Booklet & Abstracts
THE PREHISTORIC SOCIETY Since 1935
The Prehistoric Society Europa Conference 2021 People and Society in Late Prehistoric Europe
18–19 June 2021 A virtual conference celebrating the achievements of Prof Colin Haselgrove, University of Leicester, in the field of European prehistory
Timetable and Abstract Booklet
Aerial view of Burrough Hill hillfort, showing excavations in 2013. A hoard was found in the far corner of the site (produced by Aerial Cam) © UoL. Timetable at-a-glance
Friday 18 June 2021
09:45 Conference opens online 10:00–10:15 Welcome and introduction: Prof Clive Gamble 10:15–10:35 The Iron Age hoards from Snettisham in context, Dr Julia Farley, British Museum & Dr Jody Joy, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge 10:35–10:55 Ethnogenesis in Late Iron Age Britain: The case of the Silures, Dr Oliver Davis, Cardiff University 10:55–11:15 The origins of British oppida: Understanding transformation in Iron Age practice & society, Dr Nicky Garland, Durham University 11:15–11:30 Questions and discussion 11:30–11:50 Break 11:50–12:10 Facial recognition in Early Celtic Art: Perspectives from neuro-atypical experiences, Dr Tanja Romankiewicz, University of Edinburgh 12:10–12:30 From meanings to effects: A multi-scalar approach to anthropomorphic imagery in Middle–Late Iron Age Europe and beyond, Dr Helen Chittock, AOC Archaeology Group 12:30–12:50 Aspects of design in Iron Age and early Roman Europe, Christina Unwin, Durham University 12:50–13:05 Questions and discussion 13:05–14:05 Lunch break 14:05–14:25 Who were the potters of prehistory? Analysing fingerprints and finger impressions to uncover the identities of Bronze and Iron Age potters, Meredith Laing, University of Leicester 14:25–14:45 Home Birds or Social Butterflies? Debating the Iron Age by dating the Iron Age, Dr Sophia Adams, University of Glasgow 14:45–15:05 Home Birds or Social Butterflies? Iron Age mobility from a scientific perspective, Dr Derek Hamilton, University of Glasgow 15:05–15:20 Questions and discussion 15:20–15:40 Break 15:40–16:00 Investigating Iron Age cloth through experimental archaeology, Jennifer Beamer, University of Leicester 16:00–16:20 Beyond ethnicity: Re-interpreting the Chiavari cemetery, Elisa Vecchi, University of Nottingham 16:20–16:40 Belgic, British or a bit of both: Investigating the links between the Aylesford-Swarling culture and contemporary cremation burials from northern France, Dr Andrew Lamb, Independent Researcher & Dr Quentin Sueur, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart 16:40–16:55 Questions and discussion 16:55–18:00 Virtual wine reception and presentation of the Baguley award, hosted by Prof Clive Gamble
Saturday 19 June 2021
09:45 Conference opens online 10:00–10:10 Welcome: Prof Clive Gamble 10:10–10:50 How we die: Violent death, display and deposition in Iron Age Britain, Dr Mel Giles, University of Manchester 10:50–11:30 Early La Tène elite burials in the Lower Rhine/Meuse region. Material culture, connectivity and social change, Prof Nico Roymans, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 11:30–11:45 Break 11:45–12:25 ‘I went out for a ride and I never went back’: Mobility in the British Iron Age, Prof Janet Montgomery and Dr Tom Moore, Durham University 12:25–12:45 Questions and discussion 1 12:45–13:45 Lunch break 13:45–14:25 Iron Age demographics: Community, mobility and scale, Prof Ian Armit, University of York 14:25–15:05 Motherhood and mothering in later European prehistory, Dr Katharina Rebay-Salisbury, Austrian Archaeological Institute – Prehistory, Austrian Academy of Sciences 15:05–15:20 Questions and discussion 15:20–15.40 Break 15:40–16:20 Our friends in the north: Stanwick, Traprain Law, and the encroaching Roman world, Dr Fraser Hunter, National Museums Scotland 16:20–17.00 Bibracte (Burgundy, France), witness of a world in transition, Dr Vincent Guichard, Centre archéologique européen/Bibracte 17:00–17:15 Questions and discussion 17:15–17:30 Closing, Prof Clive Gamble
Friday 18 June 2021: Abstracts
Morning Chair: Dr Rachel Pope, University of Liverpool
10:15–10:35 The Iron Age Hoards from Snettisham in context, Julia Farley, British Museum & Jody Joy, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge This paper will explore the hoards from the Iron Age site of Snettisham (Norfolk, UK) in their wider context. This exceptional site has produced at least fourteen separate hoards. The finds include almost 200 complete or fragmentary torcs, other types of jewellery such as bracelets and rings, numerous coins, and other material including ingots. The scale of the deposits makes Snettisham one of the largest finds of prehistoric jewellery from anywhere in Europe. Most of the hoards are comprised of intact torcs, whilst one hoard contained almost exclusively fragmented objects. The site itself lies on a low hill looking down towards the Wash, on the edge of the North Sea. Although there are no structural remains contemporary with the hoards, the site is enclosed by a polygonal ditch or palisade. A square structure, perhaps a temple, was added during the Roman period. Three avenues will be explored in this paper: the biographies of the torcs themselves (many of which show signs of wear and repair, and in rare cases may have been in use for over a century before their deposition), the depositional practices evidenced at the site, and the landscape location. These strands will be drawn together to consider the social and religious context of deposition in Late Iron Age Norfolk, possible motivations behind hoarding practices, and the relationship of the Snettisham hoards to contemporary deposits across the UK and continental Europe.
