WMHSMUN XXXIV

Pawnee City Council

Background Guide

“Unprecedented committees. Unparalleled debate. Unmatched fun.” Letter From the Director

Dear Delegates, Welcome to WMHSMUN! I am Molly McDade and it is my pleasure to be your director for WMHSMUN XXXIV. This is my second time attending this conference and it will be my first time directing a committee at a college level. I remember when I came to William & Mary’s conference as a starry-eyed freshman I was in awe of the world of International Relations. I hope that this conference will inspire you and be as impactful for you as it was for me. I am a freshman at William and Mary, and I plan on majoring in Government or Business. I am from Alexandria, Virginia, which is in Northern Virginia (NOVA) twenty minutes outside of DC. I absolutely loved Model United Nations in high school, and I would love to talk to all of you about any of the cool conferences you have attended I am very interested in other cultures and I love traveling (fun fact: I’ve been to almost 10 different countries!) I also have a passion for baking, and I adore corgis! For this committee, I expect that all of you come prepared for some riveting debate. Although this committee is based off the comedy show , I do expect delegates to take this committee seriously and be professional in moderated caucuses. Our two main topics are the obesity crisis in Pawnee and dealing with the Newport Plot. Our committee is composed of characters from a variety of professions including health professionals, entrepreneurs, councilmembers, and politicians. I want you all to find ways to collaborate and incorporate the different angles these professionals have to offer into your resolutions. Additionally, although I am a die-hard fan and I have seen Parks and Recreation twice, by no means do I expect delegates to watch the entire show. The show is available on Hulu and on Amazon Prime. If you have never seen the show, I strongly recommend watching a bit of the seventh season and some episodes from earlier seasons, specifically the episodes “2017” and “Soda Tax”. That being said, Pawnee is a pretty zany place so I want you all to have fun and come up with some creative solutions that would make even Lil Sebastian proud. If you have any questions or concerns before the conference, please email me. I look forward to meeting and working with all of you!

Molly McDade [email protected] Background Guide – Creating the D.C. Government

Introduction

This committee is set in the fictitious city of Pawnee, in the year 2017. Pawnee is located in South Central Indiana in Wamapoke county and is part of the 10th congressional district of Indiana. The city consists of a population of about 70,000 citizens, but it has recently grown after merging with the neighboring city, Eagleton.1 Pawnee is known as the birthplace of popular treat manufacturing company, Sweetums. Coincidentally, Pawnee is also nationally ranked as the fourth most obese city in the United States. The local government in Pawnee is council-manager system that is headed by a mayor, and also includes the city council, city manager, and several departments. The city council consists of elected officials who manage the city budget, allocate funds, and pass city- wide laws. The city manager is appointed by the city council and is tasked with overseeing the departments. The specialized departments are organized to tackle different needs of the community and are divided into the departments of: Transportation; Public Health; Animal Control; Fire; Library; Education, and Other Services. Specifically, under The Department of Other Services resides the Parks and Recreation Department, on which the TV show is based. Economically, Pawnee is composed of mostly working-class citizens, with a median household income of $38,360. Many Pawneeans are either local business owners or employed by the popular sweets manufacturing company, Sweetums. The over one thousand local businesses in Pawnee have flourished in recent years after an economic boom. Historically poor Pawnee made a stunning economic recovery in 2017 after the town merger with neighboring city, Eagleton. This union has brought a prosperous economy to Pawnee due to the influx of new jobs, Eagleton wealth, and businesses. Even more, tech giant Gryzzl has taken interest in the town and plans to move its headquarters to Pawnee, which has put the small town in the national spotlight. Things have never looked better for Pawnee, but after the merger of the two towns, the city needs to decide on its priorities. Should Pawnee focus on furthering the economic boom or should Pawnee aim to help citizens first?

