Self-Study Syllabus on Chinese Foreign Policy www.mandarinsociety.org PrefaceAbout this syllabus with China’s rapid economic policymakers in Washington, Tokyo, Canberra as the scale and scope of China’s current growth, increasing military and other capitals think about responding to involvement in Africa, China’s first overseas power,Along and expanding influence, Chinese the challenge of China’s rising power. military facility in Djibouti, or Beijing’s foreign policy is becoming a more salient establishment of the Asian Infrastructure concern for the United States, its allies This syllabus is organized to build Investment Bank (AIIB). One of the challenges and partners, and other countries in Asia understanding of Chinese foreign policy in that this has created for observers of China’s and around the world. As China’s interests a step-by-step fashion based on one hour foreign policy is that so much is going on become increasingly global, China is of reading five nights a week for four weeks. every day it is no longer possible to find transitioning from a foreign policy that was In total, the key readings add up to roughly one book on Chinese foreign policy that once concerned principally with dealing 800 pages, rarely more than 40–50 pages will provide a clear-eyed assessment of with the superpowers, protecting China’s for a night. We assume no prior knowledge everything that a China analyst should know. regional interests, and positioning China of Chinese foreign policy, only an interest in as a champion of developing countries, to developing a clearer sense of how China is To understanding China’s diplomatic history one with a more varied and global agenda. using diplomacy to address the challenges after 1949, the best single volume to use Chinese scholars and practitioners alike associated with its rise. The objective is to as a guide to Chinese foreign policy is John recognize that Chinese diplomacy must help you read beyond the headlines. Our goal Garver, China’s Quest: The History of the become more nuanced and sophisticated to is to provide you with the needed tools and Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of keep pace with the new challenges that have knowledge to assist others in researching China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). accompanied China’s rise and to manage Chinese foreign policy and begin developing tensions between China’s traditional foreign your own thoughts. policy principles and the need to protect Chinese interests not only close to home, Chinese foreign policy has become more but increasingly more globally. At the same varied, sophisticated, and global over time, China’s more active diplomacy under the past few decades. Indeed, Chinese Xi Jinping, particularly its assertive handling diplomacy has undergone a remarkable of maritime territorial disputes with Japan transformation along with China’s economic in the East China Sea and with Vietnam, growth and the expansion of its regional and the Philippines and other rival claimants global interests. Not long ago, it would have in the South China Sea, is reshaping how been hard to imagine developments such American Mandarin Society 1 Week One: Setting the Foundation Introduction to Chinese Foreign Policy • “一张图让您了解‘领导小组’是如何运行 的?,”人民网, July 8, 2013. Overview • Linda Jakobson and Dean Knox, New Foreign Policy Actors in China (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research The goal of this week’s readings is to help you develop a basic familiarity with key Institute, September 2011). aspects of Chinese foreign policy. The following readings will highlight some challenges associated with interpreting Chinese foreign policy, explain how China’s foreign policy China’s Approach to Negotiation: apparatus is organized, and give you a little historical background. The seminal work on China’s negotiating approach was done by Richard Solomon in a classified project for RAND in the 1980s. Authority and Sourcing: Michael S. Chase, Timothy Heath, and The work has since become public, and two Ely Ratner, “Engagement and Assurance: versions of the work are now available. Parsing Chinese intentions and articles is a Debating the U.S.-China Relationship,” The key part of any analysis of Chinese foreign National Interest, November 5, 2014; and Lyle • Richard H. Solomon, Chinese Political policy. These readings address some of Goldstein, “The Great Debate: U.S.