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Cultural Victimization in Participants of the Punk- Rock, Hip-Hop and House Subcultures

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Cultural Victimization in Participants of the Punk- Rock, Hip-Hop and House Subcultures Cultural victimization in participants of the Punk- Rock, Hip-Hop and House subcultures Niels Hoogstraten, 486500 Supervisor: Prof. dr. Antony Pemberton Master’s thesis Victimology and Criminal Justice Tilburg University July 10th, 2017 Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Method ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Thesis structure.................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 History of the Punk, Hip-Hop and House subcultures globally ............................................................... 9 2.1 History of Punk ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Rebellious attitude .................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2 The first Punk band .................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.3 The emergence of the American punk scene................................................................................ 9 2.1.4 The emergence of the English Punk scene ................................................................................. 10 2.1.5 Sub-cultural and artistic influences in English punk ............................................................. 11 2.1.6 Working class narrative ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.7 Post-Punk ................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2 History of Hip-Hop ........................................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Gang culture in The Bronx .................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.2 Old-school Hip-Hop ............................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Gangsta Rap ............................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3 History of House music .................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.1 Disco .............................................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Emergence of House music ................................................................................................................ 15 2.3.3 The Chicago House scene .................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.4 Ibiza ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.3.5 Emergence of the English House scene ........................................................................................ 16 2.3.6 Banning of rave parties ........................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.7 Techno and Hardcore house ............................................................................................................. 17 2.3.8 Becoming mainstream ......................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 18 3 Theories about subculture ..................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Subcultural theory............................................................................................................................................ 20 3.1.1 Subculture as class struggle............................................................................................................... 20 3.1.2 Radicalization of subcultures............................................................................................................ 21 3.1.3 Disarming subcultures ......................................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Post-subcultural theory ................................................................................................................................. 22 3.2.1 A plurality of styles ................................................................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Political indifference ............................................................................................................................. 22 2 3.2.3 Diminished relevance of class .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.4 Risk theory ................................................................................................................................................. 23 3.2.5 Conservative ideas about subculture ............................................................................................ 24 3.2.6 Globalization and the internet .......................................................................................................... 24 3.2.7 House culture as post-subcultural phenomenon .................................................................... 25 3.3 Criticism of post-subcultural theories .................................................................................................... 25 3.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 26 4 History of subculture in the Netherlands ....................................................................................................... 28 4.1 Dutch subcultures in the 1950s and 1960s ......................................................................................... 28 4.2 Punk in the Netherlands ................................................................................................................................ 30 4.3 Hip-Hop in the Netherlands......................................................................................................................... 32 4.3.1 Dutch-Moroccans and Hip-Hop ....................................................................................................... 33 4.4 House music in the Netherlands ............................................................................................................... 34 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 35 5 Relevant features of Dutch youth ....................................................................................................................... 36 5.1 Socioeconomic status and ethnicity ........................................................................................................ 36 5.1.1 Flexible working agreements ........................................................................................................... 36 5.1.2 Income and expenditure of Dutch youth ..................................................................................... 37 5.2 Wellbeing of Dutch youth ............................................................................................................................. 37 5.2.1 Government support of Dutch youth ............................................................................................ 37 5.3 Drug use in the Netherlands ........................................................................................................................ 37 5.4 New media ........................................................................................................................................................... 37 5.5 Emancipation ...................................................................................................................................................... 38 5.5.1 Female emancipation............................................................................................................................ 38 5.5.2 Acceptance of homosexuality ........................................................................................................... 38 5.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................ 38 6 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................................
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