Proposal for an Archaeological Assessment

LHSW11

Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

Prepared for LDA Design

December 2012

Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

Prepared for LDA Design

December 2012

Headland Project Code: LHSW11 NGR: 414832 134238 Council: Wiltshire

Project Manager: Joe Abrams BA MIfA Author: Melissa Conway BA (Hons) MA MIfA with revisions by Stephen Carter BSc PhD MIfA Graphics: Melissa Conway Approved by: Joe Abrams

HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 2 1.1. Project Background ...... 2 1.2. Site Location and Description ...... 2 2. METHODOLOGY ...... 2 2.1. Aims and Scope ...... 2 2.2. Sources ...... 3 2.3. Assumptions and Limitations ...... 4 3. PLANNING BACKGROUND ...... 4 3.1. National Policy Framework ...... 4 3.2. Local Policy ...... 6 4. APPRAISAL ...... 7 4.1. Introduction ...... 7 4.2. Old Sarum ...... 8 4.3. Old Sarum Airfield ...... 9 4.4. World Heritage Site ...... 10 4.5. Scheduled Monuments ...... 10 4.6. Listed Buildings...... 13 4.7. Registered Parks and Gardens ...... 14 4.8. Conservation Areas ...... 14 4.9. Undesignated assets ...... 15 5. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MASTERPLAN ...... 16 6. REFERENCES ...... 18 6.1. Bibliography ...... 18 6.2. Online resources ...... 18

Illustrations Figure 1 Designated heritage assets within the Outer Study Area Figure 2 Designated heritage assets with possible intervisibility with the proposed development

i. HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

Summary This report presents the results of an initial appraisal of heritage assets which may be subject to setting impacts associated with proposed development of Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire. It has been prepared as part of a wider assessment of the cultural heritage impacts of proposed mixed-use development at Longhedge. Study areas were set at 1km from the site boundary for undesignated heritage assets (the Primary Study Area) and at 5km for designated heritage assets (the Outer Study Area). Initial assessment of the 90 undesignated heritage assets lying within the Primary Study Area indicated that only the Roman road, presently represented by the A345, may be subject to setting impacts as a result of the proposed development. The following designated heritage assets lie within the Outer Study Area:

• The Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site; • 42 Scheduled Monuments; • 819 Listed Buildings; • 5 Registered Parks and Gardens; and • Eight Conservation Areas.

The appraisal identified that the following designated heritage assets may be susceptible to setting impacts associated with the proposed development:

1 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project Background Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd was commissioned by LDA Design to assess the impact that the proposed construction of housing at Longhedge, Old Sarum, may have on the setting of nearby heritage assets. The proposed scheme is likely to consist of the construction and operation of housing and employment premises and attendant infrastructure and landscaping. The proposal area, hereafter referred to as the Site, covers an area of c. 50ha lying to the east of the A345 at Old Sarum (Figure 1). This assessment has been required as the Site lies in proximity to a number of designated heritage assets. Development of housing at the Site has the potential to change the setting of these assets and could adversely affect their significance. This report covers the first stage in the assessment of setting impacts, whereby those assets that may be subject to such impacts are identified. Historic landscape and on-site archaeological impacts are covered by other assessments being carried out as part of the preparation of the Scheme’s Environmental Statement.

1.2. Site Location and Description The Site lies within undulating farmland on the watershed between the Avon and Winterbourne valleys to the north of Old Sarum. It is bounded to the west by the A345, to the north by a bridleway, part of the Monarch’s Way, to the south by Rockshill Plantation, with its remaining boundaries formed by established field hedges. At present the site is composed of three fields which are in arable use. Ground level within the site slopes generally south- eastwards from c.90m aOD at its northern edge to c.66m aOD at Rockshill Plantation. The Site occupies a northeast – southwest aligned ridge between two dry valleys. The confluence of these valleys lies immediately west of the Site, a single valley continues from this point on a northeast – southwest aligned course to join the Avon just north of the Stratford Bridge.

