Self-Study Syllabus on Chinese Foreign Policy

www.mandarinsociety.org PrefaceAbout this syllabus

with China’s rapid economic policymakers in Washington, Tokyo, Canberra as the scale and scope of China’s current growth, increasing military and other capitals think about responding to involvement in Africa, China’s first overseas power,Along and expanding influence, Chinese the challenge of China’s rising power. military facility in Djibouti, or Beijing’s foreign policy is becoming a more salient establishment of the Asian Infrastructure concern for the United States, its allies This syllabus is organized to build Investment Bank (AIIB). One of the challenges and partners, and other countries in Asia understanding of Chinese foreign policy in that this has created for observers of China’s and around the world. As China’s interests a step-by-step fashion based on one hour foreign policy is that so much is going on become increasingly global, China is of reading five nights a week for four weeks. every day it is no longer possible to find transitioning from a foreign policy that was In total, the key readings add up to roughly one book on Chinese foreign policy that once concerned principally with dealing 800 pages, rarely more than 40–50 pages will provide a clear-eyed assessment of with the superpowers, protecting China’s for a night. We assume no prior knowledge everything that a China analyst should know. regional interests, and positioning China of Chinese foreign policy, only an interest in as a champion of developing countries, to developing a clearer sense of how China is To understanding China’s diplomatic history one with a more varied and global agenda. using diplomacy to address the challenges after 1949, the best single volume to use Chinese scholars and practitioners alike associated with its rise. The objective is to as a guide to Chinese foreign policy is John recognize that Chinese diplomacy must help you read beyond the headlines. Our goal Garver, China’s Quest: The History of the become more nuanced and sophisticated to is to provide you with the needed tools and Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of keep pace with the new challenges that have knowledge to assist others in researching China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). accompanied China’s rise and to manage Chinese foreign policy and begin developing tensions between China’s traditional foreign your own thoughts. policy principles and the need to protect Chinese interests not only close to home, Chinese foreign policy has become more but increasingly more globally. At the same varied, sophisticated, and global over time, China’s more active diplomacy under the past few decades. Indeed, Chinese Xi Jinping, particularly its assertive handling diplomacy has undergone a remarkable of maritime territorial disputes with Japan transformation along with China’s economic in the East China Sea and with Vietnam, growth and the expansion of its regional and the Philippines and other rival claimants global interests. Not long ago, it would have in the South China Sea, is reshaping how been hard to imagine developments such

American Mandarin Society 1 Week One: Setting the Foundation Introduction to Chinese Foreign Policy

• “一张图让您了解‘领导小组’是如何运行 的?,”人民网, July 8, 2013. Overview • Linda Jakobson and Dean Knox, New Foreign Policy Actors in China (Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research The goal of this week’s readings is to help you develop a basic familiarity with key Institute, September 2011). aspects of Chinese foreign policy. The following readings will highlight some challenges associated with interpreting Chinese foreign policy, explain how China’s foreign policy China’s Approach to Negotiation: apparatus is organized, and give you a little historical background. The seminal work on China’s negotiating approach was done by Richard Solomon in a classified project for RAND in the 1980s. Authority and Sourcing: Michael S. Chase, Timothy Heath, and The work has since become public, and two Ely Ratner, “Engagement and Assurance: versions of the work are now available. Parsing Chinese intentions and articles is a Debating the U.S.-China Relationship,” The key part of any analysis of Chinese foreign National Interest, November 5, 2014; and Lyle • Richard H. Solomon, Chinese Political policy. These readings address some of Goldstein, “The Great Debate: U.S.-Chinese Negotiating Behavior, 1967-1984 (Santa the issues that young analysts will need to Relations and the Future of Asia,” The Monica, CA: RAND, 1995). consider when evaluating their sources and National Interest, November 10, 2014. • Richard H. Solomon, Chinese Negotiating everyday reading. Behavior: Pursuing Interesting Through “Old The Foreign Policymaking Apparatus: Friends” (Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of • Paul H.B. Godwin and Alice L. Miller, Peace, 1999). China’s Forbearance Has Limits: Chinese These readings provide an overview of the Threat and Retaliation Signaling and Its organizational structure and functions of What Does China Want? Implications for a Sino-American Military China’s contemporary foreign policymaking Confrontation, China Strategic Perspectives system. These three essays address distinct No. 6 (Washington, DC: National Defense approaches through which to view Chinese University Institute for National Strategic • Alice Miller, “The CCP Central Committee’s foreign policy and where it fits within Chinese Studies, 2013), pp. 29–37. Leading Small Groups,” China Leadership strategy. More than their insight into Chinese • Lyle Goldstein, “How China Sees America’s Monitor, No. 26 (Fall 2008). diplomacy, they provide guidance on sources Moves in Asia: Worse than Containment,” • Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and arguments to consult when analyzing The National Interest, October 29, 2014; [Organizational details and responsibilities]