10:35–10:55 Ethnogenesis in Late Iron Age Britain: The case of the Silures, Oliver Davis, Cardiff University The conventional model of Late Iron Age ethnicities reflecting the tribal configurations that Roman authors ascribed (and later fossilised within Roman civitates) has been increasingly challenged in recent years. The model was long supported by numismatic evidence, in which coin distributions were used to construct supposed tribal boundaries. However, even these data have now been questioned. Prof Haselgrove, amongst others, have argued that more subtle, smaller-scale patterns are evident in the generalised coin distributions, which are suggestive of more localised, and fluid, socio-political relationships. In western Britain, particularly those areas such as Wales where Late Iron Age communities did not mint or use coins during this period, the archaeological identification of ‘tribal’ entities has long been problematic. The literary evidence seems at odds with archaeological data, such as settlement or (the rather limited) ceramic distribution patterns, which appear to emphasise political and social fragmentation at this time. Nonetheless, the tribal model of social configuration persists in Wales, albeit in a refined form of federalised ‘clans’. These are characterised as somewhat independent groups, who recognised a shared heritage and cooperated together as supra-regional tribal entities in times of stress. This shared heritage has been suggested to have roots in the Late Bronze Age where the distributions of socketed axes are argued to conform to the later tribal boundaries. This paper seeks to critique this position by exploring the ethnogenesis of Iron Age communities in south-east Wales, an area routinely associated with the Silures. Drawing from my recent work at hillforts and smaller settlements
2 in the region I will argue that the archaeological evidence suggests the emergence of small-scale, localised, communities with unstable shifting socio-political relationships. This seems at odds with the notion of a shared Silurian identity and I will question whether one existed at all in the Late Iron Age.
10:55–11:15 The Origins of British Oppida: Understanding transformation in Iron Age practice & society, Nicky Garland, Durham University In Britain, large poly-focal complexes known as oppida formed an integral part of the social changes occurring in Late Iron Age Britain. Despite the importance of oppida within current narratives, how or why these settlements were established remains poorly understood. A pan-European tradition, it is often argued these sites emerged from empty or underused parts of the Iron Age landscape, marking the location of neutral meeting places where different mobile social groups came together to form new connections. However, new evidence suggests that ‘pre-oppidum’ landscapes were far from empty. Instead earlier occupation, particularly agricultural activities, had a dramatic impact on the formation of oppida in the Later Iron Age. This paper reviews the archaeological evidence for changing Iron Age settlement across several British oppida, including Chichester (West Sussex), Stanwick (North Yorkshire), Bagendon (Gloucestershire), Silchester (Hampshire) and Colchester (Essex). A review of past and recent evidence, partly from developer-funded archaeology, suggests British Late Iron Age oppida may have, in part, been established directly from Middle Iron Age settlement and traditions, alongside external influences. This new understanding for the origins of oppida has a wider importance for British Iron Age studies. If the origins of territorial oppida were influenced physically, socially and politically, by the interaction between and social structure of Middle Iron Age groups, should we now rethink changing settlement patterns and the structure of society at the end of prehistory?
11:50–12:10 Facial recognition in European Celtic Art: Perspectives from neuro-atypical experiences, Tanja Romankiewicz, University of Edinburgh This paper is interested in the visual impact of European Celtic Art. What can be recognized in these cusps and swirls that are so typical of this Iron Age art from Scotland to Continental Europe? Yet, this paper is not about what we can see – it is about what we cannot see, seemingly. Our 21st-century world is one of visual communication in which icons and emoji circumnavigate language differences. Cognitive science has argued that we share inalienable universals across place and culture as survival strategies, such as recognizing a friendly or a hostile face. Can this also apply across time? People, who lack facial recognition skills and seemingly fail to engage as expected, appear to lack empathy and social care. In medical terms, such conditions are described as neuro-atypical and often associated with autistic spectrum conditions. The iconic objects of European Celtic Art are covered with dots and lines that our ‘thinking eye’ (Paul Klee) connects into faces of humans and animals, real and mythical creatures. But what if modern, western humans are too good at seeing faces, to the extent of seeing them everywhere? Could we be over-interpreting one side of European Celtic Art at the expense of other hidden designs we cannot see? The re-interpretation of a stater of Philip of Macedonia into a Celtic coin for example, which over-emphasizes the curled hair over the face, is a strong indicator that Iron Age people – or at least those designing these coins – focused on different aspects than just faces. Starting from a clinical summary of facial recognition patterns of neuro-atypical persons, this paper will re- analyse objects of European Celtic Art with that ‘different’ eye. By opening a new layer of seeing, my enquiry wishes to approach new visual qualities of the art as well as the different visual abilities of the ancient designers. Aware that I am affected by my seemingly neuro-typical observation patterns and my modern-western acculturalization, I aim not to develop new paradigms, but to open new perspectives on understanding the designers of European Celtic Art through their designs.
