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Segurança Internacional, Estudos Estratégicos E Política De Defesa Belo Horizonte, Coração Eucarístico da PUC Minas, 29 a 31 de julho de 2015 Área temática: Workshop Doutoral – Segurança Internacional, Estudos Estratégicos e Política de Defesa Título do trabalho: A ATUAÇÃO DO BRASIL EM PAZ E SEGURANÇA INTERNACIONAL COMO FONTE DE NOVAS CATEGORIAS DE ANÁLISE PARA A TEORIA DAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Autora: Mariana Alves da Cunha Kalil, Universidade de Brasília (UnB) e Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) 2 RESUMO A partir da narrativa sobre a história da política externa brasileira, busca-se compreender se o comportamento do Brasil no cenário internacional enseja o reconhecimento de novas categorias de análise para a Teoria das Relações Internacionais. Delimita-se essa narrativa àquelas acerca de temas sobre paz e segurança internacional, que envolvam, por exemplo, princípios como os de soberania e de não intervenção, sobretudo em arranjos multilaterais. Como agentes constituintes dessa narrativa, selecionam-se as publicações de acadêmicos sobre o tema, os pronunciamentos de autoridades como os Presidentes da República, os Ministros das Relações Exteriores, os plenipotenciários do Estado brasileiro em fóruns como o Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, as notas à imprensa do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, os documentos e as notas lançados pelo Ministério da Defesa e os pronunciamentos do Ministro da Defesa. Foram feitas pesquisas de campo no Haiti, em Dezembro de 2014, e na Missão do Brasil nas Nações Unidas, em Janeiro-Fevereiro de 2015. Busca-se, neste momento, reunir estas oportunidades com as pesquisas em fontes primárias e secundárias em projetos para qualificação no Doutorado em História das Relações Internacionais do Brasil (IRel-UnB), a realizar-se até Novembro de 2015, com ao menos um capítulo da tese também já pronto, como requer o programa. Após a publicação de alguns artigos e de capítulo de livro sobre a temática do futuro projeto, bem como o debate dos mesmos em conferências nacionais e internacionais, tem-se em mente o conceito de stealth enlargement, ainda sem tradução para o português, como possível contribuição da narrativa identificada para as categorias de análise oferecidas pelas correntes tradicionais da Teoria de Relações Internacionais. Percebe-se, por sua vez, que a Oficina apresenta oportunidade inigualável para que a autora se conscientize a respeito dos métodos que irá adotar e da maneira como realizará a construção histórica e epistemológica da referida narrativa, além de estabelecer, mais precisamente, a delimitação temporal do objeto de estudos que, então, será entendido ou explicado, de acordo com a opção epistemológica adotada. Palavras-chave: Teoria das Relações Internacionais; Paz e Segurança; Política Externa Brasileira 3 Introduction1 In a recent interview to BBC Brazil in Washington DC, former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Antonio Patriota, was happy to acknowledge Brazil’s role as a norm entrepreneur including in peace and security issues. Although such bit was not included in the publication, the current Permanent Representative to the United Nations repeated such position, for instance, in the occasion of training the new interns for the Brazilian Mission to the UN in New York City. The author stumbled across this rhetoric in her five-week period of intense participation in the works within the referred delegation in Manhattan, after conducting a 10-days even more intense field research in Haiti. Based on narratives around goals and principles of Brazilian Foreign Policy offered by certain protagonists in the Academia and in politics, the general aim of this research is to verify if Brazil’s behavior in international peace and security, during the twenty-first century, provides new categories of analysis for International Relations Theory (IRT). The leading entities regarding these narratives would be the Presidents of the Brazilian Republic, the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and of Defense, the Brazilian representatives in international fora such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), as well as the referred cabinets’ communications with the press and other official statements. The specific aims of this study are to analyze the contribution of the School of Brasília to the development of a unique thought in International Relations, as well as the concept of stealth enlargement as a possible Brazilian contribution to IRT. The first premise behind this research is embedded in Keohane’s and Goldstein’s (1993) work, applied to the importance of ideas to Brazil’s Foreign Policy in the contribution of Kalil & Alves (2014). Suhayla and Vagner (Idem) state that the previous authors understand the general influence of ideas in foreign policies in three different manners: when their underlying beliefs provide roadmaps that enhance the agents’ understanding of their own objectives; when they have input in the outcome of strategic, yet undecided scenarios; when the ideas are part of political institutions. The axiomatic rationality that would indefectibly underpin the States’ actions according to most Realists and Rationalists would then be subject to certain specific ideas, what leads the way to diverse rationalities according to local, national and regional peculiarities, although the systemic variable is to be weighed. 