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Topic 1: The Obesity Crisis

Overview

Obesity is a serious health condition that affects nearly 1.9 billion worldwide. In 1997, the World Health Organization declared obesity a worldwide epidemic, however, since then the global obesity rate in other countries has steadily increased. Specifically, in the United States, there has been a 12% increase in obesity since 2002 and the numbers continue to grow. In 2018 alone, 42.2% of adults in the United States were classified as obese, meaning the condition affected over 70 million Americans.2 The prevalence of obesity in the U.S. and the sharp increase in recent years has caused global concern and will continue to plague the country the longer this crisis is left untreated. Obesity is defined by the CDC as “a Body Mass Index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for persons of the same age and sex.” BMI is used to determine if a person’s weight is within a healthy, overweight, or obese range and is calculated as an individual's weight in kilograms divided by their height in meters squared (kg/m2). In the United States, the average BMI for an adult man and woman are 26.6 and 26.5, respectively.3 An overweight man or woman in the U.S. would have a BMI greater than 26.5-6, but an individual could be considered obese if their BMI exceeds 30. This health condition frequently increases an individual’s risk of contracting other serious illnesses. Obese persons are at risk of developing health issues such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and high blood pressure. Obesity alone can kill, but the added health risks of other illnesses added can be a death sentence. Combined with obesity, diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United states and cardiovascular diseases amount in 1 in 3 deaths in the United States.4

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Obesity can be detrimental to an individual’s health and wellbeing, so it is important that individuals have access to treatment and prevention methods. Obesity can be caused by a diet of highly fatty or sugary foods and/or by infrequent physical activity. Nevertheless, obesity is preventable. With a diet of reduced sugars, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, and frequent exercise obesity can be avoided. Additionally, when leaders at the state and local level work to educate their citizens about the health risks and ways to prevent obesity, this can be a fundamental building block in recovery. In addition to state programs, the CDC funds several nation-wide programs, such as REACH and the High Obesity Program, to further education on BMI and obesity prevention. Although the effects of obesity are dire, there is hope for recovery from the epidemic if communities work together.

The Obesity Crisis in Pawnee

“First in friendship, fourth in obesity!” Pawnee, Indiana leads the nation as one of the most obese cities in the United States. Citizens of Pawnee are inactive and frequent fast-food consumers who value their consumer choice. There are seven parks in the city, yet many go unused as Pawneeans rarely exercise. The local government needs to decrease obesity rates by incentivizing Pawneeans to change their diet and/ or exercise. However, this will prove to be a difficult task with the fast-food monopoly in Pawnee. A leading factor in the obesity spike in the town is the prevalence of unhealthy food options. One of the most popular restaurants in Pawnee is the burger chain, Paunch Burger, that boasts incredibly fatty meals and 512-ounce drinks. The most popular item at Paunch Burger is a fat saturated cheeseburger appropriately named the “Greasy Lard Bomb”. Another fan-favorite food option in Pawnee is the local candy manufacturer, Sweetums. Many Pawneeans continue to buy high in sugar Sweetums products, despite the adverse effects on their health. Sweetums also totes an impressively caloric menu of treats, such as the corn syrup based NutriYum bar and the 1,000 calorie SnackPak. Although many Pawneeans are loyal to the brands out of pure consumer choice, the socioeconomic status of Pawneeans may contribute to their fast- food diet. Obesity levels increase as income decreases, and with a primarily working-class population, many Pawneeans see fast food as a cheap and easy way to get by. Part of the issue with managing obesity in Pawnee is reducing the influence of fast-food joints in the community, specifically that of Sweetums. The corporation is a wealthy sweet company that started in Pawnee and continues to reign supreme. Sweetums has used several tactics to gain Pawneeans loyalty, such as free gifts, strategic marketing, and sponsorship deals. Sweetums influence is not limited to the community, but also spills into the local government. The company has managed to have their corn syrup-

