Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan: Mandalay
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TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia - Solid Waste Management Team (46248-001) Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan Mandalay November 2015 November 2016 Integrated SWM Plan - Mandalay Disclaimers This Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan shall not constitute the basis of any contract which may be concluded for the exchange of notes. The recipient must rely on its own enquiries and on the terms and conditions contained in any agreement, when and if finally executed, subject to such limitations or restrictions as may be specified therein. AECOM will devote normal professional efforts compatible with the time and budget available in performing TA Consultancy Services (hereinafter the “Services”). AECOM's findings represent its reasonable judgments within the time and budget context of its commission and utilizing the information available to it at the time of performing the Services. AECOM are making projections/recommendations based upon limited information that has been made available to them; such projections/recommendations are subject to many factors that are beyond the control of AECOM; and AECOM thus make no representations or warranties with respect to such projections/recommendations and disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy of any estimates, projections and recommendations. AECOM is not a licensed financial advisor. No information contained in this report shall be regarded as investment advice, recommendation or endorsement. This document or any part thereof does not constitute an offer or an invitation to invest. AECOM shall not be responsible for loss or damages resulting from the content or general information provided in this section by AECOM, its employees, agents or sub- consultants. Client shall consult its own registered financial/ investment adviser. AECOM is not a legal service provider and will not provide legal service for this TA. Any opinion expressed by AECOM concerning the revenue, CAPEX and OPEX is based on the generally accepted engineering practice in effect at the time of the assignment and information that has been supplied to AECOM by the Client and others in connection with the assignment. Any indication of cost would be in the form of an ‘order of magnitude estimate’, which should only be considered as an early indication of cost and in no case be considered as the actual costs. Such opinions are subject to risks and uncertainties that are beyond the control of AECOM. The passage of time may result in changes in technology, economic & market conditions, competitive factors, site variations, new products, company’s policy or regulatory provisions which would render the opinions inaccurate. Thus AECOM makes no representations or warranties with respect to such opinion or recommendation and disclaim any responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any opinion or estimates. This report is prepared for the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and is given for its sole benefit in relation to and pursuant to ADB's TA 8566 and may not be disclosed to, quoted to or relied upon by any person other than ADB without AECOM’s prior written consent. No person (other than ADB) into whose possession a copy of this report comes may rely on this report without AECOM’s express written consent and ADB may not rely on it for any purpose other than as described above. TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page i Integrated SWM Plan - Mandalay Contents Disclaimers i Executive Summary 1 1. Introduction 4 1.1. What is an ISWM Plan 4 1.2. Development Context for an ISWM Plan 5 1.3. Implementation Arrangements for the ISWM Plan 8 2. ISWM Plan Background 9 2.1. Overview of Solid Waste Management Locally 9 2.2. Employment (labour force) involved in collection activities 9 2.2.1. Delegation of Authority 10 2.2.2. Recruitment of MCDC Staff 10 2.2.3. Staff Rules and Regulations 10 2.2.4. Categories of Staff 10 2.2.5. Staff Summaries 10 2.3. Legislative Environment 11 2.3.1. National 11 2.3.2. Provincial 13 2.3.3. Municipal 13 2.4. Institutional Environment 14 2.5. Previous Studies and Investigations 16 2.5.1. ASEAN E.S.C. model cities program 16 2.5.2. IGES project 17 2.5.3. KOICA project 17 2.5.4. MUSIP project 17 2.6. Proposed Guiding Framework 18 3. City/Municipal Profile 20 3.1. Historical Background 20 3.2. Geographical Location and Boundaries 20 3.3. Population 21 3.4. Land Area and Topography 23 3.5. Climate 24 3.6. Current Disposal Site Soils and Hydrogeology