Kutsuminen, Siunaaminen Ja Lähettäminen – Ordinaatiokaavojen Käsitys Pappisvihkimyksestä Ja -Virasta Suomen Evankelis-Luterilaisessa Kirkossa 1963–2003

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Kutsuminen, Siunaaminen Ja Lähettäminen – Ordinaatiokaavojen Käsitys Pappisvihkimyksestä Ja -Virasta Suomen Evankelis-Luterilaisessa Kirkossa 1963–2003 Juhana Pohjola Kutsuminen, siunaaminen ja lähettäminen – Ordinaatiokaavojen käsitys pappisvihkimyksestä ja -virasta Suomen evankelis-luterilaisessa kirkossa 1963–2003 Esitetään Helsingin yliopiston teologisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi auditoriossa XII 15.8.2014 klo 12. © Juhana Pohjola Kansi ja taitto: Evie Viestintätoimisto Eveliina Palola Kannen kuvat: Tomas Garaisi © Painopaikka ja -vuosi: Bta Media Oy, Porvoo 2014 ISBN 978-951-51-0000-9 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-51-0001-6 (PDF) 5 Esipuhe Tämä tutkimusprojekti käynnistyi unesta. Se ei ollut ilmestys eikä painajainen. Olin miettinyt tiiviin työrupeamani keskellä jatko-opintoja, mutta aihe oli täysin auki. Polun pää puuttui. Al- kuvuodesta 2010 yhtenä arkiaamuna herättyäni ensimmäinen ajatus oli, että tutkimukseni voisi käsitellä ordinaatiokaavoja. Unen sisältöä en muistanut, mutta tunsin välittömästi iloa ajatuk- sesta. Tässä on tie. Tämä ilo on säilynyt koko prosessin ajan väsymyksenkin hetkinä. En ollut aikaisemmissa opinnoissani työskennellyt ordinaatioteeman parissa, mutta virkateologiasta olin aina ollut kiinnostunut. Lähdin töiden ohessa ottamaan asiasta selvää. Pian huomasin, kuinka teema oli hedelmällinen ja Suomessa vähän tutkittu. Esitin ajatukseni prof. Jyrki Knuutilalle, joka innostui välittömästi asiasta. Hän osasi auttaa ratkaisevalla alkuaskeleella eli tutkimustehtävän rajauksessa ja on ollut tukena koko matkan. Kun tehtävä ja dispositio hahmottuivat, otin yhteyttä prof. Miikka Ruokaseen, joka avoimuu- dellaan rohkaisi tutkimussuunnitelman tekemiseen ja dogmatiikan jatko-opiskelijaksi. Luvan jatko-opintoihin sainkin vuoden 2010 lopulla. Prof. Ruokasesta tuli tutkimukseni valvoja. Toi- seksi ohjaajaksi prof. Knuutilan lisäksi nimettiin prof. Risto Saarinen, joka suurella ammatti- taidollaan on ollut apuna tutkimuksen eri vaiheissa. Prof. Ruokasen jäätyä virkavapaalle prof. Pekka Kärkkäinen vei avuliaasti projektin loppuun. Asiantuntevat ja tarkat esitarkastajat dos. Jari Jolkkonen ja dos. Kari Kopperi veivät kommenteillaan tutkimustani eteenpäin. Teologisen tutkimuksen lisäksi halusimme perheen kanssa tehdä yhteisen opintomatkan. Niinpä 2011 alusta muutimme Kanadaan, St. Catharinesin kaupunkiin. Sain työhuoneen ja vierailevan tutkijan statuksen Concordia Lutheran eological Seminarysta. Koulutusrahaston tuella elimme siellä osana luterilaista seminaariperhettä kesään 2012 saakka. Prof. omas M. Winger ja prof. John R. Stephenson sekä koko seminaarin henkilökunta tukivat perhettämme ja tutkimushankettani unohtumattomalla tavalla. Vaikeimman opintomatkan tekivät lapsemme Anni, Aaro, Olli ja Lotta, joista koen suurta iloa ja ylpeyttä. Vieraaseen maahan ja kulttuuriin ummikkona tuleminen ei ollut helppoa. Tar- vittiin leijonasydäntä vaahteralehtien maassa. Ikimuistoiseksi tunnelman tiivistykseksi jäi silloin kolmasluokkalaisen Aaro-poikani kysymys muutaman viikon oleskelun jälkeen: ”Isi, alkaako se tutkimus olla pian valmis? On vähän rankkaa opiskella ranskaa englanniksi.” Opintovapaa ei olisi mahdollistunut ilman työnantajani Suomen Luther-säätön hallituksen joustoa. Kiitänkin ystävääni ja esimiestäni dos. Raimo Savolaista kannustuksesta projektin joka vaiheessa. Pastori Esko Murto vapautti minut tutkimukseni pariin heittäytymällä sijaistamaan virkaani taidolla. Oma haaste oli tehdä Suomeen liittyvää tutkimusta yksin Kanadassa. TT Jari Kekäle mentorina kulki skypessä vierellä ja opetti ”norsun syömisen” jaloa taitoa. Monilta ystä- viltä sain myös eri tavoin apua materiaalin etsimisessä ja lähettämisessä. Kiitollisena olen käyttä- nyt laajan kattauksen virkateologiaa sisältänyttä edesmenneen opettajani Simo Kivirannan kir- jastoa Suomen Luther-säätiön Koinonia-keskuksessa. Jatkuvana ja elävänä inspiraationa työlleni ovat olleet pappisveljet Lähetyshiippakunnassa sekä piispani Matti Väisänen ja Risto Soramies. Haluan myös kiittää Tuula Lonkaista monenlaisesta avusta ja Petra Lehtistä tutkielman julkai- sukelpoisuuteen saattamisessa. Kiitän myös kaikkia esirukoilijoita, jotka minua ja perhettämme ovat kantaneet. Tutkimusmatkallani olen yhä syvemmin oppinut arvostamaan sitä, mitä sain osakseni 18.12.1999. Silloin piispa Olavi Rimpiläisen kätten alta minut lähetettiin Kristuksen virkaa 6 hoitamaan. Vihkimys on kantanut. Virka on kantanut. Pyhässä kasteessa saadun vihkimyksen jälkeen on kuitenkin toiseksi paras vihkimys ollut avioliitto vaimoni Päivin kanssa. Nyt tämäkin matka on saatu Jumalan hyvyydestä yhdessä jakaa! Kaikki on ollut lahjaa! Helluntaiaattona 7.6.2014 Juhana Pohjola 7 Abstract Calling, blessing and sending. Understanding of ordination and the pastoral oce in the