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1. Aims and Scope The aim of this appraisal is to establish which heritage assets may be susceptible to setting impacts as a result of the proposed development. It has been carried out in accordance with The Setting of Heritage Assets: English Heritage Guidance (English Heritage 2011). This report covers the appraisal of cultural heritage assets in proximity to the Site and the identification of which of these require further assessment as they

2 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal may be subject to setting impacts as a result of the proposed development. The assessment utilises an indicative Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) prepared for the project. The ZTV was based on a model that assumed heights of 15m for woodland, 7.5m for existing urban areas and a range of building heights up to 11.5m (approximately 3.5 storeys) for the proposed development. The following classes of heritage asset were assessed for potential impacts on setting:

• Undesignated assets, as recorded on the Wiltshire Historic Environment Record (HER), lying within a Primary Study Area of 1km from the Site; and • Designated heritage assets lying within a 5km buffer from the site edge, hereafter referred to as the Outer Study Area. These study areas are shown on (Figure 1). Potential impacts on historic landscapes and on-site archaeological remains are covered in other assessments for the Scheme’s Environmental Statement.

2.2. Sources The following publicly accessible sources of primary and secondary information were consulted. Historic Environment Records The HER for this area is held by the Wiltshire County Archaeological Service. The HER is a database of recorded archaeological sites, findspots and events. It was consulted for information relating to the Primary Study Area in January 2012. Data for designated heritage assets, excluding Conservation Areas, was obtained from English Heritage. The datasets used in this assessment were as follows: • World Heritage Sites – 08/07/2011 release; • Scheduled Monuments – 25/01/2012 release; • Listed Buildings – 25/01/2012 release; and • Registered Parks and Gardens – 23/12/2011 release.

Conservation Area data was obtained from the HER and Wiltshire Council’s Development Management Team (South). Legislation and Planning Documents The Site lies within the administrative area of Wiltshire Council, which is also the local planning authority (LPA). The Council adopted the South Wiltshire

3 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

Core Strategy in February 2012 as an element of the Local Development Framework for the whole of Wiltshire. The Core Strategy identifies the Site as a strategic growth site suited for housing and employment (Appendix A). The Core Strategy also indicates that a number of policies from the preceding local plan for the area, the Salisbury District Local Plan 2011 (2003), have been saved and remain in force until further notice. Other Sources Other primary and secondary sources relating to the Study Area were obtained from the HER, the Headland Archaeology Library and online. The sources consulted are listed in the References section below.

2.3. Assumptions and Limitations Much of the information used by this study consists of secondary information complied from a variety of sources. Unless otherwise stated, the assumption is made that this information is reasonably accurate.

3. PLANNING BACKGROUND

3.1. National Policy Framework There is national legislation and guidance relating to the protection and treatment of the historic environment within the development process. These identify the historic environment as a non-renewable, fragile and finite resource and place a priority on its conservation. The key pieces of legislation are the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act (1979) and the Town and Country Planning Act (1990). The application of these laws and the over-arching national policy covering the effects of development on the historic environment is outlined in Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) issued in March 2012. Elements of legislation and guidance of relevance to the present development are summarised below.

Policy Title Content Ref:

n/a Ancient Monuments Scheduled Monuments and Archaeological Areas and Archaeological of Importance (AAIs or their equivalent) are Areas Act 1979 (as afforded statutory protection and consent from the amended) Secretary of State, administered by English Heritage, is required for any works.

NPPF: n/a LPAs should require an applicant to describe the Para. 128 significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting.

4 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

Policy Title Content Ref: Detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. Where a site includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, LPAs should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, if necessary, a field evaluation.

NPPF: n/a LPAs should identify and assess the particular Para. 129 significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting setting) taking account of available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this into account when considering the impact of a proposal, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.

NPPF: n/a In decision-making LPAs should seek to identify Para. 131 and assess the particular significance of any element of the historic environment that may be affected by the relevant proposal, including affects on setting. LPAs should take into account: • the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets; • the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities and their economic vitality; and • the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness. NPPF: n/a When considering the impact of development on Para. 132 the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater this weight should be. As such assets are irreplaceable, harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets should be exceptional, with any substantial harm to those of the highest significance (scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites) being wholly exceptional.