Details 24 4. Waste Audits and Load Determination 26 4.1. Introduction 26 4.2. Previous Waste Audits 26 4.3. Waste Audit Results 27 4.4. Discussion of Key Results 27 4.4.1. Plastic Bags 27 4.4.2. Organics including Food Waste 29 4.5. Detailed Comparison with other Waste Audits 29 5. Waste Minimisation Approach 31 TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page ii Integrated SWM Plan - Mandalay 5.1. Community Mobilization in Waste Minimization 31 5.2. Encourage recycling and reuse of waste 31 5.3. Legislations required 31 5.4. Integrated Resource Recovery (IRR) 32 5.5. Legislation 32 5.5.1. Container Deposit Legislation (CDL) 32 5.5.2. Packaging and Plastic Bag Legislation 33 5.5.3. Prohibition of Non-Environmentally Acceptable Packaging 34 5.6. Education 34 5.7. Landfill Scavengers 35 5.8. Pricing 35 5.8.1. “Pay as You Throw” Charging Policy 37 5.9. Household Hazardous Waste Management 38 5.10. Special Wastes 39 6. Approach to Recycling 40 6.1. Introduction 40 6.2. Background 40 6.2.1. Evaluation of Existing Programs 40 6.2.2. Junk Shops and Pricing 40 6.2.3. NGO’s 44 6.3. Issues Limiting Recycling 44 6.3.1. Categories of Recyclable Wastes for Diversion 45 6.3.2. New and Expanded Recycling Facilities 45 6.3.3. Possible Revisions to the Building Ordinances 45 6.3.4. Demand for Products Containing Recovered Materials 45 6.4. Specific Waste Types 45 6.5. Adopted Approach 46 6.5.1. Overview 46 6.5.2. Recycling Program 46 6.5.3. Implementation Schedule 48 7. Organics Composting 49 7.1. Introduction 49 7.2. Suitable Materials for Composting 49 7.3. Greenwaste 50 7.4. Food waste 50 7.5. Composting Scale Options 51 7.5.1. Domestic Scale 52 7.5.2. Neighbourhood 52 7.5.3. Large Scale Composting/Mulching 53 7.6. Market Development Activities 55 7.7. Alternative Biodegradation Schemes 55 7.8. Summary 56 7.9. Adopted Approach 57 8. Population Projections and Waste Generation 58 TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page iii Integrated SWM Plan - Mandalay 8.1. Background 58 8.2. Waste Generation Allowance 58 8.3. Collection Allowance 59 8.4. Recycling Allowances 59 8.5. Soil Cover Allowance 59 8.6. Compaction Allowance 60 8.7. Waste settlement 60 8.8. Airspace Consumption 60 9. Development and Evaluation of Collection Alternatives 63 9.1. Background 63 9.2. Existing Collection System 64 9.3. Collection System Planning 67 9.4. Household/commercial production, storage and collection 68 9.5. Primary waste collection process 69 9.5.1. Background 69 9.5.2. Door to door system 69 9.5.3. Community and commercial/institutional bins 70 9.5.4. Adopted Primary Waste Collection System 73 9.6. Secondary collection 73 9.6.1. Adopted Secondary Waste Collection System 75 9.7. Proposed collection fleet 75 10. Review of Waste Processing and Disposal Options 77 10.1. Incineration 77 10.2. Pit Burners 77 10.3. Baling 78 10.4. Composting 78 10.5. “Zero Waste” Integrated Approach 78 10.6. International Comparisons 79 10.7. Summary 79 11. Waste-to-Energy 80 11.1. Technology Review 80 11.1.1. Moving Grate Incineration 80 11.1.2. Fluidised Bed Incineration 82 11.1.3. Rotary Kiln Incineration 84 11.1.4. Gasification 86 11.1.5. Plasma Gasification 88 11.1.6. Pyrolysis 90 11.2. Comparative Summary of Selected Thermal WTE Technologies 92 11.2.1. Flexibility in Waste Composition 93 11.2.2. Electricity Production Efficiency 93 11.2.3. Reliability and Track Record 93 11.2.4. Land Requirements and System Complexity 93 11.2.5. Capital and Operating Costs 94 11.2.6. Air Emissions 94 TA-8566 REG: Mainstreaming Integrated Solid Waste Management in Asia Page iv Integrated SWM Plan - Mandalay 12. Review of Current Disposal Sites 95 12.1. Background 95 12.2. Northern landfill 95 12.3. Southern landfill 96 12.4. Common issues 96 12.5. Summary of operation 97 12.6. Remediation Priorities 97 12.7. Parallel Operating Period 98 13. Appropriate Standard for a Waste Disposal Facility 99 14. Controlled Landfill Development 101 14.1. Introduction 101 14.2. Landfill Configuration 101 14.2.1. Initial Stage 101 14.2.2. Subsequent stages 102 14.3. Landfill Gas 102 14.4. Surface Water Management 103 14.5. Leachate Management 103 14.6. Maximising Landfill Capacity 105 14.7. Site equipment 105 14.8. Summary 106 15. Management of Specific Waste Types 107 15.1. Summary of Waste Categories 107 15.2. Acceptable Wastes (General) 107 15.3. Difficult Wastes (but always Acceptable) 107 15.4. Special Wastes (sometimes Acceptable) 108 15.5. Prohibited Wastes 108 15.6. Pathogenic and Medical Waste 109 15.7. Household Hazardous Waste 110 16. Climate Change Issues 111 17. Privatisation Opportunities 114 17.1. Background 114 17.2. Value for Money Concept 115 17.3.