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Beijing’s role in the international arena. Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform (Stanford: Stanford University • Timothy Heath, “What Does China Want? Press, 2001). Discerning the PRC’s National Strategy,” • Ning Lu, The Dynamics of Foreign-Policy Asian Security Vol. 8, No. 1 (2012), 54–72. Decisionmaking in China (Boulder, CO: • Alistair Iain Johnston, “Is China a Status Westview Press, 2000). Quo Power?” International Security 27, No. 4 • Xiaohong Liu, Chinese Ambassadors: The (Spring, 2003), 5–56. Rise of Diplomatic Professionalism Since • Naazneen Barma and Ely Ratner, “China’s 1949 (University of Washington Press, 2002). Illiberal Challenge,” Democracy Journal, No. 2 (Fall 2006), 56–68.

Important Documents:

These three readings provide historical and contemporary language for how Beijing presents its objectives and its conduct of foreign policy to the outside world.

• “Backgrounder: Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence,” Xinhua, April 22, 2015. • “Full Text of Hu Jintao’s Report at 18th Party Congress,” Xinhua, November 17, 2012. [中文] • State Council Information Office, China’s Peaceful Development (2011). [中文]

For Further Reading: The following citations are here to suggest focused readings based upon your interests and professional goals.

• David M. Lampton, ed., The Making of

American Mandarin Society 3 Week Two: Evolution of Chinese Foreign Policy The Mao, Deng, and Hu Eras in Diplomacy

460. • Deng Xiaoping, “和平和发展是当代世界 Overview 的两大问题 [Peace and Development are the Two Outstanding Issues in the World Today],” Excerpt of Talk with Japanese This week’s readings provide a broad overview of Chinese foreign policy since Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949. We have tried to pair a section of March 4, 1985. [中文] John Garver’s China’s Quest with a Chinese-language reading to paint each of the leadership era’s in broad strokes. China’s Foreign Policy under Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao:

Both Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao faced a Overview: even as its relationship with the Soviet Union complex international environment revolving frayed. Mao tried to carve out a leading role around a difficult relationship with the United China’s diplomacy has several enduring for China in international socialism and non- States. The core impulses remained the features, including the government’s aligned states, especially after Soviet leader same. Time and effort ameliorated China’s Marxist-Leninist legacy and the drive for Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s legacy. international isolation after the Tiananmen modernization. These selections from crackdown. Beijing also accomplished entry Garver’s book highlight the vicissitudes • John Garver, China’s Quest, 29–58, 92–145. to the World Trade Organization, the return of of Chinese efforts to reconcile the • Mao Zedong, “论十大关系 – 十 中国和外 Hong Kong and Macau, and a stabilized U.S.- 国的关系 contradictions created by China’s domestic [On the Ten Major Relationships: X. China relationship. political needs and international challenges. The Relationship between China and Other 中文 Countries],” April 25, 1956. [ ] • Garver, China’s Quest, 528-556, 634-673. • John Garver, China’s Quest: The History • Evan Medeiros and M. Taylor Fravel, of the Foreign Relations of the People’s China’s Foreign Policy under Deng Xiaoping: “China’s New Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Oxford: Oxford University Nov/Dec 2003, Press, 2016), 1–28, 674–704, 758–785 The challenge facing Deng Xiaoping was • Bonnie Glaser and Benjamin Dooley, how to open China to the outside without “China’s 11th Ambassadorial Conference China’s Foreign Policy under Mao Zedong: jeopardizing its political system. Signals Continuity and Change in Foreign Policy,” China Brief, Nov 4, 2009, Mao Zedong’s China struck out aggressively • Garver, China’s Quest, 349–382, 401– • Dai Bungguo, “Stick to the Path of Peaceful

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Development,” December 13, 2010, • David P. Nickles, ed., Foreign Relations of • Evan S. Medeiros, “Strategic Hedging the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XIII, and the Future of Asia-Pacific Stability,” China (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Washington Quarterly, Winter 2005-2006, pp. Printing Office, 2013). 145-167. For Further Reading: The Beginning of U.S.-China Relations: • Andrew Nathan and Andrew Scobell, The U.S. opening to China began in 1971 China’s Search for Security (New York: with National Security Advisor Henry Columbia University Press, 2014) Kissinger’s secret trip to China. In many • James Mann, About Face: A History of ways, these initial discussions and the later America’s Curious Relationship with China, ones involving President Richard Nixon from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Vintage, helped set the parameters for how Beijing 2000). and Washington interact to the present • 赵可金, 当代中国外交制度的转型与定位 day. Rather than read commentary and [The Transformation and Standing of China’s subsequent analysis, we recommend reading Foreign Policy System] (北京时事出版社, the transcripts and original policy documents 2012). themselves:

• The National Security Archive, George Washington University, Electronic Briefing Book: The Beijing-Washington Back-Channel and Henry Kissinger’s Secret Trip to China. • The National Security Archive, George Washington University, Electronic Briefing Book: Nixon’s Trip to China. • Steven Phillips, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XVII, China, 1969–1972 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2006).