12:10–12:30 From meanings to effects: A multi-scalar approach to anthropomorphic imagery in Middle–Late Iron Age Europe and beyond, Helen Chittock, AOC Archaeology Group Images of people form important aspects of artistic traditions in Middle–Late Iron Age Europe. Although they appear rarely within the archaeological record, anthropomorphic images have been much discussed by archaeologists and interpreted in a range of ways: as representing deities and mortals; as communicating ideas, beliefs or affiliations; or as commemorating individuals. 3 This paper examines anthropomorphic imagery in a different way, by focusing on its effects rather than its meanings. It approaches anthropomorphic imagery from multiple different scales as a way of looking at similarity and difference across Europe and beyond during the Middle–Late Iron Age. The paper is a result of the author’s time as a researcher on the European Celtic Art in Context (ECAIC) Project. It draws on the project’s database to demonstrate some of the ways it is being used to study the category of objects known as ‘Celtic Art’, also introducing anthropomorphic images that fall outside this category. Firstly, the paper contextualises images of people within the objects they adorn, considering their functions as aspects of useful and tactile things. It then examines data on anthropomorphic imagery across Europe to highlight spatial and temporal variations in the way this imagery is employed. Finally, it broadens further in scope to consider the depictions themselves in a northern Eurasian context, identifying broad trends in the ways they are dressed and choreographed. Discussion will rest on the nature of representation in the Iron Age and will ask questions about what the study of human imagery can reveal about long distance connections in Iron Age Europe and beyond.
12:30–12:50 Aspects of design: Creative practice in Iron Age & early Roman Europe, Christina Unwin, Durham University People design and make things as part of, and to express all aspects of, their social being, to mark identities and to enhance how they interact with their cultural and natural environments. This enables artefacts to be conceived of as ‘designed objects’, rather than ‘art objects’, constituting networks of associations between people and things. Such associations are expressed at many levels by designers and makers through their application of knowledge and expertise to technologies and their manipulation of materials. Artefacts continue to be subjected to powerful dichotomies in archaeological studies and are generally not envisaged as being part of an interconnected and socially-binding creative process. Research into design theory has shown that such divisions universally used in archaeological studies are redundant for the understanding of how material things are creatively assembled. Through the idea of ‘design’ these constructed dualities, such as ‘art’ and ‘technology’ or ‘art’ and ‘craft’, may be dissolved. By drawing on insights from contemporary creative practitioners in the study of making things, it is possible to envisage the connections between aspects of design that have generally been separated in archaeological studies. The concept of design offers a means of exploring artefacts independently of the framing of material culture through typologies based on media types, assumed function, technologies and chronologies, and of connecting the past with the ongoing present through a particular made object. Design constitutes networks of associations between people and artefacts of different media, operating within varying conditions of social and material affordances and constraints, that range from the household to the inter-regional. The processes and practices of design are therefore essentially collaborative and extrinsic, through which practitioners creatively engage with their materials. The nature and degree of the reception and response to a design has the potential to extend its conceptual network within a society through the transmission of ideas, techniques and technologies and in ways that transcend the limitations of different media. A different way of exploring artefacts that have been termed ‘Celtic art’ may be offered by the socio-cultural concept of design. Within this collaborative phenomenon, Iron Age and early Roman designers and makers worked creatively within their communities, inter-relating with each other through their conversations on conceptual and technological practice. Necessarily integrated within their communities, creative practitioners collaborated with their commissioners to work extrinsically towards the materialization of the effects required of their objects of design. Within the regional societies of Iron Age and early Roman Europe, designers and makers working in different media in household and workshop spaces were continually creative in formulating and renegotiating ways of living for their communities through associative media design.
Afternoon Chair: Dr Adam Gwilt, National Museum Wales
14:05–14:25 Who were the potters of prehistory? Analysing fingerprints and finger impressions to uncover the identities of Bronze and Iron Age potters, Meredith Laing, University of Leicester Fingerprints and finger impressions are sometimes preserved on prehistoric ceramics, either through intentional use of fingertip decoration or inadvertently through preservation of a print left in the clay surface during production. Fingerprints are unique to each individual, and within a defined population can be used to provide basic demographic information about their maker: specifically their age, and amongst adults, their sex. Finger impressions 4 preserve the dimensions of the fingertip and as such also provide a guide to the age and sex of the person making the impression. By calculating the widths of epidermal ridges within fingerprints, and by measuring the breadth of fingertip impressions, it is possible, using modern reference data, to determine the age, and sometimes the sex, of the person who left the print or impression on the pot. Analysis of fingerprints and fingertip impressions can provide an insight into the social dynamics of pottery production and decoration within the communities who were making it. The study of contemporaneous ceramic assemblages allows hypotheses to be proposed about the membership of specific communities of practice within prehistoric communities. This paper presents the results of doctoral research into fingertip impressions and fingerprints found on assemblages of Bronze and Iron Age decorated pottery and on briquetage from sites in Eastern England, and on the process of creating a useable reference collection of modern data and its application to British prehistoric populations.