5 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

Policy Title Content Ref:

NPPF: n/a Where a development proposal will lead to less Para. 134 than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use.

NPPF: n/a The effect of an application on the significance of a Para. 135 non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

NPPF: n/a Local planning authorities should look for Para. 137 opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably.

NPPF: n/a LPAs should make information gathered about the Para. 141 significance of the historic environment as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. The ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.

3.2. Local Policy Local Authorities are responsible for the protection of the historic environment within the planning system and the formulation of policies to support this obligation. Treatment of the historic environment within the development process is covered by saved policies from the Salisbury Local Plan (2003) as listed in the table below. The South Wiltshire Core Strategy (2012) has identified the Site as a strategic growth site and includes a template

6 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

for its development . The elements of this development template of relevance to the present application are also summarise in the table below.

Policy Content Local Plan: Policy CN20 The Council will follow procedures to both protect archaeological sites, and their settings, and arrive at a reasonable, informed decision. Where remains are thought to exist, site evaluation prior to the determining of any application will be required. There will be a presumption in favour of the preservation in situ of nationally important remains, whether scheduled or not. Where preservation of in situ is not justified, developers should enter into a voluntary agreement to undertake the satisfactory excavation and recording of remains, including the publication. In the event where such an agreement cannot be reached, any planning permission will be subject to conditions that the development should not proceed until required archaeological works have been implemented. Conditions may also be placed to allow observation and recording during development. Longhedge development Master planning of this site needs to address: template • Key views to and from Old Sarum and impact on the Scheduled Monument; • Ensuring the design responds to a detailed analysis of the historic environment; safeguards key views to and from Old Sarum and; integrates the sites important archaeology; and • There are no alterations, (unless essential in the interests of road safety), to the line of the Roman road and long views of Old Sarum are preserved as vehicles travel southwards along the A345 by containing development within the site by structural roadside planting.

4. APPRAISAL

4.1. Introduction The HER lists 92 heritage assets within the Primary Study Area, of which two are designated: the Ende Burgh Barrow (Scheduled Monument List Entry No. 1005688) and Old Sarum Airfield (Conservation Area). Initial assessment of the 90 undesignated heritage assets indicated that only the Roman road at the western Site edge may be subject to setting impacts as a result of the proposed development and this is discussed further below. The two designated assets within the Primary Study Area are considered with associated designations below. The following designated heritage assets lie within the Outer Study Area:

7 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

• The Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site; • 42 Scheduled Monuments; • 819 Listed Buildings; • 5 Registered Parks and Gardens; and • Eight Conservation Areas.

These assets are discussed by designation type below and shown on Figure 1. The majority lie within Salisbury city centre and in the valleys of the Avon, Bourne and Nadder. Old Sarum hillfort and castle and Old Sarum Airfield also form foci of designations. As these two areas contain multiple forms of designation, they are discussed in stand-alone sections.

Within the Outer Study Area, visibility of the development is likely to be constrained to the following areas:

• Sections of the east-facing Avon-Wylye valley watershed above Little Durnford, and Lower and Middle Woodford; • The Avon-Bourne watershed between High Post in the north and Castle Hill/Hampton Park in the south; • West facing slopes of the Bourne Valley between Laverstock in the south and Idmiston in the north.

Whilst the Salisbury Conservation Area, including the Cathedral, Cathedral Close and a very high concentration of other Listed Buildings, lie within the Outer Study Area, the ZTV indicates that no part of it will be intervisible with the development owing to intervening high ground to the north of the city. This lack of intervisibility was confirmed by field visits carried out as part of this assessment. Since these areas will receive no tangible impact as a result of the development, no further assessment of the high value designated heritage assets contained within them will be carried out.

