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Early Medieval Dykes (400 to 850 Ad)
EARLY MEDIEVAL DYKES (400 TO 850 AD) A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Erik Grigg School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Table of figures ................................................................................................ 3 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 6 Declaration ...................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... 9 1 INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ................................................. 10 1.1 The history of dyke studies ................................................................. 13 1.2 The methodology used to analyse dykes ............................................ 26 2 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DYKES ............................................. 36 2.1 Identification and classification ........................................................... 37 2.2 Tables ................................................................................................. 39 2.3 Probable early-medieval dykes ........................................................... 42 2.4 Possible early-medieval dykes ........................................................... 48 2.5 Probable rebuilt prehistoric or Roman dykes ...................................... 51 2.6 Probable reused prehistoric -
The Iron Age Tom Moore
The Iron Age Tom Moore INTRODUCfiON In the twenty years since Alan Saville's (1984) review of the Iron Age in Gloucestershire much has happened in Iron-Age archaeology, both in the region and beyond.1 Saville's paper marked an important point in Iron-Age studies in Gloucestershire and was matched by an increasing level of research both regionally and nationally. The mid 1980s saw a number of discussions of the Iron Age in the county, including those by Cunliffe (1984b) and Darvill (1987), whilst reviews were conducted for Avon (Burrow 1987) and Somerset (Cunliffe 1982). At the same time significant advances and developments in British Iron-Age studies as a whole had a direct impact on how the period was viewed in the region. Richard Hingley's (1984) examination of the Iron-Age landscapes of Oxfordshire suggested a division between more integrated unenclosed communities in the Upper Thames Valley and isolated enclosure communities on the Cotswold uplands, arguing for very different social systems in the two areas. In contrast, Barry Cunliffe' s model ( 1984a; 1991 ), based on his work at Danebury, Hampshire, suggested a hierarchical Iron-Age society centred on hillforts directly influencing how hillforts and social organisation in the Cotswolds have been understood (Darvill1987; Saville 1984). Together these studies have set the agenda for how the 1st millennium BC in the region is regarded and their influence can be felt in more recent syntheses (e.g. Clarke 1993). Since 1984, however, our perception of Iron-Age societies has been radically altered. In particular, the role of hillforts as central places at the top of a hierarchical settlement pattern has been substantially challenged (Hill 1996). -
Settlement Hierarchy and Social Change in Southern Britain in the Iron Age
SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN SOUTHERN BRITAIN IN THE IRON AGE BARRY CUNLIFFE The paper explores aspects of the social and economie development of southern Britain in the pre-Roman Iron Age. A distinct territoriality can be recognized in some areas extending over many centuries. A major distinction can be made between the Central Southern area, dominated by strongly defended hillforts, and the Eastern area where hillforts are rare. It is argued that these contrasts, which reflect differences in socio-economic structure, may have been caused by population pressures in the centre south. Contrasts with north western Europe are noted and reference is made to further changes caused by the advance of Rome. Introduction North western zone The last two decades has seen an intensification Northern zone in the study of the Iron Age in southern Britain. South western zone Until the early 1960s most excavation effort had been focussed on the chaiklands of Wessex, but Central southern zone recent programmes of fieid-wori< and excava Eastern zone tion in the South Midlands (in particuiar Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire) and in East Angiia (the Fen margin and Essex) have begun to redress the Wessex-centred balance of our discussions while at the same time emphasizing the social and economie difference between eastern England (broadly the tcrritory depen- dent upon the rivers tlowing into the southern part of the North Sea) and the central southern are which surrounds it (i.e. Wessex, the Cots- wolds and the Welsh Borderland. It is upon these two broad regions that our discussions below wil! be centred. -
Isurium Brigantum
