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İKİ YAHUDİ SEYYAHIN Islam DÜNYASI GÖZLEMLERİ ORTAÇAÔDA İKİ YAHUDİ SEYYAHIN iSLAMDÜNYASI GÖZLEMLERİ TUDELA'Ll BENJAMIN VE RATISBON'LU PETACHIA ÇEVlREN NUH ARSLANTAŞ w • ORTAÇAG'DA 11(1 YAHUDi S1EYYAHIN Tudela'lı Benjamin ve Ratisbon'lu Petachia İSLAM DÜNYASI GÖZL1EML1ERİ M.Ü. İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ VAKFI YAYINLARI Nu: 221 ISBN 978-975-548-227-9 Sertifika No: 0107-34-007230 Kitabın Adı ORTAÇAG'DA İKİ YAHUDİ SEYYAHIN Tudela'lı Benjamin ve Ratisbon'lu Petachia İSLAM DÜNYASI GÖZLEMLERİ Çeviren Nuh ARSLANTAŞ Dizgi-Mizanpaj MİFAV Kapak Tasarım Nüans Ajans Baskı/Cilt Yazın Basın Yayın Matbaa Turizm Tic. Ltd. Şti. Maltepe Mah. Çiftehavuzlar Cad. Prestij İş Mrk. No: 27/806 K:9 Zeytinburnu İSTANBUL · Tel: 0212 565 01 22 Sertifika No: 12028 Ocak 2009 - İSTANBUL İsteme Adresi M.Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Vakfı Yayınları Mahir İz Cad. No: 2 Bağlarbaşı 34662 Üsküdar İSTANBUL Tel: 0216 651 15 06 Faks: 0216 651 00 61 [email protected] • http://www.ilahiyatvakfi.com ... ORTAÇAG'DA lll<] YAHUDU SIEYYA1HIUN Tudela'lı Benjamin ve Ratisbon'lu Petachia RSlAM DÜNYASU GÖZlIEMlIERR Çeviren Nuh ARSLANTAŞ Seyahatnamelerin özgün adları: The ltinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, Critical text, Translation and Commentary by Marcus Nathan Adler, (Landon 1907), The lslamic World in Foreign Travel Accounts 60 içinde, edited by Fuat Sezgin, reprint of the edition, Frankfurt 1995. Rabbi Petachia of Ratisbon, İbraniceden İngilizceye tercüme A. Benisch, Landon 1856 (Trübner&Co.), Jewish Travellers için­ de, edited with an introduction by Elkan Nathan Adler, Landon 1930, s. 64-90. 1u�1U'-.Ll . iÇiNDEKiLER ÇEVİRİYE ÖNSÖZ ,._,,, VII GİRİŞ ,._,,, 1 YAHUDİ SEYYAH TUDELA'LI BENJAMIN'İN SEYAHATNAMESİ ,._,,, 16 RATISBON'LU RABBİ PETACHIA'NIN SEYAHATNAMESİ ,._,,, 135 KARMA İNDEKS ,._,,, 185 ÇEVİRİYE ÖNSÖZ Miladi XII. asırda İslam dünyasını gezen Benjamin (1165- 1173) ve Petachia (1170-1187) adlı Yahudilere ait bu seya­ hatnameler Bizans, Yahudi, İslam ve Türk tarihi hakkında önemli bilgiler içermektedir.1 Graetz, Benjamin'in seyahatna- 1 Ortaçağda Benjamin ve Petachia'ya kadar İslam dünyasını gezen diğer Yahudi seyyahlar şunlardır: Eldad ha-Dani: IX. asrın ikinci yarılarında, Doğu Afrika'dan başlaya­ rak iki kez yolculuğa çıkan seyyah, ilk yolculuğunda Habeşistan, Mı­ sır, Kayravan, Kuzey Afrika (Mağrib) ve İspanya'yı; sonraki yolculu­ ğunda ise Yemen, Basra ve Bağdat'ı ziyaret ederek Afrika üzerinden Endülüs'e geçmiştir. Eldad'ın seyahatnamesi kaybolan Yahudi kabic lelerin o dönemde hala yaşadığı şeklinde bir bilgi vermesi sebebiyle o dönem Yahudilerinde çok heyecan uyandırmıştır. (Jewish Trauellers, ed. E. Nathan Adler, London 1930, Önsöz, XII; Graetz, III, 220; Solomon Grayzel, A History of the Jews, Philadelphia 1952, s. 279). Yahuda ha-Leui (1085-1140): İspanya'daki Hıristiyanların Yahudile­ re karşı büyük bir baskı uyguladığı ve Engizisyon mahkemelerinde yargıladığı bir dönemde Tuleytula'dan Kudüs'e hac niyetiyle yola çı­ kan ha-Levi önce Mısır'a uğramıştır. Mısır Yahudi cemaati lideri (Nagid) ve diğer arkadaşlarının Kudüs'e gitmesinin çok tehlikeli ola­ cağını bildirmelerine rağmen o Kudüs'e gitmekten vazgeçmemiştir. Yolculuğunun bundan sonraki seyri bilinmemekle beraber, şehrin ya­ kınlarında kutsal toprağı öpmek için secdeye kapandığı bir sırada bir Arap süvari tarafından çiğnenip öldürüldüğü efsanesi yaygındır. Benjamin, seyahatnamesinde bunun mezarının Taberiye'de olduğu­ nu belirtmektedir (Adler, a.g.e., Önsöz, XIII-XIV; Grayzel, s. 329-331. \1111 Ortaçağ'da İki Yahudi Seyyahın İsli'ımDünyası Gözlemleri mesinin sadece Yahudi tarihi açısından değil, dünya tarihi açı­ sından da önemli olduğunu özellikle belirtir. 