4.2. Old Sarum The multi-period site of Old Sarum lies just over 1km to the south-west of the Site (Figure 1). The site consists of an Iron Age hillfort, a probable Roman settlement, a late Saxon settlement, and a medieval city and castle complex. The outer boundaries of the medieval city utilised the hillfort’s defensive circuit, with unenclosed suburbs developing to the east and west of the city gates. The castle was a royal foundation and consists of a central motte surmounted by a stone curtain wall with towers at east and west entrances. The castle contains the remains of a number of stone buildings, whilst earthworks and stone foundations of the cathedral and associated buildings

8 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal survive within the northern part of the city. Unlike the city defences, the motte was apparently newly created in the 11th century and did not utilise an element of the earlier Iron Age enclosure system. The city was abandoned over the course of the 13th century following the move of the Bishopric to New Sarum, present Salisbury, in 1219 with the castle being demolished on royal authority in 1322. The hillfort, castle, city and suburbs are a Scheduled Monument (1015675), the built remains of the castle and cathedral are also Grade I Listed Buildings (1248682) and the site also lies within the north-eastern part of the Stratford sub Castle Conservation Area (Figure 1). The proposed development will lie in the foreground of views to the northeast from many parts of the northern half of the Old Sarum site. The development will feature as a well-defined element within a section of the wider views in this direction. It will appear contiguous with the existing housing adjacent to the site and it is likely that much of the southern part of the development will be screened by a combination of the Site’s topography and vegetation on its southern boundary. Commanding views to the surrounding landscape are an element of the setting of Old Sarum. Also a factor of the setting of the hillfort element of Old Sarum is the intervisibility of the site to other contemporary hillforts such as Ogbury and Figsbury Ring which lie within the Outer Study Area and more distant monuments such as Danebury and Quarley Hill. As the proposed development has the potential to impact on these elements of setting, the Old Sarum complex will be subject to further assessment of setting impacts. Potential impacts on the Stratford sub Castle Conservation Area as a whole are discussed below.

4.3. Old Sarum Airfield Old Sarum Airfield was one of the earliest military airfields established in Britain. The airfield was constructed between 1917 and 1918 and was in use as a military airfield into the late 1970s. It was composed of service and domestic buildings to the immediate south of the Portway with the grass flying field occupying the rest of the land. Following disposal of the airfield in the early 1980s, much of the area of former airfield service buildings has been developed as an industrial estate. Whilst most of the military buildings were demolished prior to redevelopment, some remain in use as commercial premises. The grass airfield is now in use for leisure flights and the core airfield hangars, dating from 1918, remain on site and in use for storage and maintenance of planes. It one of the most complete examples of a Training Depot Station of the First World War period and, uniquely, retains a relatively unaltered grass flying field.

9 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

The surviving technical buildings are listed at Grades II* and II and the sections of the airfield which have not been subject to modern redevelopment have been designated as a Conservation Area (Figure 1). Views of the proposed development from the Conservation Area are likely to be possible from the western third of the airfield area and small sections within the remainder, including some areas along the Portway fringe. Whilst the Grade II* hangars do not lie within the ZTV, it is possible that they may be viewed in combination with the proposed development from sections of the Conservation Area. Any such views will also feature recent housing constructed north of the Portway lying between the hangars and the Site. The designations within this area reflect the importance of the surviving features in illustrating the development of military aviation and also the uniqueness of the combination of assets at this location. Their setting chiefly relates to technical concerns within the original layout of the airfield and the relationship of the surviving features to one another. Views to the Site are not relevant to the airfield’s significance and there will be no tangible impact on their significance as a result of the proposed development. No further consideration of setting impacts upon these assets is proposed.

4.4. World Heritage Site The Stonehenge section of the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site (WHS) lies at the north-western edge of the Outer Study Area. This section of the WHS contains several Scheduled Monuments namely; barrows above Lake village, medieval village earthworks and lynchets at Lake, two Wessex linears on Lake Down & the Rox Hill barrows. This area has no intervisibility with the proposed development and will not be viewed in combination with it. No further consideration of setting impacts to the WHS or the Scheduled Monuments it contains assets is proposed.