4 Background Guide – Creating the D.C. Government based placed in schools, parks, and even government buildings. Several city council members, namely Jeremy Jamm, also actively support Sweetums and encourage this behavior. Intervention with fast food companies in Pawnee has been attempted but was relatively unsuccessful. In 2012, then councilwoman attempted to enact a soda tax to discourage customers from buying sugary drinks. Head of Pawnee’s Restaurant Association, Katharine Pinewood, was key in opposition to the bill arguing that it would cause businesses to lay off workers and hurt jobs in Pawnee. The soda tax bill was presented to the city council and has yet to be voted on (for the sake of this committee, the soda tax bill is still on the table), however, there is still hope that legal intervention could mitigate some of the risks from fast food overconsumption. Several states have enacted taxes or laws on sodas to curb obesity and found great success. In Pennsylvania, the city of Philadelphia saw a 38% decrease in soda consumption after a 1.5 cent per ounce tax on sodas.5 Similarly, in New York, after the governor introduced a 1 cent per ounce tax on sodas, the tax raised over $1 billion in revenue that was used to treat the obesity crisis in the state.6 Other state and local governments have found success in education programs. In Indiana specifically, the state has started several obesity educations programs such as the Indiana Healthy Weight Initiative (IHWI) and the Chronic Disease and Healthy Communities Collaboration. These initiatives are all great alternatives that the city council must consider when addressing the obesity crisis.

Questions to Consider

1. What is the best way to tackle the obesity epidemic? Is it through education programs, taxes, or through intervention with fast food companies? 2. How should the city council mitigate the risks of fast-food chains in Pawnee?

Topic 2: The Newport Land

The Newport family is Pawnee royalty as the founders of nationally recognized candy company, Sweetums. Due to the economic recovery in Pawnee, the Newports decided to put a valuable piece of land on the market because real estate prices are at an all-time high. The family Trust listed a 100-year old untouched 25-square mile plot of land on the market and competition for the land is brewing. Currently, the Newport family is asking for a $90 million bid, which only one potential buyer, big tech company Gryzzl, can afford. However, the Newports are not necessarily swayed by money alone. If the land is deemed to

5 Background Guide – Creating the D.C. Government have value as a landmark or national park, it could convince the Newports to donate the land to the National Park Service to have a landmark in their name. The two main bidders, the National Park Service and Gryzzl, must either convince the Newports of their claims to the land or find a compromise that will satisfy both parties. Whether the Newport land ought to be bought by a business or acquired by the government is the key issue at stake. Currently, the local government and National Parks Service want to acquire the Newport Land to turn the land into a national park. The Newport plot has a historic and environmental value in Pawnee. The plot is a 25-square mile forest with a beautiful lake and lush greenery that is suitable for a park and is beneficial for the wildlife. Additionally, this forest was once the place of a hunting lodge belonging to William Henry Harrison, the ninth president of the United States. At the moment, the National Parks Service cannot afford the asking price of $90 million dollars because they only have a $2 million-dollar grant to purchase the plot. Although the Newports are mainly after the money the plot is worth, if the National Park is created in the name of the family, this could sway the Newports to donate the land. Because this is private property, the Newports could object to the National Park designation and refuse to donate the plot to be preserved. However, Jessica Newport is enticed by the idea of creating a National Park in her family’s name. If the National Parks Service finds the funds they can bid for the private land on the market, however, if they do an exceptional job appealing to the Newport family to donate the land, they may get the plot cost-free. There are other ways for the government to get its hands on the Newport property, should the family refuse to sell it to them. Private property can be taken by the government under the Right of Eminent Domain. The principle of eminent domain was established in 1876 with the U.S. Supreme Court case, Kohl v. United States and states that the government can acquire land if it is “essential to its independent existence and perpetuity.”7 This means if the government can usurp private property if it deems the land as a necessity, either for transportation, public health, historic preservation, etc. However, if land is taken under eminent domain, then the government must compensate the sellers for the fair market value of their land. The local Pawnee government could have a case for eminent domain due to the presence of a historic site on this land. A similar use of eminent domain was seen in the controversial 1896 Supreme Court case, United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railroad Company, in which the government acquired land owned by a railroad company to preserve a historic battlefield site. This means the local Pawnee government can take

