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Considérations Sur L'histoire Naturelle Des Ranunculales

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Considérations Sur L'histoire Naturelle Des Ranunculales Considérations sur l’histoire naturelle des Ranunculales Laetitia Carrive To cite this version: Laetitia Carrive. Considérations sur l’histoire naturelle des Ranunculales. Botanique. Université Paris Saclay (COmUE), 2019. Français. NNT : 2019SACLS177. tel-02276988 HAL Id: tel-02276988 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02276988 Submitted on 3 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Considérations sur l’histoire naturelle des Ranunculales 2019SACLS177 Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay : préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud NNT École doctorale n°567 : Sciences du végétal, du gène à l'écosystème (SDV) Spécialité de doctorat : Biologie Thèse présentée et soutenue à Orsay, le 05 juillet 2019, par Laetitia Carrive Composition du Jury : Catherine Damerval Directrice de recherche, CNRS (– UMR 320 GQE) Présidente du jury Julien Bachelier Professeur, Freie Universität Berlin (– Institute of Biology) Rapporteur Thomas Haevermans Maître de conférences, MNHN (– UMR 7205 ISYEB) Rapporteur Jean-Yves Dubuisson Professeur, SU (–UMR 7205 ISYEB) Examinateur Sophie Nadot Professeure, U-PSud (– UMR 8079 ESE) Directrice de thèse « Le commencement sera d’admirer tout, même les choses les plus communes. Le milieu, d’écrire ce que l’on a bien vu et ce qui est d’utilité. La fin est de rendre les œuvres de la Nature avec autant de soin qu’un autre. » Linné, Philosophie Botanique, 1788 AVANT-PROPOS J’ai commencé ma thèse au laboratoire Écologie, Systématique et Évolution (ESE), dans l’équipe EVA, en octobre 2014 après avoir passé le concours de l’école doctorale Sciences du Végétal, juste après mon master. Le sujet était « Diversification et évolution florale des Annonaceae » et devait être dirigé par Hervé Sauquet, avec qui j’avais effectué mes stages de master, et Thomas Couvreur, de l’Institut de recherche pour de développement. J’ai passé les premiers mois de ma thèse à extraire l’ADN et séquencer une quarantaine d’espèces d’Annonaceae avec des technologies de séquençage à haut débit. Au début de la phase de mon projet qui consistait à assembler leurs génomes chloroplastiques, un problème de santé important m’a contrainte à partir en arrêt de travail plusieurs mois. J’ai repris ensuite ma thèse sans aucun doute beaucoup trop tôt et avant d’être suffisamment soignée. Au bout de cinq à six mois de reprise, il est apparu que mon état de santé ne me permettait pas de continuer dans de bonnes conditions et qu’il était devenu quasiment impossible pour Hervé d’encadrer mon travail. Nous avons donc décidé, en septembre 2016, d’un commun accord entre Hervé, Sophie Nadot, moi-même et Jacqui Shykoff, directrice de l’école doctorale, d’un changement d’orientation de ma thèse après que j’ai demandé une année de césure à l’université. Sophie a très généreusement proposé de devenir ma directrice s’il m’était possible de reprendre à nouveau un travail de thèse. Cette année de césure m’a effectivement permis de me soigner correctement. Au cours de cette année, Hervé a obtenu un poste au Jardin Botanique Royal de Sydney, il était impensable de continuer à travailler sur les Annonaceae sans son expertise et donc nous avons décidé de changer radicalement de projet. Nous avons commencé à réfléchir avec Sophie quelques mois avant ma reprise. Il fallait un projet réalisable en 18 mois, soit le temps qu’il restait sur mon contrat doctoral. Se lancer dans un travail nécessitant du terrain, des expériences ou quelque travail de laboratoire que ce soit a donc été exclu d’office. Parallèlement, un ancien camarade de sorties naturalistes et ami, Boris Domenech, avait commencé à travailler avec Sophie sur l’évolution florale des Ranunculaceae lors d’un stage de diplôme d’études supérieures à la suite de son master. À la fin de son année de DES, il a obtenu une bourse de thèse à l’université de Montréal pour travailler sur la famille des Fabaceae. Il est donc parti de l’ESE en laissant un jeu de données de traits floraux sur les Ranunculaceae en sachant qu’il n’aurait pas la possibilité de le publier pendant la durée de sa thèse. Nous avons donc décidé d'utiliser ce jeu de données comme point de départ de mon projet. J’ai repris ma thèse avec en tête l’idée d’aborder l’évolution florale à l’échelle de toutes les Ranunculales en septembre 2017 (j’avais déjà travaillé sur les Papaveraceae au cours d’un stage de licence