American Mandarin Society 5 Week Three: Contemporary Policy Initiatives Introduction to Contemporary Chinese Foreign Policy

a hard sell because even as policymakers in Washington have been keen to avoid a Overview deepening strategic rivalry with China, they have been wary of buying into an approach that demands they accommodate China’s This week’s readings introduce some of the signature diplomatic initiatives from the “core interests” unconditionally. Xi Jinping era. They will provide parts of the evolving glossary of Chinese terminology related to foreign affairs since the 18th Party Congress. • 崔天凯 [Cui Tiankai] and 庞含兆 [Pang Hanzhao], “新时期中国外交全局中的中美关 系: 兼论中美共建新型大国关系 [China-U.S. Relations in China’s Overall Diplomacy in the New Era: On China and U.S. Working New Type of International Relations: at the Moscow State Institute of International Together to Build a New-Type Relationship Relations],” Xinhua, May 3, 2015. Between Major Countries],” July 2012. Early in his tenure, Xi Jinping introduced • “王毅：构建以合作共赢为核心的新型国 • Michael S. Chase, “China’s Search for a the “New Type of International Relations” ( 际关系 —— 对 ‘21世纪国际关系向何处 ‘New Type of Great Power Relationship’,” 新型国际关系 去’ 的中国答案 [Wang Yi: Build a New ) concept into Chinese foreign Jamestown Foundation China Brief, Type of International Relations Featuring policy discourse. The concept outlines an September 7, 2012. Win-Win Cooperation -- China’s Answer to updated form of China’s traditional principles • Paul Mancinelli, “Conceptualizing ‘New the Question ‘Where Are the International of coexistence to shape a more democratic Type Great Power Relations’: The Sino- Relations of the 21st Century Heading’],” international order. Only two or three Western Russian Model,” Jamestown Foundation Study Times, June 20, 2016. [English] analyses of Xi’s concept have appeared China Brief, May 7, 2014 since 2013, but a “New Type of International New Type of Great Power Relations: Relations” underpins many of China’s Taiwan and Cross-Strait Relations: diplomatic initiatives today. For the past several years Xi Jinping and other Chinese leaders have attempted to In Beijing’s eyes, Taiwan remains unfinished 习近平：建立以合作共赢为核心的新型国际 • “ persuade their American counterparts to business regardless where trends in 关系 [Xi Jinping: Constructing a New Type of accept China’s vision for the establishment Taiwanese identity or popular opinion lead. International Relations with Cooperation and of a “new type of great power relations” or The political collapse of the Kuomintang at the Core],” People’s Daily, March 24, 2013. and the ascendancy of the Democratic 国家主席习近平在莫斯科国际关系学院的 “new pattern of major country relations” with • “ Progressive Party placed China’s assumption 演讲(全文) [Full Text of Xi Jinping’s Speech the United States. Beijing has found this