Isurium Brigantum an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough The authors and publisher wish to thank the following individuals and organisations for their help with this Isurium Brigantum publication: Historic England an archaeological survey of Roman Aldborough Society of Antiquaries of London Thriplow Charitable Trust Faculty of Classics and the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Chris and Jan Martins Rose Ferraby and Martin Millett with contributions by Jason Lucas, James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven Verdonck and Lacey Wallace Research Report of the Society of Antiquaries of London No. 81 For RWS Norfolk ‒ RF Contents First published 2020 by The Society of Antiquaries of London Burlington House List of figures vii Piccadilly Preface x London W1J 0BE Acknowledgements xi Summary xii www.sal.org.uk Résumé xiii © The Society of Antiquaries of London 2020 Zusammenfassung xiv Notes on referencing and archives xv ISBN: 978 0 8543 1301 3 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to this study 1 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data 1.2 Geographical setting 2 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the 1.3 Historical background 2 Library of Congress, Washington DC 1.4 Previous inferences on urban origins 6 The moral rights of Rose Ferraby, Martin Millett, Jason Lucas, 1.5 Textual evidence 7 James Lyall, Jess Ogden, Dominic Powlesland, Lieven 1.6 History of the town 7 Verdonck and Lacey Wallace to be identified as the authors of 1.7 Previous archaeological work 8 this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. -
Character Appraisal
Main Heading Aston Tirrold & Aston Upthorpe Conservation Area Character Appraisal The conservation area character appraisal - this sets the context for the proposals contained in Part 2. Part 1 was adopted by Council in September and is included for information only. May 2005 Aston Tirrold and Aston Upthorpe Conservation Area Character Appraisal The Council first published the Aston Tirrold and Aston Upthorpe Conservation Area Character Appraisal in draft form in July 2004. Following th a period of public consultation, including a public meeting held on 12 nd August 2004, the Council approved the Character Appraisal on the 2 September 2004. Contents Introduction . .1 1 Aston Tirrold and Aston Upthorpe The history of the area . .3 Introduction . .3 Aston Tirrold . .3 Aston Upthorpe . .5 Aston Tirrold and Upthorpe from the nineteenth century . .6 2 The established character . .7 Chalk Hill . .9 Aston Street . .9 Baker Street . .12 Spring Lane . .14 The Croft . .16 Fullers Road . .16 Thorpe Street . .19 Important open spaces outside the conservation area . .21 3 Possible areas for enhancement and design guidance for new development . .22 Introduction . .22 The need for contextual design . .22 Grain of the village . .22 Appearance, materials and detailing . .22 Boundary treatments . .23 Scale . .24 Extensions to existing buildings . .24 Repairs . .24 Negative elements . .24 Services . .24 Street furniture . .25 4 South Oxfordshire Local Plan adopted by Council, April 1997 . .26 5 Summary of the conservation policies contained within the 2011 Second Deposit Draft local Plan . .28 6 Acknowledgements and bibliography . .31 ASTON TIRROLD & ASTON UPTHORPE CONSERVATION AREA CHARACTER APPRAISAL i South Oxfordshire District Council ii ASTON TIRROLD & ASTON UPTHORPE CONSERVATION AREA CHARACTER APPRAISAL South Oxfordshire District Council Part 1 Introduction 2. -
Old Oswestry Hillfort and Its Landscape: Ancient Past, Uncertain Future
Old Oswestry Hillfort and its Landscape: Ancient Past, Uncertain Future edited by Tim Malim and George Nash Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-611-0 ISBN 978-1-78969-612-7 (e-Pdf) © the individual authors and Archaeopress 2020 Cover: Painting of Old Oswestry Hillfort by Allanah Piesse Back cover: Old Oswestry from the air, photograph by Alastair Reid Please note that all uncredited images and photographs within each chapter have been produced by the individual authors. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Contributors ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ii Preface: Old Oswestry – 80 years on �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Tim Malim and George Nash Part 1 Setting the scene Chapter 1 The prehistoric Marches – warfare or continuity? �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 David J. Matthews Chapter 2 Everybody needs good neighbours: Old Oswestry hillfort in context ��������������������������������������������� -
Winchester Museums Service Historic Resources Centre