4.5. Scheduled Monuments Of the 42 Scheduled Monuments which lie within the Outer Study Area, eleven lie within the indicative ZTV (Figures 1 & 2). No further monuments will be viewed in combination with the development. The monuments with possible intervisibility with the Site are:

• Old Sarum (1015675); • 'Ende Burgh' long barrow (1005688); • Newton Barrow (1005687); • Group of barrows West of Hooklands Plantation (1005684); • Figsbury Ring (1005647);

10 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

• Heale Hill round barrows and earthworks (1005609); • Round barrow East of Downbarn West (1005624); • Earthwork West of Woodford Clump (1005607); • Ancient cultivation terraces at Church Bottom (1005607); • Roman road between A30 and Winterslow Corner (1005645); and • Gomeldon deserted village (1003041)

These assets can be broadly divided into the following categories; prehistoric funerary and ritual sites, later prehistoric settlement and land-use remains, Roman routeways and medieval settlement. Potential impacts on the multi- period site of Old Sarum have been discussed above. Prehistoric barrows are often sited on the crests of watersheds or on the upper reaches of valley slopes and are often at or near the head of a water course or dry valley. They are often intervisible with nearby contemporary ritual and funerary monuments and frequently have views to strong geographic features. Such relationships form the key element of the setting of these monuments contributing to their illustrative value. With the exception of the Heale Hill site, which lies within a woodland plantation, these monuments now lie in within arable fields. The proposed development is likely to feature in views between the 'Ende Burgh' barrow (1005688) and the barrows at Newton (1005687), Heale Hill (1005609) and west of Hooklands Plantation (1005684). The proposed development has the potential to affect this visual relationship and these monuments will be subject to further assessment of setting impacts. In the case of Heale Hill (1005609) the existing woodland across the site may have already affected this relationship. The barrow at Downbarn West barrow (1005624) directly overlooks the confluence of two branches of a dry valley and it is likely that its setting is primarily related to this topographic feature and this visual relationship is the only one considered to contribute to its illustrative value and hence cultural significance. The Site does not feature in views from the barrow to contemporary funerary monuments and the ZTV indicates that views to the Site are only likely from the extreme northern tip of the monument. As views to or across the Site do not appear to be of relevance to the significance of this monument, no further consideration of setting impacts is proposed. Figsbury Ring (1005647) is a multi-period site comprising a Neolithic henge and what appears to be use as a hillfort during the Iron Age. Earthworks related to both uses are visible at the monument. Views over the surrounding landscape and to related contemporary monuments within the landscape are likely to have been significant in the setting of both the henge and hillfort. The site has extensive views to the north, west and south including to the hillfort

11 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal at Old Sarum (1015675). The proposed development is likely to feature within views from this monument to the west, including that to Old Sarum. As the proposed development has the potential to impact on these elements of setting, this monument will be subject to further assessment of setting impacts. Remains of later prehistoric land use are covered by the schedulings of the enclosure west of Woodford Clump (1005607) and the cultivation terraces at Church Bottom (1005607). These monuments form elements within extensive systems of land-use recorded across this part of the Outer Study Area. Their setting primarily relates to their place within these systems and considerations of land exploitation during this period. Views to the site are not relevant to their setting and they will experience no tangible impact on their significance as a result of the proposed development. No further consideration of setting impacts to these assets is proposed. The Roman road between A30 and Winterslow Corner (1005645) is an element of the route to the contemporary city at Winchester (Venta Belgarum) from Old Sarum. This monument was constructed to facilitate transport from Winchester to Old Sarum and the junction of two other Roman Routes (roads to Silchester and to Mildenhall respectively) and the suggested Roman settlement of Sorviodunum which lie at this location. Areas of visibility with the proposed development are likely from sections of the road near Figsbury Ring. Roman routes were sited due to practical concerns of communication between settlements and other roads so views to the site are not relevant to the setting of this monument. The Roman road will experience no tangible impact on its significance as a result of the proposed development and no further consideration of setting impacts to this assets is proposed. Gomeldon deserted village (1003041) lies adjacent to the River Bourne and consists of the earthwork and below ground remains of medieval settlement. Views to proposed development are likely to exist across much of the monument. Medieval villages in the area are sited in valley floor locations at the edge of the floodplain. This position was within a wider territory comprising valley-floor meadows, open fields on valley slopes and downland grazing on upland areas. Such territories often equate to the extent of the medieval parish. It is the relationship of the village to these elements, and the repeated patterns of parishes within the valleys, which forms they key element of their setting. Views to the site are not relevant to its setting and it will experience no tangible impact on their significance as a result of the proposed development. No further consideration of setting impacts to this asset is proposed.

