The Voice of Confessionalism and Inter-Lutheran Relations

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The Voice of Confessionalism and Inter-Lutheran Relations The Voice of Confessionalism and Inter-Lutheran Relations The Influence of the Missouri Synod in the Baltic and Ingrian Lutheran Churches, 1991–2001 Kalle Kuusniemi Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Helsinki in Auditorium XII (Unioninkatu 34), on the 6th of June, 2015 at 12 o’clock. HELSINKI 2015 Taitto: Arto Kuorikoski ISBN 978-951-51-1224-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-1225-5 (PDF) Unigrafia Oy Helsinki 2015 Abstract The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS) had no contacts with the Baltic and Ingri- an Lutheran Churches in the Soviet Union. It was virtually impossible for the Missouri Synod to make connections because of its narrow view of ecumenism, its anti- communism, and its non-membership in the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), which communicated to some extent with the churches of the USSR. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union made it possible for the Synod to establish totally new contacts with post-Soviet Lutherans. I examine how the Missouri Synod influenced the Baltic and Ingri- an Churches between 1991 and 2001 in the context of inter-Lutheran relations. The starting point of the study is when the Missouri Synod first made contact with the Baltic and Ingrian Lutherans. It set up initial connections in 1991 through the LCMS auxiliary organizations in cooperation with the Finnish sister organization, the Confessional Lutheran Church of Finland. However, the first direct official Missourian contacts with the Lutherans in those countries were established in 1992. The Estonian Church, being more developed, more self-sufficient and strongly supported by the Finnish Church, was not so needful of support from the Missouri Synod. Having a more liberal theological approach it had allowed women to become pastors, and continued doing so, whereas the positions of the Ingrian, Latvian and Lithuanian Churches were and continued to be more open to cooperation with the Missouri Synod. The Latvian Church, for example, which allowed the ordination of women, overruled the decision in 1993 so that the problematic question of women´s ministry no longer hindered cooperation between the Latvians and the Missourians. As a result of the cooperation and of fellowship discussions between the Missouri Synod and the Ingrian Church, an altar and pulpit fellowship agreement was signed at the 1998 LCMS convention. Significantly, this was the very first time an existing member of the Lutheran World Federation entered into fellowship with the Missouri Synod. One could say that this fellowship became a model for the two Baltic Churches that later signed the agreement with the Missouri Synod. From the Missourian side, fellowship with the Ingrians meant that the Missouri Synod had developed a more tolerant and more open attitude towards its partner Churches and their pluralism. The end point of the study is July 2001, when the Missouri Synod´s convention delegates voted to declare church fellowship with the Latvians and the Lithuanians. Of most importance was the theological, financial and moral support the LCMS gave to the Ingrian, Latvian and Lithuanian Lutheran Churches, and to the Estonian Church to a lesser degree, and it also exerted the most significant influence in these areas. Theological support was the top priority. The LCMS extensively supported theological education in the area for two basic reasons. First, the Missouri Synod had reaffirmed its positions on many theological questions and was not as progressive as the German and Swedish Lutherans, for instance. LCMS theology was more understandable and more similar to the post-ghetto theology of the Churches that had been under Soviet rule. Second, the Missouri Synod had the capacity for educational cooperation with its comprehensive education system. Financial support was given on quite a large scale. Much of it directly served the purposes of theological education, but there was also some support for diaconal work, for example. Perhaps to the surprise of many Western Lutherans, the financial support made the Baltic and Ingrian Churches more independent and less vulnerable to the threat of being cut off from funding that came from some members of the LWF. Moral support was essential, and was usually connected with theological and financial support. At first it involved offering encouragement to the small Churches in Eastern Europe that had suffered under Communist persecution, but may have been of utmost significance in the new situation that arose when the Baltic and Ingrian Churches attracted heavy criticism and were under strong pressure from mainstream European Lutherans. Because of the Missouri Synod´s influence and the conservative