6 Background Guide – Creating the D.C. Government the property rights of the plot and zone it as municipal, however, the sellers must be compensated for their land. This means that if the Pawnee government takes the Newport land by exercising the Right of Eminent Domain, they will still need to pay the $90 million owed to the family. Nonetheless, if the local government and National Park Service want to keep their hat in the ring, they must either do an exceptional job marketing their plea to the Newports or find a crafty legal loophole to acquire the land. On the other hand, the argument to zone the Newport plot as commercial is a much more direct business deal. Gryzzl is a social media and tech producing company that is in the market for the Newport Land. Currently, the company is the only bidder interested in the land that can afford the $90 million dollar asking price. Gryzzl seeks the plot to build a new campus in Pawnee, after the town sparked its interest in winning a free Wi-Fi contest, and would demolish the forest if they purchased the plot. Many are in favor of letting the land be sold commercially so that Gryzzl can boost the economy. Having a million-dollar company set up camp in Pawnee would create countless jobs for the working-class citizens of Pawnee who desperately need work. Additionally, the presence of the tech giant in small town Pawnee could increase tourism and attraction around the city. This also means a new influx of customers for local businesses and a boost in the economy due to new economic activity of tourists. This could be incredibly beneficial to the businesses of Pawnee, which are already off to a great start thanks the recent economic boom.

Questions to Consider

1. Should the Newport Land be given to the National Parks Service or Gryzzl? 2. How could citizens of Pawnee benefit from a national park? 3. How could local businesses benefit from Gryzzl’s presence in Pawnee? 4. Can this plot of land be divided?

Suggested Resources

• CDC page on obesity: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/index.html • WHO research on obesity: https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/ • Parks and Recreation fandom: https://parksandrecreation.fandom.com/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation

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Dossier

Leslie Knope, Regional Director of the Midwest National Parks Service Pawnee native and pro-government enthusiast, Leslie Knope values the change local government can make. As a former city councilwoman, Leslie is well versed with the powers the council can enact. With her position as the current director for National Parks Service, her top priority is finding a location in Indiana that could be a candidate for the next National Park. In other words, Leslie wants the best for Pawneeans and wants the local government to do it.

Ben Wyatt, Indiana Politician Ben Wyatt was the former mayor of Partridge, Minnesota and current Indiana politician. He is well acclimated to the political climate in the United States and is an expert in diplomacy and negotiation. Ben understands the ins and outs of Pawnee economics, as a former city manager, and wants the city’s economy to prosper. Ben is currently running for a seat in the Indiana House of Representatives and if elected, would have major power in Congress.

Chris Traeger, Indiana State Auditor Chris Trager is an enthusiastic health-nut who is always willing to tackle a challenge inside or outside of the workplace. Chris is incredibly diligent with his exercise and vegan lifestyle and encourages others to take on a positive attitude towards health and wellness with health PSAs. As a state auditor, Chris also understands how the city budget is allocated and cares about the economic impact of issues on Pawneeans.

Garry “Terry” Gergich, Employee for the Midwest National Parks Service Under Leslie Knope, Garry works to find an eligible National Park in Indiana. Garry is experienced in all things park, as a former Parks and Recreation Department employee, and is a notary whiz. Although Garry is from P&R, he does very little recreation himself and actually struggles with his weight. He would like for less Pawneeans to fight obesity and wants more programs installed to prevent individuals from succumbing to the condition.

Craig Middlebrooks, Head of the Parks Department Craig Middlebrooks is the current head of Pawnee’s Parks Department. Craig is an Eagleton native and is extremely dedicated to unifying Pawnee after the town merger. As a newcomer to Pawnee, he is appalled by the obesity epidemic in Pawnee, an issue Eagleton did not struggle with, and is determined to clean up

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Pawnee’s parks to Eagleton standards. Craig wants nothing more than to improve the quality of life in Pawnee and see that citizens live a healthier, happier life.

April Ludgate, Employee for the Midwest National Park Service was the long-term intern for the Parks Department, and now continues her tenure as a National Parks employee. April is interested in change in Pawnee and wants to see modernization in the city, as she easily gets bored and wishes for excitement in the town. April is married to , host of educational children’s TV show “Johnny Karate,” and she would love to see more programs to educate children about healthy living.