12 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

4.6. Listed Buildings Of the 819 Listed Buildings which lie within the Outer Study Area, nine lie within the indicative ZTV and one further Listed Building lies adjacent to the Site (Figures 1 & 2):

• Old Sarum castle and cathedral, listed at Grade I (1248682); • Longhedge House (1318520, Grade II); • Granary at Manor Farm (1130770, Grade II); • Dykes Cottage (1130767, Grade II); • Garage at the Thatched Cottage (1130763, Grade II); • The Elms (1135724, Grade II) • Milestone on the A360 at Stoford Hill (1182776, Grade II); • Milestone on the A360 at Camp Hill (1284376, Grade II); • Milestone on the A345 at High Post (1130766, Grade II); and • Milestone on the A345 near Longhedge (1284849, Grade II).

The potential for impacts on the Grade I structures at Old Sarum are discussed above. The remaining structures comprise domestic and agricultural buildings lying adjacent to the Site and in the Bourne Valley and milestones lying on the main roads through the area.

Longhedge House is a 19th century farmhouse which lies within a contemporary farmstead. The farmstead is composed of this house and a courtyard of associated buildings lying to its immediate northeast, all lie within a contemporary rectilinear enclosure defined by hedges and trees. The house fronts onto a garden and faces in the direction of the Site. The complex as a whole is typical of the wave of farms built outside of villages on higher ground in this part of Wiltshire during the 19th century. The setting of the house, therefore, relates chiefly to its place within this complex and relationship to its associated farmland. The Site lies adjacent to Longhedge Farm and the proposed development may affect the functional and associative elements of the Listed Building’s setting through the conversion of neighbouring farmland to housing. The A345 trunk route, however, now forms a barrier, in terms of vegetation and high traffic-levels, between Longhedge House and the farmland of the Site affecting the ability to appreciate this relationship on the ground. Some impact on setting may arise from visual intrusion on views from the house across its garden as the development may be visible as a backdrop to this view. Any such views are likely to be screened in part by the mature vegetation of its associated garden

13 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal and enclosure, which form key parts of its setting, and also by the mature hedge which forms the Site edge. As the proposed development has the potential to impact on this aspect of the building’s setting, Longhedge House will be subject to further assessment of setting impacts.

The setting of the Bourne Valley buildings primarily relates to their place within the settlements in which they lie and proximity to the associated agricultural fields. Views to the site are not relevant to their setting and they will experience no tangible impact on their significance as a result of the proposed development. No further consideration of setting impacts to these assets is proposed. Milestones were sited due to practical concerns, chiefly requirements for distance marking. As such, views to the site or, indeed, land beyond the adjacent road and verge are not relevant to their setting and they will experience no tangible impact on their significance as a result of the proposed development. No further consideration of setting impacts to these assets is proposed. The potential for impacts on Listed Buildings lying outside the ZTV where listed structures may be viewed in combination with the proposed development is confined to Old Sarum Airfield and has been discussed above.

4.7. Registered Parks and Gardens Of the five Registered Parks and Gardens which lie within the Outer Study Area only one, Wilton, lies within the indicative ZTV (Figures 1 & 2). A small area of possible intervisibility with the proposed development is likely close to the southern edge of park. This area is c. 3ha in extent and lies c.7km away from the Site edge. It is likely that any such views from this area will be filtered through the woods at Temple Copse, lying within the park, and also the 20th century housing at Bemerton Heath, which lies on an intervening area of high ground. The central elements of the park, namely the house and adjacent formal gardens, are not visible from this section of the park and the views from this area are not cited as significant in the description of Wilton. The degree of visual impact associated with the development that may be felt within the park is likely to be negligible due to distance and intervening development and screening vegetation. As such it is not considered that the proposed development will have a tangible impact on its significance and no further consideration of setting impacts to these assets is proposed.