-Chinese Negotiating Behavior, 1967-1984 (Santa the issues that young analysts will need to Relations and the Future of Asia,” The Monica, CA: RAND, 1995). consider when evaluating their sources and National Interest, November 10, 2014. • Richard H. Solomon, Chinese Negotiating everyday reading. Behavior: Pursuing Interesting Through “Old The Foreign Policymaking Apparatus: Friends” (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of • Paul H.B. Godwin and Alice L. Miller, Peace, 1999). China’s Forbearance Has Limits: Chinese These readings provide an overview of the Threat and Retaliation Signaling and Its organizational structure and functions of What Does China Want? Implications for a Sino-American Military China’s contemporary foreign policymaking Confrontation, China Strategic Perspectives system. These three essays address distinct No. 6 (Washington, DC: National Defense approaches through which to view Chinese University Institute for National Strategic • Alice Miller, “The CCP Central Committee’s foreign policy and where it fits within Chinese Studies, 2013), pp. 29–37. Leading Small Groups,” China Leadership strategy. More than their insight into Chinese • Lyle Goldstein, “How China Sees America’s Monitor, No. 26 (Fall 2008). diplomacy, they provide guidance on sources Moves in Asia: Worse than Containment,” • Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and arguments to consult when analyzing The National Interest, October 29, 2014; [Organizational details and responsibilities] American Mandarin Society 2 Week 1 >> Beijing’s role in the international arena. Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform (Stanford: Stanford University • Timothy Heath, “What Does China Want? Press, 2001). Discerning the PRC’s National Strategy,” • Ning Lu, The Dynamics of Foreign-Policy Asian Security Vol. 8, No. 1 (2012), 54–72. Decisionmaking in China (Boulder, CO: • Alistair Iain Johnston, “Is China a Status Westview Press, 2000). Quo Power?” International Security 27, No. 4 • Xiaohong Liu, Chinese Ambassadors: The (Spring, 2003), 5–56. Rise of Diplomatic Professionalism Since • Naazneen Barma and Ely Ratner, “China’s 1949 (University of Washington Press, 2002). Illiberal Challenge,” Democracy Journal, No. 2 (Fall 2006), 56–68. Important Documents: These three readings provide historical and contemporary language for how Beijing presents its objectives and its conduct of foreign policy to the outside world. • “Backgrounder: Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence,” Xinhua, April 22, 2015. • “Full Text of Hu Jintao’s Report at 18th Party Congress,” Xinhua, November 17, 2012. [中文] • State Council Information Office, China’s Peaceful Development (2011). [中文] For Further Reading: The following citations are here to suggest focused readings based upon your interests and professional goals. • David M. Lampton, ed., The Making of American Mandarin Society 3 Week Two: Evolution of Chinese Foreign Policy The Mao, Deng, and Hu Eras in Diplomacy 460. • Deng Xiaoping, “和平和发展是当代世界 Overview 的两大问题 [Peace and Development are the Two Outstanding Issues in the World Today],” Excerpt of Talk with Japanese This week’s readings provide a broad overview of Chinese foreign policy since Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949. We have tried to pair a section of March 4, 1985. [中文] John Garver’s China’s Quest with a Chinese-language reading to paint each of the leadership era’s in broad strokes. China’s Foreign Policy under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao: Both Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao faced a Overview: even as its relationship with the Soviet Union complex international environment revolving frayed. Mao tried to carve out a leading role around a difficult relationship with the United China’s diplomacy has several enduring for China in international socialism and non- States. The core impulses remained the features, including the government’s aligned states, especially after Soviet leader same. Time and effort ameliorated China’s Marxist-Leninist legacy and the drive for Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s legacy. international isolation after the Tiananmen modernization. These selections from crackdown. Beijing also accomplished entry Garver’s book highlight the vicissitudes • John Garver, China’s Quest, 29–58, 92–145. to the World Trade Organization, the return of of Chinese efforts to reconcile the • Mao Zedong, “论十大关系 – 十 中国和外 Hong Kong and Macau, and a stabilized U.S.- 国的关系 contradictions created by China’s domestic [On the Ten Major Relationships: X. China relationship. political needs and international challenges. The Relationship between China and Other 中文 Countries],” April 25, 1956. [ ] • Garver, China’s Quest, 528-556, 634-673. • John Garver, China’s Quest: The History • Evan Medeiros and M. Taylor Fravel, of the Foreign Relations of the People’s China’s Foreign Policy under Deng Xiaoping: “China’s New Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Oxford: Oxford University Nov/Dec 2003, Press, 2016), 1–28, 674–704, 758–785 The challenge facing Deng Xiaoping was • Bonnie Glaser and Benjamin Dooley, how to open China to the outside without “China’s 11th Ambassadorial Conference China’s