American Mandarin Society 6 Week 3 >>

of eventual unification in jeopardy. The foreign affairs conference convened by the • Christopher Johnson, “President Xi coming years will bring a great deal of change Central Committee to discuss how Beijing Jinping’s “Belt and Road” Initiative: A as China, Taiwan, and the United States sort should shape its immediate neighbors. Practical Assessment of the Chinese through the implications of Taiwan’s political Communist Party’s Roadmap for China’s sea change. • Timothy Heath, “Diplomacy Work Forum: Xi Global Resurgence,” Center for Strategic and Steps Up Efforts to Shape a China-Centered International Studies, March 28, 2016. • Alan D. Romberg, “The Bull in the China Regional Order,” China Brief, November 7, • “Full Text of President Xi’s Speech at Shop,” China Leadership Monitor, No. 52 2013. Opening of Belt and Road Forum,” Xinhua, 中文 (Winter 2017), • Xi Jinping, “New Asian Security Concept May 14, 2017 [ ] • “习近平在纳扎尔巴耶夫大学的演讲( • Alan D. Romberg, “Cross-Strait Relations: for New Progress in Security Cooperation,” 全文 Skepticism Abounds,” China Leadership Remarks at the Fourth Summit of CICA, ) [Full Text of Xi Jinping’s Speech at Monitor, No. 54 (Fall 2017), Shanghai Expo Center, May 21, 2014, Nazarbayev University], Xinhua, September 8, • Anti-Secession Law (full text), Adopted • Michael D. Swaine, “Chinese Views and 2013. • “国家主席习近平在印度尼西亚国会发表 at the Third Session of the Tenth National Commentary on Periphery Diplomacy,” China 演讲(全文) People’s Congress, March 14, 2005, Leadership Monitor, Summer 2014. [Full Text of Xi Jinping’s Speech • Lin Chong-pin, “More Carrot than Stick: • Bonnie Glaser and Deep Pal, “Is China’s before the Indonesian Parliament],” China Beijing’s Emerging Taiwan Policy,” China Charm Offensive Dead?,” China Brief, July News Service, October 3, 2013. Security, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter 2008), 3-29. 31, 2014. • SUGGESTED READING: Nadege Rolland, • J. Michael Cole, “Taiwan Confirms China’s China’s Eurasian Century? Political and ‘Black Hand’ Behind Anti-Reform Protests,” One Belt, One Road: Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Taiwan Democracy Brief, July 18, 2017; J. Initiative (Seattle, WA: National Bureau of Asian Research, May 2017). Michael Cole, “Illiberal Forces Push Back in The “One Belt, One Road” initiative became Taiwan,” Taiwan Democracy Brief, October 3, Xi’s signature foreign policy initiative. China’s Evaluations of Xi Jinping’s Foreign Policy: 2017. “project of the century” aims to integrate the Ahead of the 19th Party Congress, leading Eurasian landmass in a network of economic party journals published authoritative Periphery Diplomacy: ties and infrastructure, plugging the trillion- accounts of Xi’s foreign policy between 2012 dollar hole in Asian infrastructure needs. The (周边外交) and 2017. These articles by senior diplomats Periphery diplomacy has faded mammoth endeavor is fraught with pitfalls, outline the contours of Xi Jinping’s foreign from American discussions of Chinese foreign and it will pose a major test of China’s policy and the post-American world in which policy, but the fundamental elements of it commitment to a global role. remain a part of Xi’s foreign policy today. The China perceives itself as operating. concept was introduced in 2013 at a major

American Mandarin Society 7 • 杨洁篪 [Yang Jiechi], “深入学习贯彻习 (Stanford, 2007). 近平总书记外交思想 不断谱写中国特色大 • Andrew Scobell, Ely Ratner, and Michael 国外交新篇章 [Study and Implement the Beckley, China’s Strategy Toward South Diplomatic Thought of General Secretary Xi and Central Asia: An Empty Fortress (Santa Jinping; Ceaselessly Write a New Chapter Monica, CA: RAND, 2014) of Great Power Diplomacy with Chinese • Jeffrey A. Bader, Obama and China’s Characteristics],” 求是 [Seeking Truth], No. Rise: An Insider’s Account of America’s Asia 2017/14, July 15, 2017: Strategy, Washington, DC: Brookings Institute • 王毅 [Wang Yi], “共建伙伴关系 共谋和平 Press, 2013. 发展 [Build Partnerships to Seek Peaceful • Hillary Clinton, “America’s Pacific Century,” Development],” 学习时报 [Study Times], Foreign Policy, October 11, 2011, http:// March 29, 2017: foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas- • 杨洁篪 [Yang Jiechi], “在习近平总书记 pacific-century/. 外交思想指引下不断开创对外工作新局面 • Tom Miller, China’s Asian Dream: Empire [Under the Guidance of General Secretary Building along the New Silk Road (London: Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Thought Ceaselessly Zed Books, 2017). Create a New Situation for Foreign Work],” People’s Daily, January 14, 2017: • He Yafei, “Arrival of the ‘Post-American Era’,” China-U.S. Focus, August 21, 2017 • Michael Swaine, “Chinese Attitudes Toward the U.S. Withdrawal from the Paris Climate Accords,” China Leadership Monitor, No. 54 (Fall 2017) .