14:25–14:45 Home Birds or Social Butterflies? Debating the Iron Age by dating the Iron Age, Sophia Adams, University of Glasgow Archaeologists have long used the form, style, and patterning of material remains to infer such things as social, economic, and political structures of past societies. In so doing, they reconstruct the complex inter- and intra-group connections of a society, which for communities in Iron Age Britain, especially in the Middle Iron Age (c. 400–200 cal BC), have often been characterised as bounded and local. Such interpretations are limited by the vagaries of Iron Age chronologies which are heavily reliant on stylistic connections drawn between objects, particularly brooches. These dating schemes are built from long-distance similarities in the artefacts and local interpretation of these connections thereby contradicting the concept of bounded communities. To allow for these connections within the bounded and local model we are reliant on the concept of a peripatetic metalworker despite little support for this in the metalworking evidence. This paper addresses the Iron Age chronology in southern Britain from the results of a programme of radiocarbon dating organic remains found in direct association with brooches. The structure of the brooch typology informs Bayesian models for refining the dating of the deposition of these artefacts. These in turn may be applied to the wider chronology of the period which has developed from anticipated dates for brooch types. With refined calibrated dates in place we can return to explore local and regional variation and question what this means to our understanding of social, economic and political structures of the later first millennium BC.
14:45–15:05 Home Birds or Social Butterflies? Iron Age mobility from a scientific perspective, Derek Hamilton, University of Glasgow Archaeologists have long used the form, style, and patterning of material remains to infer such things as social, economic, and political structures of past societies. In so doing, they reconstruct the complex inter- and intra-group connections of a society, which for communities in Iron Age Britain, especially in the Middle Iron Age (c. 400–200 cal BC), have often been characterised as bounded and local. This paper moves beyond the form and style of the material remains and uses scientific data gleaned directly from the remains of people and animals from sites across Iron Age Wessex to challenge this notion of an almost parochial society actively avoiding contact with outside groups. A multi-isotopic approach (б13C, б15N, б34S, б18O, and 87Sr/86Sr) has been employed to infer population mobility for both the inhumed human populations and the faunal assemblages from associated settlements. A traditional ‘population’ approach allows investigating broad questions of human and animal movement, such as to what degree were livestock transported across the landscape? Additionally, a ‘differential’ approach (i.e. looking at the changes in the isotopic ratios in an individual through time) can help reconstruct the movements of individuals within the population and approach questions about individual mobility, social differentiation, and the treatment of the individual in death. The combination of these two approaches in a single research strategy, thus produces data at multiple scales that allow us to develop a robust narrative of the society.
15:40–16:00 Investigating Iron Age cloth through Experimental Archaeology, Jennifer Beamer, University of Leicester In nearly every stage of living and interacting with the world at large, cloth and clothing are constant companions. In death, they are there too. There are scant remains of textiles in the archaeological record for Britain which creates significant gaps in understanding the social aspects of cloth and clothing among Iron Age people. Traditionally, scholarship on textile production has tended to understand cloth in vague terms because contextual information is limited. 5 Archaeological tools have the potential to reveal important information about the life history of the object, and though a functional analysis can be useful by itself, it is still restricted in how it can answer certain questions. When appropriately applied, experimental archaeology can bear fruitful insights otherwise unobtainable in theoretical considerations. This paper summarises an experiment involving triangular clay weights, spindle whorls, and long- handled combs that are based on the small finds from Danebury hillfort, and suggests ways that the results can be utilized for interpretations. This research has the potential to draw significant parallels with similar datasets found in parts of France, the Trois Mares in Palaiseau.
16:00–16:20 Beyond ethnicity: Re-interpreting the Chiavari cemetery, Elisa Vecchi, University of Nottingham The Chiavari cemetery, located near the coast of north-western Italy, was excavated between 1959 and 1969. It consists of 126 cremation graves, mainly of the cist type, distributed in 91 enclosures and dating to between the end of the 8th and the 7th centuries BC. The site was excavated to a standard unusual for the time by Nino Lamboglia, who published detailed site reports for each excavation season, but was unable to complete the final publication of the cemetery because of his sudden death. Only recently an overall description of all the grave assemblages was published (Paltineri 2010), providing a typological classification of the artefacts. Since the discovery, most attention has focused on the ethnic definition of the cemetery, which has alternatively been interpreted as Etruscan, Ligurian or Golaseccan. In addition, the presence of pottery imported from central Etruria fostered a debate on the site’s role within the Tyrrhenian trade network during the Early Iron Age. The aim of my paper is to go beyond these aspects and provide an alternative interpretation of the cemetery based on the comparison of its assemblages. By relying on Lamboglia’s original descriptions, I will investigate Chiavari’s society under a new light, considering aspects like gender, status and age. By applying a contextual approach and focusing on object associations, I will demonstrate that multiple explanations can be provided for the composition of the assemblages and the presence of certain goods. In addition, I will show how good-quality, thorough recording allows us to carry out in-depth analyses even many years after the excavation took place.