Jennifer Barkley, Political Adviser Jennifer Barkley is the political advisor for Ben Wyatt’s Indiana House of Representatives Campaign. Barkley is a Washington native with a silver tongue who will pull out sneaky political tactics to ensure a win. She worked on Bobby Newport’s unsuccessful councilmember campaign in 2012 and is familiar with how the Newports work and what their interests are. In the end, Jennifer wants what will be most beneficial for herself and is mainly interested in projects that could better Pawnee and put her candidate, Ben Wyatt, in center stage.

Ann Perkins, Local nurse is a down to earth Pawnee nurse who genuinely cares for the health of the town. Ann briefly worked as the public relations director for the Pawnee Health Department, so she understands the struggles that the local government faces when tackling the obesity crisis. She is concerned about the affects fast food overconsumption has on her patients and wishes there was an alternative in the city that could make Pawneeans live a healthier lifestyle.

Dr. Saperstein, Local doctor Dr. Saperstein is a local doctor and obstetrician who cares for Pawneeans. He is a family man who values the wellbeing of children and the health of the community. Additionally, Dr. Saperstein uses wealth accumulated from his obstetrician work to invest in startup companies. Although Dr. Saperstein wants the best for Pawneeans, he is also an entrepreneur at heart and wants the economy to flourish so he can find more small businesses to buy.

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Ron Swanson, Entrepreneur is the owner of local business, Very Good Building Company. He has been contracted by tech company, Gryzzl, to build their new campus in Pawnee, should they acquire the Newport plot. Ron Swanson is anti-government, anti-establishment, and pro-big business. As a former bureaucrat, he despises the paperwork-filled local government and supports more individual freedoms. Ron is also mortal enemies with Leslie Knope after a severe disagreement and wants nothing more than to foil her plans, whatever they may be.

Tom Haverford, Entrepreneur is the owner of local business, Tom’s Bistro. Tom is always up for a new business venture and is constantly looking for the newest trends in the market. Although Tom only dabbles in the business world now, he was a former employee in the Parks and Recreation department. He admires the work local government can do, but really wants the best for his bistro and appreciates the good a company like Gryzzl can bring to the local economy.

Donna Meagle, Entrepreneur is a real estate agent and owner of the Regal Meagle Realty company. She is very business minded as an entrepreneur and is always looking for her next investment. Donna is interested in the economic boom and wants to see how Pawnee’s economy can grow and real estate prices can go up with the presence of Gryzzl in the area. She also cares for the community, as she is engaged to a local schoolteacher Joe, and understand the struggles of educating children about their health.

Dennis Feinstein, Entrepreneur Dennis Feinstein is a fragrance maker and the owner of a local perfume company. He cares solely about making the most money possible, despite sometimes shady ethical processes. Dennis wants his business to grow and is curious to see if the presence of a big company such as Gryzzl in Pawnee will bring more customers to his perfume business.

Jeremy Jamm, City Councilmember Jeremy Jamm is an incumbent Pawnee city councilmember who frequently partakes in dirty politics. Jeremy is known to trade political favors with Sweetums for increased business at his orthodontics clinic, since increased candy consumption means more customers seeking dental work. Jeremy believes that consumers

10 Background Guide – Creating the D.C. Government should have utmost freedom in their choices and that government intervention should be limited. He is in favor of all things big business and any project that he will profit from.

Douglass Howser, City Councilmember Douglass Howser is the chairman of the Pawnee City Council. He cares for the community and tries to give back by volunteering and performing magic tricks for local schools and hospitals. Douglass is often open minded and supportive of more liberal initiatives in the city council. He is pro-soda tax and usually votes against councilmembers Jamm, Milton, and Dexhart.

Ingrid de Forest, City Councilmember Ingrid de Forest is a high-class Eagleton councilwoman who joined the Pawnee city council after the town merger. She is well educated, wealthy, and poised and wants to improve Pawnee to Eagleton standards. She is used to a posh lifestyle and would enjoy seeing Pawnee’s economy grow and lift up its citizens.

Larry Pillner, City Councilmember Larry Pillner is a retired Pawnee city councilmember. He advocated for more recreation for Pawnee citizens and is even an expert in recreational activities, such as crafting ships in a bottle. Councilman Pillner’s seat was filled by Leslie Knope in 2011, but he continues to stay civically active in the Pawnee community.