For Further Reading:

• Richard Bush, Uncharted Strait: The Future of China-Taiwan Relations, (Washington, DC: Brookings Institute Press, 2013). • Alan Wachman, Why Taiwan? Geostrategic Rationales for China’s Territorial Integrity

American Mandarin Society 8 Week Four: Cases in Chinese Diplomacy Functional and Regional Case Studies in Chinese Foreign Policy

China’s Third Sea Force, People’s Armed Forces Maritime Militia: Tether to the PLA, U.S. Naval War College - China Maritime Overview Studies Institute, China Maritime Report No. 1 (March 2017). This week’s readings provide brief overviews of several function and regional cases of • Ryan D. Martinson, “China’s Great Balancing Act Unfolds: Enforcing Maritime Chinese diplomacy and foreign policy in action. Some of these case studies illustrate Rights vs. Stability,” The National Interest, the truism of today’s world that foreign ministries no longer necessarily play the leading September 11, 2015. Be sure to follow the role. A more complete grasp of China’s diplomacy will combine functional and country- hyperlinks to a variety of Chinese-language specific information about Chinese activities, domestic policy, and diplomacy. speeches and articles.

Negotiating Climate Change Summitry: Chinese Diplomacy toward Japan: Maritime Security Issues: The international negotiations on climate Japan’s relationship with China fluctuated China’s more assertive approach to handling change in Copenhagen collapsed in 2009 up and down over the past two decades, its maritime territorial disputes in the South with Beijing playing a leading role. Between especially as historical issues such as China Sea illustrates the tension between 2014 and 2016, Beijing and Washington territorial disputes and Japanese aggression China’s attempts to defend its sovereignty made parallel commitments to limit emissions in World War II resurfaced. claims and its desire to maintain constructive and sign onto the Paris Agreement. What relations with its neighbors and a regional China is doing and why in climate change • Garver, China’s Quest, 705–733. security environment conducive to economic negotiations provides useful case study in • Richard C. Bush, The Perils of Proximity: growth and development. domestic-international linkages that affect China-Japan Security Relations (Washington, diplomacy. DC: Brookings, 2010), Chapters 1-4, 6. • Stirring Up the South China Sea, • Wu Xinbo, “The End of the Silver Lining: A International Crisis Group, Asia Report No. • Lisa Williams, China’s Climate Change Chinese View of the U.S.-Japan Alliance,” 223 (April 23, 2012). Policies: Actors and Drivers, Lowy Institute The Washington Quarterly (Winter 2005-06), • Andrew S. Erickson and Conor M. Kennedy, (July 2014). pp. 119-130. “China’s Maritime Militia: What It Is and How • Zhang Haibin, China and International to Deal with It,” Foreign Affairs, June 23, Climate Change Negotiations, Welt-Trends 2016. • Andrew S. Erickson and Conor M. Kennedy, Online Dossier (March 2013).

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booming market for online services and and everyone should revisit the basis of Overseas Protection: Beijing’s desire for control has given the state the evidence, the thinking behind it, and leverage internationally to shape how the expectations of Chinese foreign policy. Beijing’s push for companies to “go out” Internet is governed. • Aaron L. Friedberg, “The Sources of internationally has led to increasing numbers • 方可成 [Fang Kecheng], “「外交」是中國 Chinese Conduct: Explaining Beijing’s of Chinese living, working, and traveling 舉辦「世界互聯網大會」的本質 [Diplomacy Assertiveness,” The Washington Quarterly abroad. Chinese people have become targets is the Point of China’s World Internet (Winter 2015), 133–150. for attacks and kidnappings, but Beijing has Conference],” The Initium, December 18, • Alistair I. Johnston, “How New and not developed an adequate framework within 2015. Translated by the China Media Project, Assertive is China’s New Assertiveness?” the traditional bounds of its foreign policy. December 21, 2015. International Security, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Spring • 郑必坚 网络化大潮与中 That, however, is starting to change. [Zheng Bijian], “ 2013), 7–48. 国的和平崛起 [Networkification Trend and • Björn Jerdén, “The Assertive China 中国信息安全 • Mathieu Duchâtel, Oliver Bräuner, and Zhou China’s Peaceful Rise],” [China Narrative: Why It Is Wrong and How So Hang, “Protecting China’s Overseas Interests: Information Security], February 21, 2017. Many Still Bought into It,” Chinese Journal The Slow Move Away from Non-Interference,” • Milton L. Mueller, “China and Global of International Politics, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Spring Stockholm International Peace Research Internet Governance: A Tiger by the Tail,” 2014), 47–88. Institute, SIPRI Policy Paper, No. 41 (June in Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal 2014). Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, eds., • Andrew S. Erickson and Austin M. Strange, Access Contested: Security, Identity, and For Further Reading: “Ripples of Change in Chinese Foreign Resistance in Asian Cyberspace (Cambridge, Policy? Evidence from Recent Approaches MA: MIT Press, 2011), pp. 177–194. • Ely Ratner, et. al., More Willing & Able: to Nontraditional Waterborne Security,” Asia • State Council Information Office, The Charting China’s International Security Policy, No. 17 (January 2014), 93–126. Internet in China, White Paper (2010). Activism, Center for a New American Security, May 2015. Cyber-Security and Sovereignty: Chinese Assertiveness: • Thomas J. Bickford with Heidi A. Holz and Frederic Vellucci Jr., “Uncertain Waters: Since its popularization in the 1990s, Many analysts believe Xi Jinping’s China Thinking about China’s Emergence as a the Internet generated tension between has abandoned Deng Xiaoping’s admonition Maritime Power,” Center for Naval Analyses, (September 2011), chapters 1-4. the libertarian vision for the free flow of to “bide your time, hide your capabilities.” The consensus congealed around a more • Andrew Scobell and Mark Cozad, “China’s information internationally and the existence North Korea Policy: Rethink or Recharge?” of supporting hardware inside states. China’s confident if not assertive China. Nevertheless, assertiveness remains a problematic concept, Parameters, Spring 2014.