nature of the Baltic and Ingrian Lutheran Churches a “Lutheran New Deal” or reallotment was made in Eastern Europe. Between mainstream and non-mainstream Lutheranism appeared the “middle ground” of the Ingrian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and to some degree Estonian Lutheran Churches, all of which were now deeply connected to both the LCMS and the LWF. In only one decade the Missouri Synod had gained a strong foothold in the Baltic and Ingrian Churches. Tiivistelmä Luterilainen kirkko Missouri-synodi ei ollut yhteyksissä Baltian ja Inkerin luterilaisiin kirkkoihin Neuvostoliiton aikana. Missouri-synodin oli ollut lähes mahdotonta luoda kon- takteja heidän kapean ekumeniakäsityksen ja heidän antikommunistisen asenteensa vuoksi ja koska Missouri-synodi ei kuulunut Luterilaiseen maailmanliittoon, joka oli jossain mää- rin tekemisissä neuvostoliittolaisten kirkkojen kanssa. Neuvostoliiton romahtamisen myö- tä Missouri-synodille avautui täysin uusia mahdollisuuksia päästä yhteyksiin jälkineuvos- toliittolaisten luterilaisten kanssa. Tutkimuksessani selvitän sitä, millä tavoin Missouri- synodi on vaikuttanut Baltian ja Inkerin luterilaisiin kirkkoihin vuodesta 1991 vuoteen 2001, myös ottaen huomioon luterilaisten keskinäiset suhteet kansainvälisellä tasolla. Tutkimus alkaa Missouri-synodin ensimmäisistä kontakteista Baltian ja Inkerin luterilaisiin. Näitä yhteyksiä luotiin Missouri-synodin virallisten apuorganisaatioiden kautta yhteistyössä Suomen Tunnustuksellisen Luterilaisen Kirkon kanssa vuonna 1991. Ensimmäiset suorat viralliset Missouri-synodin kontaktit kyseisten maiden kirkkojen kanssa luotiin 1992. Viron luterilainen kirkko kehittyneempänä, omavaraisempana ja Suomen kirkon tukemana ei ollut samassa määrin Missouri-synodin tuen tarpeessa. Viron kirkolla oli myös liberaalimpi teologinen lähestymistapa ja se oli hyväksynyt naispappeuden ja jatkoi naisten vihkimistä papeiksi. Inkerin, Latvian ja Liettuan positiot olivat melko hyvin yhteensopivat ja edelleen kehittyivät sopivammiksi Missouri-synodin kanssa tehtävää yhteistyötä ajatellen. Esimerkiksi Latvian kirkko oli hyväksynyt naisten pappisvihkimyksen, mutta mitätöi päätöksen vuonna 1993. Tämän jälkeen ongelmallinen naispappeuskysymys ei ollut esteenä Latvian kirkon ja Missouri-synodin välisessä yhteistyössä. Yhteistyön ja kumppanuusneuvottelujen seurauksena Missouri-synodi ja Inkerin kirkko allekirjoittivat alttari- ja saarnastuolisopimuksen Missouri-synodin konventissa 1998. On merkittävää, että ensimmäistä kertaa kirkosta, joka jo oli Luterilaisen maailmanliiton jäsen, tuli Missouri-synodin kumppani. On mahdollista sanoa, että tästä kumppanuudesta tuli malli kahdelle muulle balttialaiselle kirkolle, jotka sitten myöhemmin allekirjoittivatkin kumppanuussopimuksen Missouri-synodin kanssa. Missouri-synodille sopimus inkeriläisten kanssa tarkoitti sitä, että Missouri-synodi otti askeleen suvaitsevaisempaan ja avoimempaan suuntaan suhteessa partnerikirkkoihin ja niiden monimuotoisuuteen. Tämän tutkimuksen päätekohta on heinäkuu 2001, jolloin Missouri-synodin konventin delegaatit äänestivät kumppanuussopimuksen puolesta Latvian ja Liettuan luterilaisten kirkkojen kanssa. Missouri-synodin tärkeimmät avustamisen muodot ja samalla merkittävimmät vaikutukset Inkerin, Latvian ja Liettuan luterilaisille kirkoille ja vähemmässä määrin Viron kirkolle olivat teologinen, taloudellinen ja moraalinen tuki. Teologinen tuki oli tärkein avustamisen muoto. Missouri-synodi tuki laajasti alueen teologista koulutusta erityisesti kahdesta syystä. Ensinnäkin, Missouri-synodi oli uudelleen vahvistanut kantansa monissa teologisissa kysymyksissä eikä mennyt niissä yhtä progressiivisesti eteenpäin kuin esimerkiksi saksalaiset tai ruotsalaiset luterilaiset. Näin ollen Missouri-synodin teologia oli ymmärrettävämpää postghettoteologialle ja lähempänä sitä. Toiseksi, Missouri-synodilla oli kapasiteettia tarjota koulutuksellista yhteistyötä, koska sillä oli erittäin kattava koulutussysteemi. Taloudellista tukea annettiin monenlaisiin tarpeisiin. Tuki oli usein suoraan liitetty palvelemaan teologisen koulutuksen tarpeita, mutta tukea annettiin myös jossain määrin mm. diakoniseen työhön. Ehkä monien läntisten luterilaisten yllätykseksi Missouri- synodilta saatu taloudellinen tuki teki Baltian ja Inkerin kirkoista itsenäisempiä eivätkä ne enää olleet yhtä haavoittuvia rahoituksen lopettamiseen liittyvien uhkausten suhteen, joita heihin kohdistivat eräät Luterilaiseen maailmanliittoon kuuluvat kirkot. Moraalinen tuki oli arvokasta ja se oli yhteydessä teologiseen ja taloudelliseen tukeen. Alkuvaiheessa kommunistisen vainon alla kärsineiden itäeurooppalaisten pienten kirkkojen tukeminen koettiin tärkeäksi. Moraalisen tuen merkitys ehkä jopa lisääntyi, kun eurooppalaisen luterilaisuuden valtavirran puolelta tuli ankaraa kritiikkiä ja painostusta Baltian ja
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