4.8. Conservation Areas Of the eight Conservation Areas which lie within the Outer Study, five lie within the indicative ZTV (Figures 1 & 2):

14 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

• Old Sarum Airfield; • Stratford sub Castle; • Winterbourne Gunner; • Winterbourne Earls; and • Winterbourne Dauntsey.

The Stratford sub Castle Conservation Area encompasses the settlement itself, an extensive area of fields on the floor and sides of the Avon Valley and areas around and including the Old Sarum monument complex. Areas of intervisibility with the proposed development are likely from the fields lying on the upper reaches of the east-facing valley side and from the area from Old Sarum northwards. Visual considerations and the rural nature of the landscape appear to have been factors within the designation of this Conservation Area. As the proposed development has potential to impact on this characteristic, the Conservation Area will be subject to further setting assessment. The potential for impacts on the Old Sarum Airfield Conservation Area has been discussed above. The Conservation Areas covering the three Winterbournes have very minor areas of possible intervisibility on their fringes. The Conservation Areas were designated to reflect and protect the coherent range of historic buildings and associated meadows on the valley floors present in these villages. Intermittent visibility of the proposed development will not affect these characteristics and no further consideration of setting impacts to these assets is proposed.

4.9. Undesignated assets

The course of the Sorviodunum (Salisbury) to Cunetio (Mildenhall) Roman road lies at the western Site boundary (Figures 1 & 2). It is currently in use as the A345, a busy trunk road carrying the majority of traffic between Salisbury and the north. The road was turnpiked in the 1840s and has experienced recent further alteration, realignment and roundabout construction, due to the construction of the Beehive Park and Ride (Headland Archaeology 2012, 13). As one of the main historic approaches into Salisbury, the road is a significant historic landscape feature. In the vicinity of the Site, the present road displays few of the morphological characteristics of a Roman routeway apart from its generally straight alignment. This alignment, generally uncluttered by modern road furniture, is a key element of understanding the origins of the route and how road users experiencing its time depth. The development has the potential to affect this aspect through the introduction of new junctions

15 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

and/or road furniture to the road, should any be required. The impact this may have upon the significance of the road should be subject to further assessment. The development template for the Site also expresses concerns about how the development may affect views to Old Sarum from the A345. This should also be subject to further assessment.

5. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MASTERPLAN The preceding appraisal has identified that the setting of the following heritage assets may be affected by the proposed development:

• The complex of Scheduled Monuments and Listed Buildings at Old Sarum; • Figsbury Ring (Scheduled Monument 1005647) • 'Ende Burgh' long barrow (Scheduled Monument 1005688); • Newton Barrow (Scheduled Monument 1005687); • Barrows West of Hooklands Plantation (Scheduled Monument 1005684); • Heale Hill round barrows and earthworks (Scheduled Monument 1005609); • Longhedge House (Listed Building 1318520); • The Stratford sub Castle Conservation Area; and • The undesignated Roman road represented by the A345 adjacent to the Site. These assets merit further, more detailed assessment, to better understand how setting contributes to their significance. This understanding will feed into the evolving masterplan for the site to ensure that the significance of these assets is preserved where possible and any harm is minimised. The results of the initial setting appraisal provide an early indication of the heritage sensitivities and therefore constraints and opportunities for the development of this site. The following points summarise the issues for each heritage asset that the masterplan will need to respond to. Old Sarum The prominent complex of heritage assets at Old Sarum needs to be protected as the historic focal point of the local landscape. Views towards Old Sarum from the A345 should be protected from increased visual distractions and obstructions along the west edge of the development site and, where possible, opportunities should be taken to enhance existing views on this approach

