Liang, Zhan Chan Zhan Ruoshui Zhuge Kongming Zhan Chan Chaim Zhan Xiyuan Zhuo Cho Zhuo Mao Zhang Chang Zhang Yuxi Zi Tzu Zi Rudao Zhang Chang Cheung, Zhang Heng, Ziche Tzuch’e Ziche Zhongxing Chiang Zhang Chunqiao Zong Tsung Tsung, Zong Xihua, Zhang Chang Zhang Shengyi, Dung Zong Yuanding Zhang Xuecheng Zongzheng Tsungcheng Zongzheng Zhensun Zhangsun Changsun Zhangsun Wuji Zou Tsou Zou Yang, Zou Liang, Zhao Chao Chew, Zhao Kuangyin, Zou Yan Chieu, Zhao Mingcheng Zu Tsu Zu Chongzhi Chiu Zuo Tso Zuo Si Zhen Chen Zhen Hui, Zhen Yong Zuoqiu Tsoch’iu Zuoqiu Ming Zheng Cheng Cheng, Zheng Qiao, Zheng He, Chung Zheng Banqiao The hundred surnames is one of the most popular reference Zhi Chih Zhi Dake, Zhi Shucai sources for the Han surnames. It was originally compiled by an Zhong Chung Zhong Heqing unknown author in the 10th century and later recompiled many Zhong Chung Zhong Shensi times. The current widely used version includes 503 surnames. Zhong Chung Zhong Sicheng, Zhong Xing The Pinyin index of the 503 Chinese surnames provides an access Zhongli Chungli Zhongli Zi to this great work for Western people.
    [Show full text]
  • Gateless Gate Has Become Common in English, Some Have Criticized This Translation As Unfaithful to the Original
    Wú Mén Guān The Barrier That Has No Gate Original Collection in Chinese by Chán Master Wúmén Huìkāi (1183-1260) Questions and Additional Comments by Sŏn Master Sǔngan Compiled and Edited by Paul Dōch’ŏng Lynch, JDPSN Page ii Frontspiece “Wú Mén Guān” Facsimile of the Original Cover Page iii Page iv Wú Mén Guān The Barrier That Has No Gate Chán Master Wúmén Huìkāi (1183-1260) Questions and Additional Comments by Sŏn Master Sǔngan Compiled and Edited by Paul Dōch’ŏng Lynch, JDPSN Sixth Edition Before Thought Publications Huntington Beach, CA 2010 Page v BEFORE THOUGHT PUBLICATIONS HUNTINGTON BEACH, CA 92648 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. COPYRIGHT © 2010 ENGLISH VERSION BY PAUL LYNCH, JDPSN NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, GRAPHIC, ELECTRONIC, OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING, TAPING OR BY ANY INFORMATION STORAGE OR RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT THE PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY LULU INCORPORATION, MORRISVILLE, NC, USA COVER PRINTED ON LAMINATED 100# ULTRA GLOSS COVER STOCK, DIGITAL COLOR SILK - C2S, 90 BRIGHT BOOK CONTENT PRINTED ON 24/60# CREAM TEXT, 90 GSM PAPER, USING 12 PT. GARAMOND FONT Page vi Dedication What are we in this cosmos? This ineffable question has haunted us since Buddha sat under the Bodhi Tree. I would like to gracefully thank the author, Chán Master Wúmén, for his grace and kindness by leaving us these wonderful teachings. I would also like to thank Chán Master Dàhuì for his ineptness in destroying all copies of this book; thankfully, Master Dàhuì missed a few so that now we can explore the teachings of his teacher.