16:20–16:40 Belgic, British or a bit of both: Investigating the links between the the Aylesford culture and contemporary cremation burials from northern France, Andrew W. Lamb, Independent Researcher & Quentin Sueur, Landesamt für Denkmalpflege im Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart During the southern British Late pre-Roman Iron Age (LPRIA; c. 100 BC–AD 43) a new cremation burial rite developed: the Aylesford culture. Centred on the modern day counties of Kent, Essex, Hertfordshire, Surrey and Cambridgeshire, explanations for the emergence of this formalised rite have ranged from ideas of continental, Belgic invaders, to being the product of intensified cross-Channel contacts. Despite the paradigm shifts which have occurred in over a century of examining the Aylesford culture, it is broadly agreed that these burials share many similarities with contemporary cremation burials from northern France. How close these similarities are, however, has been little explored. The only detailed examination of the archaeological links between Aylesford burials and those from the near continent remains Christopher Hawkes and Gerald Dunning’s 1931 study, ‘The Belgae of Gaul and Britain’. Since Hawkes and Dunning published their report, the number, and variety, of LPRIA cremation burials excavated on either side of the Channel has increased greatly. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge for the Aylesford rite and cremation burials from northern France in light of discoveries and theoretical developments over the last four decades. By examining a variety of features of these burials, it provides a refined picture of how the Aylesford culture relates to its northern French contemporaries, and the wider world of formal late La Tène mortuary practices.
Please join us for the virtual wine reception and presentation of the Baguley Award, hosted by Prof Clive Gamble from 16:55–18:00
6 Saturday 19 June 2021: Abstracts
Morning Chair: Dr Ben Roberts, Durham University
10:10–10:50 How we die: Violent death, display and deposition in Iron Age Britain, Melanie Giles, University of Manchester In a wet ditch of the north-western entranceway to the ‘royal’ site of Stanwick, a severed head was found close to an Iron Age sword and a length of rope. Interpreted by Mortimer Wheeler as a ‘trophy’ head, originally displayed outside of the gateway, and later thrown into the ditch by appalled Roman forces, Haselgrove has queried both the nature of this man’s demise and depositional fate, as well as his identity since ‘violent death does not necessarily make the man a stranger’ (2016, 442). This paper destabilises some of the concepts that Iron Age scholarship has clung to: the boundaries between venerated ancestors and heroes or enemies, the difference between open display and deposition, and most fundamentally, the notion of a ‘good’ or ‘bad’ death in the Iron Age. It argues that the wider context of locale, the trajectory of violent performance and after-life and mortuary ‘care’ for the dead must be part of how we interpret the significance of these remains. Building on the Stanwick case study, it will finally use Manchester Museum’s own bog head, Worsley man, to also ask how much changed with the coming of the Romans…
10:50–11:30 Early La Tène elite burials in the Lower Rhine/Meuse region. Material culture, connectivity and social change, Nico Roymans, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Lower Rhine/Meuse region of the Southern Netherlands and Northeast Belgium has a cluster of 5th century BC elite burials, characterized by the deposition of bronze vessels, remains of two-wheeled vehicles and/or decorated horse harnesses, and often also weapons. A recently discovered rich chariot burial at Heumen (NL) strengthens this pattern. This group of burials can be considered the most northern off-shoot on the continent of an elite culture that clearly has its origin in the Middle Rhine/Moselle region and the Aisne/Marne region in Northern France. This northern group of Ha D3/LT A burials has yet not been investigated in a comprehensive way. The material culture of the graves informs us about the intense elite connectivity in the 5th century BC when complete prestige vehicles, horse harnesses, bronze vessels, weapons and ornaments were imported from southern regions. The term ‘latènisation’ can be a useful concept here. It refers to a process of appropriation and creative interpretation by local individuals and groups of La Tène material culture and associated values and social practices. This definition enables us to understand the northward diffusion of La Tène elite culture in a more neutral and flexible way, without making an appeal to the problematic discourse of Celtic ethnicity and core-periphery models based on an economic exploitation of groups by a dominant core. A further analysis of the evidence allows some interesting observations: a. elites in our study area adopted southern burial practices and associated material culture, but also gave it a ‘couleur locale’ by integrating it into a cremation ritual. b. the influx of southern material culture should not only be explained in terms of exchange relations, but the issue of human mobility should also be addressed. Recent strontium-isotope research of a small group of inhumation burials from the Dutch river area (Kookter et al. 2017) points to a heterogeneous composition of the population with evidence for immigration. c. the tradition of Early La Tène elite burials seems to have been a short-lived phenomenon in our study area, already breaking off in La Tène A. There is no evidence that cemeteries containing elite burials continued into La Tène C/D.
11:45–12:25 ‘I went out for a ride and I never went back’: Mobility in the British Iron Age, Janet Montgomery & Tom Moore, Durham University People often move from their place of origin (as Bruce Springsteen once sang!). Questions of mobility have been integral to Iron Age studies, from an early 20th century focus on migration as the cause of changing burial rites and settlement forms, to late 20th century visions of British Iron Age communities as insular and focused on the local farmstead. Through increasingly prevalent isotopic analyses, of both human and animal remains, there is evidence for greater mobility than previously considered in research on the Iron Age. Many discussions of this evidence concentrate on 7 seemingly more exotic cases – possible migrants from continental Europe, for example – and often focus on questions of large-scale migrations of peoples. There have been fewer discussions of how to integrate isotopic analyses with the evidence for the movement of artefacts and ideas into broader studies of the levels of mobility in the Iron Age. Assessing isotopic analyses from recent years in relation to other evidence for mobility, this paper will use several case studies to explore the networks of interaction and extent of human and animal mobility in the British Iron Age.