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• Howard W. French, China’s Second Continent: How a Million Migrants are Building a New Empire in Africa (New York: Vintage, 2015). • David H. Shinn and Joshua Eisenman, China and Africa: A Century of Engagement (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012) • Deborah Brautigam, The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011)

American Mandarin Society 11 The Next Steps: Keeping Up and Moving Forward Moving Beyond Familiarity toward Expertise

Era of Reform (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001). • Ning Lu, The Dynamics of Foreign-Policy Overview Decisionmaking in China (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000). If you wish to go beyond this syllabus and develop your expertise on Chinese foreign • Gilbert Rozman, ed., China’s Foreign Policy: Who Makes It, and How Is It Made? (New policy, then below are some additional reading suggestions for digging deeper and York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012). developing a more informed perspective. China’s International Strategy:

Routine Readings: foreign policy, cross-Strait relations, Chinese • Michael Swaine and Ashley Tellis, military developments, China’s economic Interpreting China’s Grand Strategy: Past The sources below are a few ways to keep policy, and Party affairs. Present, and Future (Santa Monica, CA: up with Chinese foreign policy developments • The online portal for the Central Party RAND, 2000). requiring a modest investment of time. School journal Seeking Truth offers more • Liselotte Odgaard, China and Coexistence: selective articles on Chinese foreign policy Beijing’s National Security Strategy for the • The Jamestown Foundation’s biweekly, and diplomatic developments. Although Twenty-First Century (Washington, DC: electronic journal China Brief offers one of the much of the content comes from other Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2012). few places where analysis of current Chinese Chinese newspapers connected to the • Andrew Nathan and Andrew Scobell, military policy and PLA developments can Central Committee, Seeking Truth and its China’s Search for Security (New York be found on a regular basis. Available freely companions Red Flag and Study Times Columbia University Press, 2012). online and based predominantly on Chinese sometimes carry articles from senior officials. • Stefan Halper, The Beijing Consensus: sources, China Brief regularly engages some Legitimizing Authoritarianism in Our Time of the best experts on the PLA to write for it. Books for the Dedicated Reader: (New York: Basic Books, 2010). • Taiwan Security Research is a weekly • Graham Allison, Destined for War: Can newsletter with a roundup of the week’s Key Works: America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap readings related Taiwan’s security situation. • Thomas Robinson and David Shambaugh, (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017). Beijing’s regional diplomacy and cross-strait Chinese Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice relations figure prominently. (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1996). China’s Use of Force: • Chinese Leadership Monitor offers quarterly • David M. Lampton, ed., The Making of updates from leading experts on Chinese Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the • Paul H.B. Godwin and Alice L. Miller,

American Mandarin Society 12 The Next Step >>

China’s Forbearance Has Limits: Chinese in Asia (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., Threat and Retaliation Signaling and Its 2011). Implications for a Sino-American Military • Thomas Christensen, The China Challenge: Confrontation, China Strategic Perspectives Shaping the Choices of a Rising Power (New No. 6 (Washington, DC: National Defense York: W.W. Norton and Co., 2015). University Institute for National Strategic • Robert Suettinger, Beyond Tiananmen: The Studies, 2013). Politics of U.S.-China Relations1989–2000 • Allen Whiting, “China’s Use of Force, 1950– (Washington, DC, Brookings Institution Press, 1996, and Taiwan,” International Security, Vol. 2004). 26, No. 2 (Autumn 2001), 103–131. • Warren Cohen, America’s Response to China: A History of Sino-American Relations China’s Economic Statecraft: (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010). • James Mann, About Face: A History of • Li Mingjiang,ed., China’s Economic America’s Curious Relationship with China, Statecraft: Co-optation, Cooperation and from Nixon to Clinton (New York: Vintage, Coercion (Singapore: World Scientific 2000). Publishing Company, 2017) • Yafeng Xia, Negotiating with the Enemy: • William J. Norris, Chinese Economic U.S.-China Talks During the Cold War, 1949– State Statecraft: Commercial Actors, Grand 1972 (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, Strategy, and State Control (Ithaca, NY: 2006). Cornell University Press, 2016) • Zhang Shuguang, Beijing’s Economic Statecraft during the Cold War, 1949-1991 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) • Timothy Heath, “China’s Evolving Approach to Economic Diplomacy,” Asia Policy, No. 22 (July 2016),