2 Benjamin, İspanya'dan başladığı yolculuğuna Roma, Yu­ nanistan, Konstantiniye (İstanbul), Kıbrıs gibi Eski Roma ve Bizans'a ait önemli şehirleri gezmiş ve bu şehirlerin tarihi me­ kanları, ticari ve sosyo-kültürel yapıları hakkında önemli bilgiler vermiştir. Detaylı anlatımından anlaşıldığı kadarıyla Benjamin Roma ve Konstantiniye'de diğer yerlerden biraz daha fazla Ayrıca bkz. Graetz, History of the Jews, Philadelphia 1894, III, 338- 343). Avraham b. Ezra (1088-1165): Din adamlığı yanında şair ve dilciliği ile de meşhur olan İbn Ezra, çıktığı ilim yolculuğunda Mısır, Filistin, Irak, Rodos, İtalya, Fransa ve İngiltere'yi ziyaret etmiştir. 1157 yılında Londra'da bulunduğu bilinmektedir. (Adler, a.g.e. , Önsöz, XIV). Benjamin ve Petachia'dan sonra İslam dünyasını gezen iki Yahudi · seyyah daha vardır: Yahuda el-Harizi (1170-1230): Arapçadan İbranice'ye yaptığı tercü­ meleriyle meşhur olan el-Harizi Mısır, Filistin, Suriye ve Irak gibi İs­ lam topraklarını gezmiş, aynen Benjamin gibi buralarda yaşayan Ya­ hudiler ve cemaatin ileri gelenleri hakkında Tahkemoni adını taşıyan eserinde çok kıymetli bilgiler vermiştir. (Adler, a.g.e., Önsöz, XVI. Ay­ rıca bkz. Grayzel, s. 383). Rabbi Ya 'kov: Yahuda el-Harizi'nin ölümünden 8 yıl sonra İslam dünyasına gelen Jacop, Paris baş rabbisi Yehiel (Jechiel) tarafından Paris'teki Rabbinik koleje yardım toplamak amacıyla gönderilmişti. 1238 yılında Fransa'dan hareket ederek Irak ve Filistin'i gezmiştir. (Adler, a.g.e., Önsöz, XVIII).] İslam dünyasına, özellikle de Hıristiyanlarca kutsal kabul edilen Filis­ tin' e ortaçağda pek çok seyahat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hıristiyan alemin­ de Filistin'i ziyaret duygusunun uyanış sebepleri ve yapılan yolculuk­ lar için bkz. Steven Runciman, "The Pilgrimages to Palestine before 1095", History of the Crusades içinde, ed. Marshall W. Baldwin, Philadelphia 1955, s. 68-80; Runciman, Haçlı Seferleri Tarihi, trc. Fikret Işıltan, Ankara 1989, 1, 30-40; Aryeh Grabois, "Medieval Pilgrims, the Holy Land and its lmage in European Civilisation", The Holy Land in History and Thought içinde, ed. Moshe Sharon, E.J. Brill 1988, s. 65-79. 2 Graetz, III, 388. Çeviriye Önsöz ıx kalmış gözükmektedir. Seyahatnamede Bizans'ın vergi gelirle­ rinden Hipodrom'daki gladyatör dövüşlerine kadar Bizans ta­ rihiyle ilgili çok çeşitli bilgiler okumaktayız. Seyahat Filistin'de Haçlı işgalinin devam ettiği bir zamanda yapıldığı için, seya­ hatnamede o dönemde Haçlıların kutsal topraklardaki bazı yerleşim birimlerine (St. Abram de Bron gibi) verdiği adlar ve dönemin diğer önemli olayları hakkında da birtakım bilgiler bulmak mümkündür ki bu, Filistin tarihi açısından da büyük önem taşımaktadır. Benjamin'in Bağdat'ı ziyareti esnasında Abbasi tahtında el­ Müstencid oturuyordu. O, halife hakkında her ne kadar bütün İslam meliklerinin