Afternoon Chair: Dr Mel Giles, University of Manchester
13:45–14:25 Iron Age demographics: Community, mobility and scale, Ian Armit, University of York Recent advances in aDNA and isotope analysis have revealed unparalleled insights into issues of mobility and population change in European prehistory. Until recently, however, the main impact of this work has been in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, where major demographic transformations are attested. The COMMIOS Project (Communities and Connectivities: Iron Age Britons and their Continental Neighbours) examines the population dynamics of Late Bronze and Iron Age communities using aDNA and isotope analysis alongside osteoarchaeology and the contextual analysis of mortuary practices. At the broad scale, aDNA analysis can reveal the genetic diversity of Bronze and Iron Age populations in Britain (including genetic relationships with communities in continental Europe) and, alongside multi-isotope analysis, can provide insights into mobility patterns and inter-regional contacts. At a more local scale, the integration of these techniques with osteoarchaeology and funerary archaeology allows us to examine questions concerning kinship, gender and inequality within and between later prehistoric communities. This paper presents the preliminary results of the project, including evidence for significant population change in southern Britain during the last few centuries of the second millennium BC.
14:25–15:05 Motherhood and mothering in later European prehistory, Katharina Rebay-Salisbury, Austrian Archaeological Institute — Prehistory, Austrian Academy of Sciences Motherhood is both a biological and social concept. Mothering, in contrast, refers to child rearing practices that may be carried out by other people other than the mother. This contribution presents some findings of the ERC-Starting Grant funded project ‘The value of mothers to society’, which investigates motherhood in Central Europe during the last three millennia BC from a combined bio-archaeological and social perspective. Between the late Neolithic and the late Iron Age (c. 3000–15 BC), the social foundations of Europe were forged and gender relations and social stratification developed over the longue durée; they are at the same time locally and culturally specific and unfold as broad, prehistorical phenomena. The transition to motherhood is one of the most profound changes of identity women experience. So far, however, there has been little research at what age women became mothers, how many children they had, how siblings were spaced and how families were composed. By relating women’s social and reproductive status, we explore social responses to pregnancy, birth and childrearing in the past. This presentation will relate the historical trajectory of motherhood in Central Europe in the context of other social developments, and describe how the social status of mothers changed over time. It will explain why taking motherhood seriously as an identity category, as distinct from gender, is useful for understanding wider social dynamics.
15:40–16:20 Our friends in the north: Stanwick, Traprain Law, and the encroaching Roman world, Fraser Hunter, National Museums Scotland Over his career, Colin has worked on and around two of the major Iron Age centres of central Britain – Stanwick in North Yorkshire and Traprain Law in East Lothian. Both are unusual within their regional contexts in scale, activities, and their extensive contacts with the Roman world. In comparing and contrasting these two sites, I will consider the nature and effect of first contacts with the encroaching Roman world in central Britain. A particular focus will be on prestige metalwork and metalworking in the context of these Roman links.
16:20–17:00 Bibracte (Burgundy, France), witness of a world in transition, Vincent Guichard, Centre archéologique européen/Bibracte When in 1914, Joseph Déchelette stated that ‘Gallic fortresses were not simple places of refuge... but real cities occupied by a fixed population...’, he was referring to a specific site, Mont Beuvray, the former Bibracte, whose exploration in the 8 19th century established his interest in protohistory. A century later, his definition is still widely accepted. However, the exponential increase in new archaeological data for both oppida and the later Iron Age in general – since these vast fortifications that developed across Europe need to be seen in their wider context – invites a thorough reconsideration of Déchelette’s analysis. Since the 1980s, thanks to a project initiated by President François Mitterrand, Mont Beuvray has been the focus of a long-term programme of excavation and research involving numerous European partners, cementing its position as a reference site for the study of oppida. Déchelette understood that the site had a short history, almost entirely within the 1st century BC, before the Aedui abandoned Bibracte in favour of a new capital 20 km away at Augustodunum, modern Autun. But we now realise that his perception of the oppidum relates to its fully developed state, when the settlement had acquired some of the trappings of a municipium like those of contemporary Italy, with a forum built immediately after the Gallic War and huge townhouses (domus). Late Bibracte is the best available example of the intense contacts established with Rome by certain political entities on the margins of the Empire before the establishment of the provincial framework, which took place in Gallia comata around 15 BC. Our understanding of the earlier 1st century BC Bibracte, however, remains incomplete, due to the difficulty of characterising its timber buildings. Only recently has evidence been found of a formal public space, and we still know little about high-status houses of this period, while our picture of economic activity is partial and somewhat contradictory: high consumption of Mediterranean imports, flourishing workshops but solely for manufacture of metal objects, and a lack of collective facilities related to trade and storage. Another change of perspective concerns the foundation of the site at the end of the 2nd century BC. In the 1980s, John Collis proposed that oppida were created as the result of a crisis. The much larger corpus of absolute dates available today supports the hypothesis that the oppida arose at the same time across a vast zone that had undergone spectacular demographic and economic growth in the previous century. This forces us to reconsider their military aspect much more carefully – expressed at Bibracte by a particularly monumental fortification system.