GB 1869 AA2/110 Winchester Museums Service Historic Resources Centre This catalogue was digitised by The National Archives as part of the National Register of Archives digitisation project NRA 41727 The National Archives ppl-6 of the following report is a list of the archaeological sites in Hampshire which John Peere Williams-Freeman helped to excavate. There are notes, correspondence and plans relating to each site. p7 summarises Williams-Freeman's other papers held by the Winchester Museums Service. William Freeman Index of Archaeology in Hampshire. Abbots Ann, Roman Villa, Hampshire 23 SW Aldershot, Earthwork - Bats Hogsty, Hampshire 20 SE Aldershot, Iron Age Hill Fort - Ceasar's Camp, Hampshire 20 SE Alton, Underground Passage' - Theddon Grange, Hampshire 35 NW Alverstoke, Mound Cemetery etc, Hampshire 83 SW Ampfield, Misc finds, Hampshire 49 SW Ampress,Promy fort, Hampshire 80 SW Andover, Iron Age Hill Fort - Bagsbury or Balksbury, Hampshire 23 SE Andover, Skeleton, Hampshire 24 NW Andover, Dug-out canoe or trough, Hampshire 22 NE Appleshaw, Flint implement from gravel pit, Hampshire 15 SW Ashley, Ring-motte and Castle, Hampshire 40 SW Ashley, Earthwork, Roman Building etc, Hampshire 40 SW Avington, Cross-dyke and 'Ring' - Chesford Head, Hampshire 50 NE Barton Stacey, Linear Earthwork - The Andyke, Hampshire 24 SE Basing, Park Pale - Pyotts Hill, Hampshire 19 SW Basing, Motte and Bailey - Oliver's Battery, Hampshire 19 NW Bitterne (Clausentum), Roman site, Hampshire 65 NE Basing, Motte and Bailey, Hampshire 19 NW Basingstoke, Iron -
07 Cunliffe 1686 13/11/09 13:48 Page 161
07 Cunliffe 1686 13/11/09 13:48 Page 161 ALBERT RECKITT ARCHAEOLOGICAL LECTURE Continuity and Change in a Wessex Landscape BARRY CUNLIFFE Fellow of the Academy THE WESSEX LANDSCAPE with which we are concerned is an area of some 450 sq km of chalkland situated in the centre of the chalk uplands of southern Britain (Fig. 1). Its central position gives it a special character. It is, above all, a route node where the east–west ridgeways from the North Downs, the South Downs, Cranborne Chase and the Marlborough Downs converge with the north–south river routes, the Avon and the Test, which provide access, through the forests and heathlands of the Hampshire Basin, to the waters of the Solent beyond. But there is an ambivalence about the region. While open to influences from all direc- tions, this very openness endowed it with a strategic significance well understood by those who, in the past, wished to control the movements of peoples and commodities. As we will argue below, the region became a frontier zone for much of the latter part of the first millennium BC, dividing east from west. This block of downland was chosen for detailed study partly because of its commanding position in the landscape of central southern Britain but also because previous archaeological activity has provided an exten- sive database invaluable in developing a detailed research strategy. Most notable among the earlier work were the pre-war excavations of the Cunningtons and J. F. S. Stone focusing on Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements in eastern Wiltshire and the campaign of hillfort excavations Read at the Academy 23 October 2008. -
The Wessex Hillforts Project the Wessex Hillforts Project
The The earthwork forts that crown many hills in Southern England are among the largest and W most dramatic of the prehistoric features that still survive in our modern rural landscape. essex Hillfor The Wessex Hillforts Survey collected wide-ranging data on hillfort interiors in a three-year The Wessex partnership between the former Ancient Monuments Laboratory of English Heritage and Oxford University. Hillforts Project These defended enclosures, occupied from the end of the Bronze Age to the last few ts Project Extensive survey of hillfort interiors centuries before the Roman conquest, have long attracted in central southern England archaeological interest and their function remains central Andrew Payne, Mark Corney and Barry Cunliffe to study of the Iron Age. The communal effort and high degree of social organisation indicated by hillforts feeds debate about whether they were strongholds of Celtic chiefs, communal centres of population or temporary gathering places occupied seasonally or in times of unrest. Yet few have been extensively examined archaeologically. Using non-invasive methods, the survey enabled more elaborate distinctions to be made between different classes of hillforts than has hitherto been possible. The new data reveals Andrew P not only the complexity of the archaeological record preserved inside hillforts, but also great variation in complexity among sites. Survey of the surrounding countryside revealed hillforts to be far from isolated features in the later prehistoric landscape. Many have other, a less visible, forms of enclosed settlement in close proximity. Others occupy significant meeting yne, points of earlier linear ditch systems and some appear to overlie, or be located adjacent to, Mark Cor blocks of earlier prehistoric field systems. -
Historic Landscape Character Areas and Their Special Qualities and Features of Significance