    [Show full text]
  • Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation
    Last Name First Name/Middle Name Course Award Course 2 Award 2 Graduation A/L Krishnan Thiinash Bachelor of Information Technology March 2015 A/L Selvaraju Theeban Raju Bachelor of Commerce January 2015 A/P Balan Durgarani Bachelor of Commerce with Distinction March 2015 A/P Rajaram Koushalya Priya Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Hiba Mohsin Mohammed Master of Health Leadership and Aal-Yaseen Hussein Management July 2015 Aamer Muhammad Master of Quality Management September 2015 Abbas Hanaa Safy Seyam Master of Business Administration with Distinction March 2015 Abbasi Muhammad Hamza Master of International Business March 2015 Abdallah AlMustafa Hussein Saad Elsayed Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Abdallah Asma Samir Lutfi Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdallah Moh'd Jawdat Abdel Rahman Master of International Business July 2015 AbdelAaty Mosa Amany Abdelkader Saad Master of Media and Communications with Distinction March 2015 Abdel-Karim Mervat Graduate Diploma in TESOL July 2015 Abdelmalik Mark Maher Abdelmesseh Bachelor of Commerce March 2015 Master of Strategic Human Resource Abdelrahman Abdo Mohammed Talat Abdelziz Management September 2015 Graduate Certificate in Health and Abdel-Sayed Mario Physical Education July 2015 Sherif Ahmed Fathy AbdRabou Abdelmohsen Master of Strategic Marketing September 2015 Abdul Hakeem Siti Fatimah Binte Bachelor of Science January 2015 Abdul Haq Shaddad Yousef Ibrahim Master of Strategic Marketing March 2015 Abdul Rahman Al Jabier Bachelor of Engineering Honours Class II, Division 1
    [Show full text]
  • N. Shatzman Steinhardt, "Currency Issues in Yuan China,"
    The Society of Song, Yuan, and Conquest Dynasty Studies appreciates the generous contributions of Prof. Dr. Helwig Schmidt-Glintzer, who provided us with a high-quality scan of volumes 16 and 17. Through his effort, the Society has been able to make electronic copy of the these volumes of the Bulletin of Sung-Yuan Studies Newsletter available in the public domain. Please Note: Because this newsletter was scanned as a series of graphics images of the pages, it is only minimally searchable. The file has been processed with OCR software, but the Chinese and Japanese characters in the texts have been converted to, well, gibberish. Bulletin of SUNG YUAN Studies 16 60 Cu rrency Issues of Yuan China Three wo rks are extremely important. not only for the Yuan period. but for an invest 19atlol1 of Chinese numisfI\/Jtics of any age. The earl lest is Ma Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt Ovanlin's .~>\liii.~ Qianbl Kao ~'$~ , publhhed in 1321. Two later works Ha r va rd University are more valuable. Guguan Hui <5 $"f!I by Li Zuoxian"'Vi. ~, fi r st published in 1864, Is a sixteen volume compendi~ of every coin known from the author's survey of at least forty-two works listed in his bibliography. Gugian Ihlcldian Studies of Chinese numismatics and related topics of the Yuan period aTe is n t...iM~ by Ding Fubao 1" ~i Hf.;s a twelve volume work of rubbings made few, and of the scholarly work which has been done, the majority of it has re­ by the author of coins from Shang through (jing times, published in 1938 with a lied on the Shl-huo zhi -f"W.t, (Record of currency and provisions) sections supplement the following year.
    [Show full text]
  • Interpreting Zheng Chenggong: the Politics of Dramatizing
    , - 'I ., . UN1VERSIlY OF HAWAII UBRARY 3~31 INTERPRETING ZHENG CHENGGONG: THE POLITICS OF DRAMATIZING A HISTORICAL FIGURE IN JAPAN, CHINA, AND TAIWAN (1700-1963) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAW AI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THEATRE AUGUST 2007 By Chong Wang Thesis Committee: Julie A. Iezzi, Chairperson Lurana D. O'Malley Elizabeth Wichmann-Walczak · - ii .' --, L-' ~ J HAWN CB5 \ .H3 \ no. YI,\ © Copyright 2007 By Chong Wang We certity that we have read this thesis and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in Theatre. TIIESIS COMMITTEE Chairperson iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to give my wannest thanks to my family for their strong support. I also want to give my since're thanks to Dr. Julie Iezzi for her careful guidance and tremendous patience during each stage of the writing process. Finally, I want to thank my proofreaders, Takenouchi Kaori and Vance McCoy, without whom this thesis could not have been completed. - . iv ABSTRACT Zheng Chenggong (1624 - 1662) was sired by Chinese merchant-pirate in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. A general at the end of the Chinese Ming Dynasty, he was a prominent leader of the movement opposing the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and in recovering Taiwan from Dutch colonial occupation in 1661. Honored as a hero in Japan, China, and Taiwan, he has been dramatized in many plays in various theatre forms in Japan (since about 1700), China (since 1906), and Taiwan (since the 1920s).
    [Show full text]