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Copper alloy chariot fittings from the Burrough Hill hoard: miniature terret, barrel-shaped toggle and figure-of-eight shaped strap union. © UoL
The Prehistoric Society is a registered charity (no. 1000567) and company limited by guarantee (no. 2532446). 9 Radiocarbon Radiocarbon Radiocarbon Radiocarbon Radiocarbon ISSN 0033-5894 Volume 100, March 2021 ScientificScientificScientific Instruments InstrumentsInstruments for forfor Radiocarbon RadiocarbonRadiocarbon Dating DatingDating andandand Accelerator Accelerator Accelerator Mass MassMass Spectrometry SpectrometrySpectrometry Radiocarbon AnAn InternationalInternational JournalJournal ofof CosmogenicCosmogenic IsotopeIsotope ResearchResearch QUATERNARY VOLUMEVOLUMEVOLUME 66 3633 •• • NUMBERNUMBER NUMBER 11 1•• • 202202 202111 RESEARCH Volume 6 3 , Number 1 Volume 6 3 , Number 1 Volume 63, 1 Number Volume 6 3 , Number 1 Volume 6 3 , Number 1
MICADASMICADAS Mini MiniMini Carbon CarbonCarbon Dating DatingDating System SystemSystem ProceedingsProceedings ofof thethe 9th9th TheTheThe most mostmost compact compactcompact 14 1414C-AMSC-AMSC-AMS HighestHighestHighest precision precision precision and and and lowest lowest lowest backgrounds backgrounds backgrounds – – –get get get the the the best best best performance performance performance , 2021 InternationalInternational SymposiumSymposium withwithwith the the the world’s world’s world’s most most most compact compact compact radiocarbon radiocarbon radiocarbon AMS AMS AMS system system system and and and our our our versatile versatile versatile systemsystemsystem in inin the thethe world. world.world. samplesamplesample preparation preparation preparation instruments. instruments. instruments. GuestGuest Editors Editors AlexAlex Cherkinsky Cherkinsky & & Carla Carla S. S. Hadden Hadden
EDITORS www.antiquity.ac.uk Volume 95 • Number 379 • February 2021 Derek B. Booth Nicholas Lancaster MILEAMILEA Multi-IsotopeMulti-IsotopeMulti-Isotope Low-Energy Low-EnergyLow-Energy AMS AMSAMS a review of Lewis A. Owen TheTheThe world’s world’sworld’s most mostmost innovative innovativeinnovative FromFromFrom 10 10 Be10BeBe to to to actinides actinides actinides – – –our our our newly newly newly designed designed designed MILEA MILEA MILEA system system system provides provides provides world archaeologyoutstandingoutstandingoutstanding measurement measurement measurement capabilities capabilities capabilities for for for 10 10 Be,10Be,Be, 14 14 C,14C,C, 26 26 Al,26Al,Al, 41 41 Ca,41Ca,Ca, 129 129 129I,I, I,U, U, U, Pu Pu Pu multi-isotopemulti-isotopemulti-isotope AMS AMS AMS system. system.system. andandand other other other actinides actinides actinides at at at lowest lowest lowest energies. energies. energies. EditorEditor edited by robert witcher ContactContactContact us us us to to to learn learn learn more more more about about about the the the exciting exciting exciting possibilities possibilities possibilities with with with MILEA. MILEA. MILEA. A.J.T. Jull
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0079-497X ISSN
ISSN 1461-9571
VOLUME Volume 31 Number 1 February 2021 24 VOLUME 86 ISSUE 1
ISSN 0000-0000 2021 CAMBRIDGE European 260 x 202 mm roceedings P of the ARCHAEOLOGICAL Journal of Archaeology | Prehistoric Society 2020 JOURNAL Proceedings of the rehistoric VOLUME 86 P 2020
ARTICLES RICHARD BRADLEY Proceedings ociety 1 Time Signatures: The Temporality of Monuments in Early and Middle Neolithic Britain S C.R. WICKHAM-JONES, G. NOBLE, S.M. FRASER, G. WARREN, R. TIPPING, D. PATERSON, W. MITCHELL, D. HAMILTON 13 AND A. CLARKE New Evidence for Upland Occupation in the Mesolithic of Scotland ASTRID J. NYLAND 43 In Search of Cloudstones? The Contribution of Charismatic Rocks Towards an Understanding of Mesolithic and Neolithic Communities in the Montane Regions of South Norway KERKKO NORDQVIST AND VOLKER HEYD 65 The Forgotten Child of the Wider Corded Ware Family: Russian Fatyanovo Culture in Context PETER SKOGLUND, TOMAS PERSSON AND ANNA CABAK RÉDEI 95 A Multisensory Approach to Rock Art: Exploring Tactile and Visual Dimensions in the Southern Scandinavian Rock Art Tradition