U.S.-China Relations: • Aaron Friedberg, A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery

American Mandarin Society 13 Appendix >>

中文 拼音 英文 霸权主义 bà quán zhǔ yì hegemonism 边界 biān jiè boundary 步步为营 bù bù wéi yíng building fortifications after each new advance 裁军 cái jūn disarmament 丛林法则 cóng lín fǎ zé law of the jungle 单打独斗 dān dǎ dú dǒu to fight alone 担任 dān rèn to hold a government postion or post; to assume office 邓小平理论 dèng xiǎo píng lǐ lùn Deng Xiaoping Theory; Dengism 帝国主义 dì guó zhǔ yì imperialism 地球村 dì qiú cūn global village 东盟 dōng méng ASEAN 东亚峰会 dōng yà fēng huì East Asia Summit 对外 duì wài external; foreign 多边 duō biān multilateral 多极化 duō jí huà multi-polarization 发言权 fā yán quán right to speak 发展中国 fā zhǎn zhōng guó developing country 贩毒 fàn dú drug trafficking 反恐 fǎn kǒng anti-terrorism 繁荣富强 fán róng fù qiáng rich, strong, and prosperous 防灾救灾 fáng zāi jiù zāi disaster prevention and relief 奋发有为 fèn fā yǒu wéi promising and diligent 风云变幻 fēng yún biàn huàn changeable situation 覆辙 fù zhé disastrous policy 干涉 gān shè interference 各得其所 gè dé qí suǒ each is provided for 各尽所能 gè jìn suǒ néng each does his utmost 共处 gòng chǔ to coexist 攻坚克难 gōng jiān kè nán difficult to tackle 共赢 gòng yíng mutually profitable 共治 gòng zhì co-rule

American Mandarin Society 14 Appendix >>

中文 拼音 英文

国防部长 guó fáng bù zhǎng defense secretary; defense minister 国防政策 guó fáng zhèng cè national defense policy 国共 guó gòng KMT and CCP 国际关系 guó jì guān xì international relations 国际关系民主化 guó jì guān xì mín zhǔ huà democratization of international relations 国际社会 guó jì shè huì international community 国情 guó qíng national conditions; State of the Union (USA) 国事访问 guó shì fǎng wèn state visit 国务卿 guó wù qīng Secretary of State 国务委员 guó wù wěi yuán member of State Council 国务院 guó wù yuàn State Council (PRC); State Department (USA) 海上丝绸之路 hǎi shàng sī chóu zhī lù Maritime Silk Road 海外利益 hǎi wài lì yì overseas interests 和平演变 hé píng yǎn biàn peaceful evolution 划界 huá jiè demarcation 基础设施 jī chǔ shè shī infrastructure 极化 jí huà polarization 坚定不移 jiān dìng bù yí unswerving; unflinching 将领 jiàng lǐng high-ranking military officer 解放军的 助手 jiě fàng jūn de zhù shǒu helpers of the PLA 结盟 jié méng to form an alliance 兢兢业业 jīng jīng yè yè cautious and conscientious 经援 jīng yuán economic aid 军备竞赛 jūn bèi jìng sài arms race 军备竞争 jūn bèi jìng zhēng military arms competition 军警民联防 jūn jǐng mín lián fáng joint military, law enforcement, and civilian defense 军控 jūn kòng arms control 军贸 jūn mào military and trade 军事威胁 jūn shì wēi xié military threat 军援 jūn yuán military aid 勘界 kān jiè demarcation; boundary survey