Frank Schnable, City Councilmember Frank Shnable is a Pawnee city councilmember. He is an elderly councilmember who supports public service in the community. Councilman Schnable is fairly liberal and is an avid supporter of the LGBTQ community.

Mike Bean, CEO Gryzzl Mike Bean is the CEO of wealthy technology company, Gryzzl. He is interested in acquiring the Newport land to turn it into Gryzzl’s next tech campus. Gryzzl is making waves, despite its less than one year run time, and already has a music streaming branch called Gryzzldump and delivery service named Gryzzlbox. The company is determined to get ahead and innovate in Pawnee and has more than enough funds to do it.

Nick Newport, CEO Sweetums Nick Newport is the elderly owner of the Sweetums company and its fortune. Living well into his 90s, Nick is an experienced businessman who knows how to win over the citizens of Pawnee. He cares most about

11 Background Guide – Creating the D.C. Government continuing the candy monopoly in Pawnee and maximizing his company’s revenue, even though it may hurt Pawneeans. Although Nick Newport may enact some shady business practices, in his old age he is looking for a project that could serve as his legacy.

Bobby Newport, Sweetums Affiliate Bobby Newport is the famous son of the Sweetums CEO and heir to the company’s fortune. He ran an unsuccessful city council campaign in 2012, but through his efforts he has shown that he knows how to appeal to Pawneeans. Bobby Newport wants nothing more than to impress his father, Nick Newport, and become a strong successor to the Sweetums CEO. Bobby knows how to sway his audience and will do everything in his power to advance the interests of Sweetums.

Sources

“Defining Adult Overweight and Obesity.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Sept. 2020, www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html. Daniels, Greg and , creators. Parks and Recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015. “Eminent Domain Overview.” Findlaw, 2 July 2019, realestate.findlaw.com/land-use-laws/eminent- domain-overview.html. “FastStats - Leading Causes of Death.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Feb. 2020, www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm. “History Of The Federal Use Of Eminent Domain.” The United States Department of Justice, 15 May 2015, www.justice.gov/enrd/history-federal-use-eminent-domain. Lavito, Angelica. “Sugary Drink Sales in Philadelphia Fall 38% after City Adopted Soda Tax, Study Finds.” CNBC, CNBC, 15 May 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/05/14/sugary-drink-sales-fall-38percent-after- philadelphia-levied-soda-tax-study.html. “Obesity and Overweight.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 1 Apr. 2020, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. “Parks and Recreation.” Parks and Recreation Wiki, Fandom, parksandrecreation.fandom.com/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation. “Pawnee, Indiana.” Parks and Recreation Wiki, parksandrecreation.fandom.com/wiki/Pawnee,_Indiana.

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Wahba, Phil. “New York Governor Defends Soda Tax.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 8 Mar. 2010, www.reuters.com/article/us-newyork-tax-s/new-york-governor-defends-soda-tax- idUSTRE6275ZU20100308.

Notes

1 “Pawnee, Indiana.” Parks and Recreation Wiki, parksandrecreation.fandom.com/wiki/Pawnee,_Indiana. 2 “Obesity and Overweight.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 1 Apr. 2020, www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. 3 “Defining Adult Overweight and Obesity.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Sept. 2020, www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html. 4 “FastStats - Leading Causes of Death.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Feb. 2020, www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm. 5 Lavito, Angelica. “Sugary Drink Sales in Philadelphia Fall 38% after City Adopted Soda Tax, Study Finds.” CNBC, CNBC, 15 May 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/05/14/sugary-drink-sales-fall-38percent-after-philadelphia-levied-soda-tax-study.html. 6 Wahba, Phil. “New York Governor Defends Soda Tax.” Reuters, Thomson Reuters, 8 Mar. 2010, www.reuters.com/article/us- newyork-tax-s/new-york-governor-defends-soda-tax-idUSTRE6275ZU20100308. 7 “History Of The Federal Use Of Eminent Domain.” The United States Department of Justice, 15 May 2015, www.justice.gov/enrd/history-federal-use-eminent-domain.

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