ordi- nation rites of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland 1963–2003 e purpose of this study is to determine the understanding of ordination and the pastoral oce in the ordination rites of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland (ELCF) from 1963 to 2003. e method is systematic analysis of the Agendas of the ELCF: T 1963, T 1984 and T 2003, which detail the ordination rites during that period. e rites were placed in their his- torical and ecumenical context by analysing the ordination rites of the churches of Rome and England (PR 1990; CW 2006), Martin Luther’s rite of 1533/39 and three modern Lutheran rites: ELCA (Os 1982), VELKD (Ag 1987) and the Church of Sweden (HB 1987). In the ELCF, ordination is understood as a liturgico-theologico-juridical process, which is distinguished by three parts: the call (ocatio), the blessing (benedictio) and the sending (mis- sio). In the vocation, the Church’s need and assessment are primary, rather than ordinand’s inner call. e pastoral oce requires a concrete oce for the pastor. In the ELCF, the bishop and the diocesan chapter examine, select and call the ordinands. e local parish has an advisory role in the process. e ordination takes place by means of word, prayer, and the laying on of hands. e act of ordination has not been understood demonstratively, as merely a public conrmation of the call, but as an instrumental act, where the oce is given through a blessing. Ordination is seen as sacramental and eective. e central element is the preached and read word of God. e word constitutes the oce, the ordination, and the ministration of the oce. At the heart of ordination are prayer and the laying on of hands. e rites of the ELCF have retained the declarative part of the rite in which the oce is given and a formula of blessing is used. In recent times, many churches have removed this declarative giving of the oce, because research has led to the view that the heart of ordination is the anamnetic-epicletic prayer with the laying on of hands. In the intercession for the newly ordained in T 2003 the epiclesis has developed in the direction of this view on the charism of the oce. e prayers ask for the gi of the Holy Spirit for the ordained. With regard to the mission, the relationship between ordination and installation has been characterised by tension in Lutheranism. ere is an absolute theological distinction in T 2003 between ordination, which gives the oce and the pneumatological gi, and installation, which can be repeated and sends the ordained to the ministration of the oce with intercessions. e rites of ordination reveal several perspectives on the theology of the pastoral oce. In discussions concerning the institution of the oce, an institutional and a functional under- standing of the oce have been prominent. In the ELCF, the pastoral oce is understood as a divine ordinance, and not a congregational transfer derived from the common priesthood. e oce is christologico-pneumatologico-ecclesiological. Christ instituted the oce, holds it and himself works through it in the Holy Spirit through the administration of the means of grace for the creation of justifying faith and the building up of the Church. Views on the institutional character of the oce have been in a state of tension from 1963 to 2003. In the ELCF, with the acceptance of the ordination of women in 1986, the Christological and apostolic mandate were separated from what is mandated concerning the gender of the ordinand. In the discussion concerning the diaconate, the oce and its mandated tasks were separated such that functions belonging to the pastoral oce could be administered without ordination into it. is has been 8 seen in the shaping of the oce of the lector, the licensing of lay preachers and the grounds given for the oce of deacon. e Lutheran Confession holds the oce as an institutional-personal- functional whole. Likewise, the Lutheran Confession emphasises the unity of the oce (iure divino). ere has been discussion in the ELCF over the tripartite division of the ministry (iure humano), over the relationship between the oces of bishop, pastor and deacon. In the ELCF, the episcopal oce has had an important role as the ordaining oce. When the bishop ordains, he or she acts on the authority of Christ and his Church (in persona Christi, in persona ecclesiae). e possibility of presbyteral ordinations has been known in the ELCF, but according to T 2003, only a bishop can ordain. Behind this change is the Porvoo Common Statement (PCS), signed in 1995. In the ELCF, the signicance of the episcopate has been focused on what the bishop has done for the unity and spiritual edication of the church as the ordainer, the overseer of teaching and the shepherd of congregations and pastors. Because of the acceptance of the PCS, the institutional nature of the episcopate is emphasised. e episcopal constitution is not only benecial for the Church, but also necessary for
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