ANGELIKA VIERZIG of the 111 Anthropomorphic Stelae of the 4th and 3rd Millennia Between the Caucasus and the Atlantic Ocean 139 JOHN CHAPMAN AND BISSERKA GAYDARSKA The Deposition of History in Prehistory: Copper Objects on Sites and in the Landscape Prehistoric Society GAV ROBINSON, MATTHEW TOWN, TORBEN BJARKE BALLIN, ANN CLARKE, JULIE DUNNE, RICHARD P. EVERSHED, 165 LYNNE F GARDINER,ALEX GIBSON AND HANNAH RUSS Furness’s First Farmers: Evidence of Early Neolithic Settlement and Dairying in Cumbria SUSAN GREANEY, ZOË HAZELL, ALISTAIR BARCLAY, CHRISTOPHER BRONK RAMSEY, ELAINE DUNBAR, IRKA HAJDAS, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 199 PAULA REIMER, JOSHUA POLLARD, NIALL SHARPLES AND PETER MARSHALL University of Cambridge Tempo of a Mega-henge: A New Chronology for Mount Pleasant, Dorchester, Dorset E European Association AMBER SOFIA ROY A of Archaeologists 237 The Use and Signi cance of Early Bronze Age Stone Battle-axes and Axe-hammers from Northern Britain and the Isle of Man A RICHARD BRADLEY, COURTNEY NIMURA AND PETER SKOGLUND 261 Meetings Between Strangers in the Nordic Bronze Age: The Evidence of Southern Swedish Rock Art EMILIE VANNIER 285 The Funerary Architecture of the La Tène Period in North-western Gaul and Southern Britain
| 2020 VOLUME 86
Cambridge Journals Online For further information about this journal please go to the journal web site at http://journals.cambridge.org/ppr Cambridge University Press
Cambridge publishes books and journals that cover research throughout world archaeology and across all periods – including prehistory and the Neolithic.
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www.cambridge.org/europa2021 Longbottom BRADLEY GARSTKI This Element summarises the state of knowledge about four SubsistenceEuropean archaeologists and Societyin the last two decades have worked styles of prehistoric rock in Europe current between the late to integrate a wide range of emerging digital tools to enhance Mesolithic period and the Iron Age. They are the Levantine, the recording, analysis, and dissemination of archaeological e Power of Ritual Macroschematic and Schematic traditions in the Iberian indata. Prehistory These techniques have expanded and altered the data Peninsula; the Atlantic style that extended between Portugal, collected by archaeologists as well as their interpretations. At in Prehistory Spain, Britain and Ireland; Alpine rock art; and the pecked and The Archaeology Subsistence Prehistory in Society and the same time archaeologists have expanded the capabilities The Archaeology painted images found in Fennoscandia. They are interpreted Newof using Directions these data on a large in scale, across platforms, in relation to the landscapes in which they were made. A fi nal of Europe regions, and time periods, utilising new and existing digital of Europe Secret Societies and Origins of section considers possible connections between these Economicresearch infrastructures Archaeology to enhance the scale of data used for traditions and discusses the changing subject matter of rock archaeological interpretations. This Element discusses some Social Complexity art in relation to wider developments in European prehistory. of the most recent, innovative uses of these techniques in
A Comparative Study of Rock Art in Later Prehistoric Europe European archaeology at different stages of archaeological Digital Innovations in European Archaeology work. In addition to providing an overview of some of these Brian Hayden A Comparative techniques, it critically assesses these approaches and outlines Digital Innovations the recent challenges to the discipline posed by self-reflexive Study of Rock Art use of these tools and advocacy for their open use in cultural in European in Later Prehistoric heritage preservation and public engagement. Archaeology
About the Series Series Editors Europe About the Series Series Editors Elements in the Archaeology of Europe Manuel Fernández- Elements in the Archaeology of Europe Manuel Fernández- is a collaborative publishing venture Götz is a collaborative publishing venture Götz between Cambridge University Press University of between Cambridge University Press University of and the European Association of Edinburgh Richard Bradley and the European Association of Edinburgh Kevin Garstki Archaeologists. Composed of concise, Bettina Arnold Archaeologists. Composed of concise, Bettina Arnold authoritative, and peer-reviewed studies University of authoritative, and peer-reviewed studies University of by leading scholars, each volume in this Wisconsin- by leading scholars, each volume in this Wisconsin- series will provide timely, accurate, and Milwaukee series will provide timely, accurate, and Milwaukee accessible information about the latest accessible information about the latest research into the archaeology of Europe research into the archaeology of Europe from the Paleolithic era onwards, as well from the Paleolithic era onwards, as well as on heritage preservation. as on heritage preservation.
Alan K. Outram and Amy Bogaard
Cover image: A house at Skara Brae. ian35mm / Getty Cover image: A house at Skara Brae. ian35mm / Getty Images ISSN 2632-7058 (online) Images ISSN 2632-7058 (online) ISSN 2632-704X (print) ISSN 2632-704X (print) SPECIAL OFFERS FROM
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