16 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal from the north. There may also be opportunities in the masterplan to create new views towards Old Sarum from public open space at the northern end of the development site. Visual change in views from Old Sarum should be kept to a minimum, making best use of existing tree screening along the southwest edge of the development site and limiting building heights at the more visible northern end. Deliberately prominent ‘landmark’ structures that would compete for visual dominance with Old Sarum, should be avoided. Figsbury Ring (Scheduled Monument 1005647) The development site is located close to the line of sight between Figsbury Ring and Old Sarum, both major Iron Age hill forts and therefore interpreted as interrelated, contemporary monuments. Any new development is likely to be largely screened by the existing housing and football stadium in the Old Sarum (Persimmon Homes) development to the south-east. However, the masterplan should aim to minimise any additional visual distraction that might weaken the link between these two hill forts. 'Ende Burgh' long barrow (Scheduled Monument 1005688) Newton Barrow (Scheduled Monument 1005687) Barrows West of Hooklands Plantation (Scheduled Monument 1005684) Heale Hill round barrows and earthworks (Scheduled Monument 1005609) The proposed development is likely to feature in views between the 'Ende Burgh' barrow (1005688) and the barrows at Newton (1005687), Heale Hill (1005609) and west of Hooklands Plantation (1005684). The proposed development has the potential to affect these visual relationships and the masterplan should seek to maintain the visual links between these sites, where they still exist. Longhedge House (Listed Building 1318520) Longhedge House is immediately adjacent to the development site but is currently well-screened, on the opposite side of the A345. The masterplan should seek to maintain this level of screening. Stratford sub Castle Conservation Area Only the north-east corner of this extensive Conservation Area will be affected. The sensitivity of this area is closely tied to Old Sarum which lies within the Conservation Area. The masterplan response to Old Sarum (discussed above) will also serve to protect the heritage significance of the Conservation Area.

17 HEADLAND ARCHAEOLOGY (UK) LTD. Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Initial Setting Appraisal

Undesignated Roman road (A345) The current A345 is thought to preserve the line of the Roman road between Cunetio (Mildenhall near Marlborough) and Sorviodunum (Old Sarum), one of five Roman roads that meet at Old Sarum. Subject to any overriding road safety considerations, the masterplan should seek to maintain this road alignment, avoiding realignment at any new junctions and minimising new road furniture that would obstruct views southbound along the road towards Old Sarum.

6. REFERENCES

6.1. Bibliography

English Heritage 2011 The Setting of Heritage Assets: English Heritage Guidance

Headland Archaeology 2012 Longhedge, Old Sarum, Salisbury, Wiltshire: Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Unpublished Client Report

Salisbury District Council 2003 Salisbury District Local Plan 2011

6.2. Online resources http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/ http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/planninganddevelopment http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/smr/

18 0 0 0 0 4 1 ± Key

Site

Primary Study Area 0 0 0 8

3 Outer Study Area 1 World Heritage Site

Scheduled Monuments Listed Buildings *# Grade I

0 *#

0 Grade II* 0 6 3 1 *# Grade II

Registered Parks and Gardens

Conservation Areas

Undesignated Roman road 0 0 0 4 3 1

Kilometres 0 2.5 0

0 HER information derived from Wiltshire Council

0 export dated 25/01/2012 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 3 1

Drawing Status: Final LHSW11

Designated heritage assets 0

408000 410000 412000 414000 416000 418000 420000 422000 0 0 0 0 4 1 ± Key

Site

Primary Study Area 0 0 0 8

3 Outer Study Area 1 Scheduled Monuments

1005684 Listed Buildings 1005609 *# Grade I

*# Grade II* 1182776 1005624

0 1130766 *#

0 Grade II

0 1005608 6 3 1 1130770 1003041 Registered Parks and Gardens 1005607 Conservation Areas 1005687 1130767 Winterbourne Gunner Undesignated Roman road

1130763 Winterbourne Dauntsey 1284849

Winterbourne Earls 1318520 0 1005647 0 0

4 1135724 3 1 1005688

1284376 1248682 Old Sarum Airfield Kilometres 0 2.5

1005645 0

0 Stratford sub Castle HER information derived from Wiltshire Council 0 export dated 25/01/2012 2 3

1 1015675 0 0 0 0 3

1 WILTON

Drawing Status: Draft LHSW11 Designated heritage assets

0 with possible intervisibility 0 0 8