American Mandarin Society 15 Appendix >>

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抗日战争 kàng rì zhàn zhēng China’s War of Resistance against Japan 科教兴国 kē jiào xīng guó to invigorate the country through science and education 科学发展观 kē xué fā zhǎn guān Scientific Outlook on Development 跨国有组织犯罪 kuà guó yǒu zǔ zhī fàn zuì transnational organized crime 扩散 kuò sàn to spread; proliferation; diffusion 劳动人民 láo dòng rén mín working people 老框框内 lǎo kuàng kuàng nèi rigid conventions, reactionary framework 冷战 lěng zhàn Cold War 联合国 lián hé guó United Nations 联合国宪章 lián hé guó xiàn zhāng Charter of the United Nations 两国关系 liǎng guó guān xì bilateral relations 邻邦 lín bāng neighboring state; adjacent country 领导集体 lǐng dǎo jí tǐ leadership group; collective of leaders 零和博弈 líng hé bó yì zero-sum game 领域 lǐng yù territory 马克思列宁主义 mǎ kè sī liè níng zhǔ yì Marxism-Leninism 贸易额 mào yì é volume of trade (between two countries) 贸易伙伴 mào yì huǒ bàn trading partner 毛泽东思想 máo zé dōng sī xiǎng Mao Zedong Thought; Maoism 美军 měi jūn U.S. armed forces 盟友 méng yǒu ally 民兵制度 mín bīng zhì dù militia system 民调 mín diào opinion poll 民族振兴 mín zú zhèn xīng national revitalization 内忧外患 nèi yōu wài huàn internal trouble and outside aggression; in a mess both domestically and abroad 欧亚经济共同体 ōu yà jīng jì gòng tóng tǐ Eurasian Economic Community 贫穷落后 pín qióng luò hòu poverty and backwardness 气候变化 qì hòu biàn huà climate change 求真务实 qiú zhēn wù shí pragmatic 取长补短 qǔ cháng bǔ duǎn use others’ strengths to make up for one’s weaknesses

American Mandarin Society 16 Appendix >>

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人武系统 rén wǔ xì tǒng People’s Armed Forces system 弱肉强食 ruò ròu qiáng shí law of the jungle 三个代表 sān gè dài biǎo The Three Represents 上海合作组织 shàng hǎi hé zuò zǔ zhī Shanghai Cooperation Organization 社会保障 shè huì bǎo zhàng social security 涉外 shè wài concerning foreigners or foreign affairs 世界互联网大会 shì jiè hù lián wǎng dà huì World Internet Conference 世情 shì qíng world affairs 实事求是 shí shì qiú shì seek truth from facts 守成 shǒu chéng to preserve the accomplishments of previous generations 双边 shuāng biān bilateral 双重领导 shuāng chóng lǐng dǎo dual-responsibility system 丝绸之路经济带 sī chóu zhī lù jīng jì dài Silk Road Economic Zone 四人帮 sì rén bāng Gang of Four 统筹兼顾 tǒng chóu jiān gù an overall plan accounting for all factors 统一领导 tǒng yī lǐng dǎo unified leadership 统一战线 tǒng yī zhàn xiàn united front 外交部 wài jiāo bù Ministry of Foreign Affairs; foreign office; Dept. of State 外交事务 wài jiāo shì wù foreign affairs 外交特权 wài jiāo tè quán diplomatic immunity 网络空间 wǎng luò kōng jiān cyberspace 五角大楼 wǔ jiǎo dà lóu The Pentagon 现代化 xiàn dài huà modernization 小康社会 xiǎo kāng shè huì society in which the material needs of most citizens are adequately met 新型大国关系 xīn xíng dà guó guān xì new type of great power relations 亚太地区 yà tài dì qū Asia-Pacific 一带一路 yī dài yī lù One Belt, One Road 易发多发 yì fā duō fā prone to happen 与时俱进 yǔ shí jù jìn keep pace with the times 战线 zhàn xiàn battlefront

American Mandarin Society 17 Appendix >>

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争夺霸权 zhēng duó bà quán compete for hegemony 殖民 zhí mín colony 殖民主义 zhí mín zhǔ yì colonialism 执政党 zhí zhèng dǎng the ruling party 中俄关系 zhōng é guān xì Sino-Russian relations 中国红十字会总会 zhōng guó hóng shí zì huì zǒng huì Chinese Red Cross Society 中国梦 zhōng guó mèng China Dream 中国人民对外友好协会 zhōng guó rén mín duì wài yǒu hǎo xié huì Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries 中国宋庆龄基金会 zhōng guó sòng qìng líng jī jīn huì China Soong Ching Ling Foundation 中国特色社会主义 zhōng guó tè sè shè huì zhǔ yì Socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族 zhōng huá mín zú the Chinese people 主权 zhǔ quán sovereignty 主宰 zhǔ zǎi to dominate, to rule 遵守 zūn shǒu to comply with, to respect (an agreement) 尊重网络主权 zūn zhòng wǎng luò zhǔ quán respect for network sovereignty

American Mandarin Society 18