1 This research is in its very first steps. Although primary and secondary, as well as field research have already been conducted rather broadly and specifically, the first steps of organizing the research, especially the theoretical and methodological tools are still being systematized. The author hopes to profit a lot from the debates in the workshop. 4 Keohane & Goldstein (1993) (Apud Kalil & Vagner, 2014) draw a line between tradition and policy, which, like this research, does not hold any concerns over the reason those ideas are originally adopted, be them partisan, sociological or else, and understands they might actually become traditions because of the very interest of certain entities. Nonetheless, even after those initial interests shift, those entrenched ideas will have already influenced the incentives the political agents face, hence, policies. This connection is why this research does not hesitate to place relevance in certain people’s ideas, especially when they represent an institution of a school of thought. The choice of which agents matter to Brazilian Foreign Policy in peace and security in the twenty-first century derived from the perception of the author following her field research in Haiti and New York, where she got acquainted with Brasília’s foreign policy decision-making, discourse-writing, as well as field action in peace and security from December 2014 until February 2015, alongside with research in primary and secondary sources regarding the 2003-2014 series. Chapter 1, in its turn, will clarify the motives behind such choices. The second premise behind this contribution is that in the twenty-first century Brazil projects itself in the international arena as a protagonist whose undisputed national interest would be to provide a less unstable international environment for the country’s social, political and economic landscape, through the adoption of a participative diplomacy, both in negotiations and in the field of operations. In order to sustain this assumption, through its Presidential diplomacy, as well as through the roles of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of Defense, the Brazilian State would infer a causal relation between imbalances in the international arena, be them security-, economy-, environment-related, and national growth and stability socially, economically and politically. According to Amorim (2012) and Congresswoman Perpétua Almeida (2012), Brazil has its [O] opinions, suggests, criticizes and participates in the debate regarding which patter of national defense it deems appropriate for a country that occupies the sixth position in world economy and that plays a relevant role in the international landscape (Congresswoman Perpétua Almeida Apud Amorim, 2012) I would add the following: this interest expressed by several societal groups of interest portrays the Brazilian people’s determination to hold and active role in the construction of their own interest as an independent nation (Amorim, 2012) Not necessarily because of his position also as a former Minister of Foreign Affairs for most part of the twenty-first century so far, the former Minister of Defense’s quoted address coincides with his positions when ahead of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (hereinafter MFA). Brazil is an important actor in the international landscape as for its dimensions, political and economic relevance, and the force of its identity. However, we are also a developing nation that resents its serious social and economic vulnerabilities (Amorim, 2003). 5 In this inaugurating speech for the Institute of Rio Branco’s (hereinafter IRBr) class of 2003, the then Minister of Foreign Affairs also highlighted his concerns regarding the historical negative externalities that have deeply harmed the country’s social, political and economic path. In 2004, Amorim complemented his thought on why the country not only does have a protagonist role in the multidimensional issues of the international arena, but also should have such an instance. He affirms that: Our participation in the UN’s Mission to Haiti, moreover, is part of the principle that peace is not a free global public good: the maintenance of peace comes with a price. This cost is that of participation. Abstention or exemption of speaking or
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