avec Hervé et je connaissais donc déjà partiellement l’ordre). Il a été convenu avec mon comité de thèse de me concentrer sur l’évolution florale et d’y ajouter, si j’avais le temps, un autre chapitre plus petit. J’étais très curieuse et enthousiaste de la diversité des toxines produites par ces plantes, et j’ai eu la chance qu’on me laisse la liberté d’explorer cette piste, notamment grâce à l’encadrement d’un stage de master 1, stage effectué par Karina Gonçalves sur les Ranunculaceae. J’ai été à nouveau interrompue entre août et novembre 2018, cette fois pour des raisons administratives et juridiques. C’est grâce à l’obstination de Sophie auprès des services de l’université que j’ai pu être réembauchée pour terminer les six derniers mois de mon contrat doctoral originel. Le travail présenté ici est donc le fruit de dix-huit mois de recherches, rendues possibles par le soutien moral, scientifique et administratif de beaucoup de personnes, principalement (mais pas uniquement) Sophie, Jacqui et Jane Leconte, qui dirige l’ESE et m’a toujours laissé la porte du laboratoire ouverte. Rien n’aurait pu aboutir sans le travail préalable effectué par Boris et Karina. Les données de séquençage que j’ai produites sur les Annonaceae sont désormais dans les mains de Thomas Couvreur et devraient être valorisées dans le futur par une publication dont il sera l’initiateur. Il me paraissait difficile et incohérent de les inclure ici. REMERCIEMENTS Comme ma thèse a duré très longtemps et a été pleine de rebondissements, j’ai eu la chance d’interagir avec beaucoup de gens, aussi je voudrais remercier en premier toutes celles et tous ceux qui auront la patience de lire toute cette section. Je souhaite remercier : Sophie, tu as toujours su t'adapter, trouver des solutions intelligentes, des mots justes, une parabole sur les œufs au plat et un savant mélange de gentillesse et d'encouragements quand tout ne se passait pas comme prévu, et dans les moments difficiles de la rédaction. Merci d'avoir accepté d'encadrer une "thèse télescopée" (comme tu disais) avec autant de délicatesse, de générosité et d’opiniâtreté quand il s’est agi de plaider ma cause auprès de l’administration. Merci surtout d’avoir partagé ton enthousiasme scientifique et ta passion pour les fleurs. Je suis très admirative de ta manière de m’avoir encadrée. Jacqui pour ta franchise et tes conseils. Ta curiosité scientifique et culinaire est une grande source d’inspiration. Jane, pour ta manière si humaine et attentive de diriger ce laboratoire. Hervé, chaleureusement, pour m’avoir pris sous ton aile quand j’étais toute jeune étudiante, pour m’avoir appris et formée à la botanique dans tout ce qu’elle a de passionnant, et pour m’avoir donné l’opportunité de participer à la grande aventure eFLOWER. Merci d’avoir été honnête, franc et impliqué. J’espère que nos chemins continueront à se croiser. Toute l’équipe Évolution des angiospermes, pour m’avoir accueillie avec autant de bienveillance. Vous rendez sympathique toutes les réunions, même sur les sujets les plus ennuyeux. Béatrice, c’était très agréable de partager ce bureau avec toi. Merci pour ta discrétion sur les sujets personnels et pour ta sympathie. Jean-Yves, pour m’avoir écoutée, guidée et rassurée avec gentillesse et humour quand tout s’est écroulé autour de moi. Merci aussi d’avoir accepté de participer à mon comité et, une fois de plus, d’évaluer mon travail. Les autres membres de mon jury de thèse, Catherine Damerval, Julien Bachelier et Thomas Haevermans. Merci en particulier à Julien et Thomas d’avoir accepté de rapporter ma thèse. Et merci à Catherine pour ta compagnie en Irlande avec Sophie. Boris, de tout mon cœur. Tu es et tu resteras mon grand-frère de la botanique, depuis mes premières sorties Timarcha jusqu’au moment où tu t’es tourné vers moi pour relire des bouts de ta propre thèse, en passant par les pauses café à l’ESE. Je n’aurais jamais pu finir ma thèse sans ton travail et sans ton soutien, même de l’autre côté de la mare. Karina, pour ton travail d’une très grande qualité, d’une très grande rigueur et d’une très grande finesse. J’ai adoré encadrer ton stage et je te souhaite de réussir tout ce que tu vas entreprendre. Pierre Champy, pour avoir accepté de prendre le temps de rencontrer une thésarde en botanique qui n’y connaît rien en chimie et veut bosser sur des poisons. J’espère que cette collaboration aboutira à un article intéressant. Dmitry Sokoloff, for it was a great pleasure to have you in our lab last year, and to grab some pieces of your immense knowledge of plants.
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