kendisine itaat ettiğinden bahsetse de bu ita­ at göstermelik bir itaattı. Onun ziyareti sırasında Haleb'te ise Zengiler hakimdi. Benjamin şehirden Nureddin'in başkenti olarak bahseder. Kahire'yi ziyareti esnasında Salahaddin EyyQbi, amcası Esedüddin Şirküh'ten sonra Fatımi halifesi Adıd'ın vezirliğini yapıyordu. O Fatımi halifesinin veziri Nlireddin Zengi'nin de naibi konumundaydı.3 Petachia'nın ziyareti esnasında ise Abbasi halifesi, en-Nasır li-dinillah (575-622/1180-1225) olmalıdır. Benish, onun 1174- 1187 yılları arasında Dimaşk'ta olabileceğini belirtir ki, bu dö­ nem Mısır'da idareye hakim olan Salahaddin'in Şam ve el­ Cezire'yi de alarak bölgesel birliği sağladığı zamana rastlamak­ tadır. Petachia Regensburg'ludur. Regensburg o dönemde İslam dünyasına karşı tertip edilen Haçlı seferlerinde Alman ordusu­ nun hareket noktası idi. 11. Haçlı Seferi için Alman kralı III. Konrad von Hohenstaufen 1147'de;4 III. Haçlı Seferi için im­ parator Friedrich Barbarossa ise 1189 yılında5 Regensburg'tan 3 Hasan İbrahim, V, 133; Şeşen, "Eyyubller" , Türkiye Diyanet Va kfı İslôm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XII, 20. 4 Runciman, il, 215. s Runciman, 111, 10. x Ortaçağ'da İki Ya hudi Seyyahın İs/dm Dünyası Gözlemleri hareket etmişlerdi. Bu tarihten 9-10 yıl kadar önce ise aynı coğrafyadan olan bu Yahudi seyyah değişik gayelerle İslam topraklarında bulunuyordu. Seyyahlar, özellikle de Benjamin, gezdikleri yerlerde yaşa­ yan Yahudiler hakkında çok kapsamlı bilgiler vermişlerdir. Roth, ortaçağ Yahudi tarihi araştırmacılarının, XII. ve XIII. asır İtalya, Bizans, Filistin, Mezopotamya ve Ortadoğu Yahudi ce­ maatleri ile ilgili bilgi verirken Benjamin' den (ve Petachia) müstağni kalamadıklarını belirtir.6 Zaten Yahudi seyyahlar ara­ sından Benjamin ve onu tamamlaması açısından Petachia se­ yahatnamelerini seçmemizin sebebi de budur. Okuyucu bu seyahatnamelerde ortaçağ Yahudilerinin o dönemde cemaat halinde yaşadıkları yerleşim yerlerini bulacaktır. Seyyahlar gezdikleri yerlerde yaşayan Yahudilerin nüfusu, bunların mes­ lek ve kazanç yolları, mabetleri (sinagoglar), eğitim-öğretim kurumları, mezarları ve ziyaretgahları ile cemaat liderleri gibi, Yahudilerin ortaçağda dini, ticari, sosyal ve kültürel hayatının değişik yönleriyle ilgili çok değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Bu yö­ nüyle seyahatnameler ortaçağ seyahatlarının tipik özelliğini ta­ şımaktadır. 7 İfadelerinden mutaassıp din adamları olduklarını anladığımız seyyahlar,8 özellikle de Benjamin, ortaçağ İslam 6 Cecil Roth, "Benjamin (Ben Jonah) of Tudela", Encyc/opedia Judaica (EJd) , II, 537. 7 Yunan tarihçi Vryonis, ortaçağda seyahatların daha çok dini, ekono­ mik veya siyasi sebeplerle gerçekleştirildiğini; ancak Rönesans'la bir­ likte seyahatların amacının tarihi yerleri gezme, arkeolojik ilgiler, eski yazma, kitabe, para ve sanat eserlerini temin etme gibi çok değişik alanlara kaydığını belirtir. Bkz. Speros Vryonis, Jr , "Travellers as a Source for the Societies of the Middle East 900-1600'', Studies on Byzantium, Se/juks and Ottomans, Malibu 1981, il, 286. a Okunurken de görüleceği üzere Benjamin, Karaller, Samir'iler veya Dürzller'in birtakım inanç ve ibadetleri için, " ... saçma sapan inanç ve kabulleri.
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