Historic Landscape Character Areas and their special qualities and features of significance Volume 1 Third Edition March 2016 Wyvern Heritage and Landscape Consultancy Emma Rouse, Wyvern Heritage and Landscape Consultancy www.wyvernheritage.co.uk – [email protected] – 01747 870810 March 2016 – Third Edition Summary The North Wessex Downs AONB is one of the most attractive and fascinating landscapes of England and Wales. Its beauty is the result of many centuries of human influence on the countryside and the daily interaction of people with nature. The history of these outstanding landscapes is fundamental to its present‐day appearance and to the importance which society accords it. If these essential qualities are to be retained in the future, as the countryside continues to evolve, it is vital that the heritage of the AONB is understood and valued by those charged with its care and management, and is enjoyed and celebrated by local communities. The North Wessex Downs is an ancient landscape. The archaeology is immensely rich, with many of its monuments ranking among the most impressive in Europe. However, the past is etched in every facet of the landscape – in the fields and woods, tracks and lanes, villages and hamlets – and plays a major part in defining its present‐day character. Despite the importance of individual archaeological and historic sites, the complex story of the North Wessex Downs cannot be fully appreciated without a complementary awareness of the character of the wider historic landscape, its time depth and settlement evolution. This wider character can be broken down into its constituent parts. -
THE DANEBURY IRON AGE METEORITE. C.T. Pillinger1, J.M. Pillinger1, R.C
74th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting (2011) 5321.pdf THE DANEBURY IRON AGE METEORITE. C.T. Pillinger1, J.M. Pillinger1, R.C. Greenwood1, D. Johnson1 A.G. Tindle2, A.J.T. Jull3 and D.W.H. Allen4. 1PSSRI, 2EES, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK. 3University of Arizona, Tucson AZ85721, USA. 4Hampshire County Museums Service, Winchester UK. [email protected] Introduction: The Danebury meteorite’s existence was first reported in the Meteorite Bulletin in 1991 [1] following an effort to characterize metal containing artifacts recovered in 1974 from an archaeological dig conducted at the site of an Iron Age hillfort, Danebury Ring, in the county of Hampshire, England. After that initial report the object was “mislaid” and no further details appeared. In 2008 we initiated a search for the specimen and it has been recovered, sadly less a central slice removed to make a probe mount. We are now able to provide a better petrological description using a PTS of an interior cut of the 20g surviving mass (H5, low weathering grade W1/2) and more information about the circumstances under which the meteorite was found. The Anatomy of a Hill Fort: The Iron Age is a period of prehistory which in Britain extends from around 800BC until the Roman occupation of the mid first century AD. Southern Britain abounds with sites affording evidence of a turbulent period when inhabited locations are identified by the emphasis placed on defence fortifications. Danebury Ring can be regarded as a classic Iron Age hill fort site. It has been studied throughout a major campaign of annual excavations undertaken between 1969 and 1988 [2]. -
Mourning the Sacrifice Behavior and Meaning Behind Animal Burials
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CLoK Mourning the Sacrifice Behavior and Meaning behind Animal Burials JAMES MORRIS The remains of animals, fragments of bone and horn, are often the most common finds recovered from archaeological excavations. The potential of using this mate- rial to examine questions of past economics and environment has long been recognized and is viewed by many archaeologists as the primary purpose of animal remains. In part this is due to the paradigm in which zooarchaeology developed and a consequence of prac- titioners’ concentration on taphonomy and quantification.1 But the complex intertwined relationships between humans and animals have long been recognized, a good example being Lévi-Strauss’s oft quoted “natural species are chosen, not because they are ‘good to eat’ but because they are ‘good to think.’”2 The relatively recent development of social zooarchae- ology has led to a more considered approach to the meanings and relationships animals have with past human cultures.3 Animal burials are a deposit type for which social, rather than economic, interpretations are of particular relevance. When animal remains are recovered from archaeological sites they are normally found in a state of disarticulation and fragmentation, but occasionally remains of an individual animal are found in articulation. These types of deposits have long been noted in the archaeological record, although their descriptions, such as “special animal deposit,”4 can be heavily loaded with interpretation. In Europe some of the earliest work on animal buri- als was Behrens’s investigation into the “Animal skeleton finds of the Neolithic and Early Metallic Age,” which discussed 459 animal burials from across Europe.5 Dogs were the most common species to be buried, and the majority of these cases were associated with inhumations.