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And Theoretical Consciousness Ciba Foundation Symposium 174 EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS A Wiley- In terscience Publication 1993 JOHN WlLEY & SONS Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto . Singapore EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS The Ciba Foundation is an international scientific and educational charity. It was established in 1947 by the Swiss chemical and pharmaceutical company of ClBA Limited - now Ciba-Geigy Limited. The Foundation operates independently in London under English trust law. The Ciba Foundation exists to promote international cooperation in biological, medical and chemical research. It organizes about eight international multidisciplinary symposia each year on topics that seem ready for discussion by a small group of research workers. The papers and discussions are published in the Ciba Foundation symposium series. The Foundation also holds many shorter meetings (not published), organized by the Foundation itself or by outside scientific organizations. The staff always welcome suggestions for future meetings. The Foundation's house at 41 Portland Place, London WIN 4BN, provides facilities for meetings of all kinds. Its Media Resource Service supplies information to journalists on all scientific and technological topics. The library, open five days a week to any graduate in science or medicine, also provides information on scientific meetings throughout the world and answers general enquiries on biomedical and chemical subjects. Scientists from any part of the world may stay in the house during working visits to London. Ciba Foundation Symposium 174 EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF CONSCIOUSNESS A Wiley- In terscience Publication 1993 JOHN WlLEY & SONS Chichester New York Brisbane Toronto . Singapore OCiba Foundation 1993 Published in 1993 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Baffins Lane, Chichester West Sussex PO19 lUD, England All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced by any means, or transmitted, or translated into a machine language without the written permission of the publisher. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, USA Jacaranda Wiley Ltd, G.P.O. Box 859, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Canada) Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Rexdale, Ontario M9W 1L1, Canada John Wiley & Sons (SEA) Pte Ltd, 37 Jalan Pemimpin #05-04, Block B, Union Industrial Building, Singapore 2057 Suggested series entry for library catalogues: Ciba Foundation Symposia Ciba Foundation Symposium 174 ix + 3 16 pages, 23 figures, 6 tables British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 471 93866 1 Phototypeset by Dobbie Typesetting Limited, Tavistock, Devon. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford. Contents Symposium on Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness, held at the Ciba Foundation, London, 7-9 July 1992 This symposium is based on a proposal made by Dr Max Velmans Editors: Gregory R. Bock (Organizer) and Joan Marsh T. Nagel What is the mind-body problem? 1 Discussion 7 S. Shoemaker Functionalism and consciousness 14 Discussion 2 1 M. Kinsbourne Integrated cortical field model of consciousness 43 Discussion 5 1 J. R. Searle The problem of consciousness 61 Discussion 70 M. Velmans A reflexive science of consciousness 81 Discussion 9 1 J. L. Singer Experimental studies of ongoing conscious experience 100 Discussion 116 B. Libet The neural time factor in conscious and unconscious events 123 Discussion 137 J. F. Kihlstrom The psychological unconscious and the self 147 Discussion 156 A. J. Marcel Slippage in the unity of consciousness 168 Discussion 180 P. D. Wall Pain and the placebo response 187 Discussion 2 12 V vi Contents W. T. Newsome and C. D. Salzman The neuronal basis of motion perception 217 Discussion 230 M. S. Gazzaniga Brain mechanisms and conscious experience 247 Discussion 257 J. A. Gray Consciousness, schizophrenia and scientific theory 263 Discussion 273 B. J. Baars How does a serial, integrated and very limited stream of consciousness emerge from a nervous system that is mostly unconscious, distributed, parallel and of enormous capacity? 282 Discussion 291 T. Nagel Summary 304 Index of contributors 307 Subject index 309 Participants B. J. Baars The Wright Institute, 2728 Durant Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA M. A. Boden School of Cognitive & Computing Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK T. H. Carr Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1 117, USA D. C. Dennett Department of Philosophy, Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA P. Fenwick Department of Psychiatry, Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK M. S. Gazzaniga Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA J. A. Gray Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AF, UK S. R. Harnad Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA N. K. Humphrey Darwin College, Cambridge CB3 9EU, UK J. F. Kihlstrom The Amnesia & Cognition Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA M. Kinsbourne Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA B. Libet Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA vi i viii Participants M. Lockwood Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Rewley House, 1 Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JA, UK A. J. Marcel MRC Applied Psychology Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK C. McGinn Department of Philosophy, Rutgers State University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA T. Nagel (Chairman) Department of Philosophy, New York University, 503 Main Building, Washington Square, New York, NY 10003, USA W. T. Newsome Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Sherman Fairchild Science Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5401, USA Y. Rossetti (Bursar) Vision et Motricite, INSERM Unite 94, 16 Avenue du Doyen Lepoine, F-69500 Bron, France J. R. Searle Department of Philosophy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA H. Shevrin Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Riverview Building, 900 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0722, USA S. Shoemaker The Sage School of Philosophy, 218 Goldwin Smith Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-3201, USA J. L. Singer Department of Psychology, Yale University, PO Box 11A, Yale Station, New Haven, CT 06520-7447, USA E. Strain (Bursar) Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK G. Underwood Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK R. Van Gulick Cognitive Science Program, Syracuse University College of Arts and Sciences, 541 Hall of Languages, Syracuse, NY 13244-1170, USA M. L. Velmans Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths’ College, University of London, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, UK Participants ix P. D. Wall Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WClE 6BT, UK B. Williams Corpus Christi College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4JF, UK What is the mind-body problem? Thomas Nagel Department of Philosophy, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA Abstract. The mind-body problem exists because we naturally want to include the mental life of conscious organisms in a comprehensive scientific understanding of the world. On the one hand it seems obvious that everything that happens in the mind depends on, or is, something that happens in the brain. On the other hand the defining features of mental states and events, features like their intentionality, their subjectivity and their conscious experiential quality, seem not to be comprehensible simply in terms of the physical operation of the organism. This is not just because we have not yet accumulated enough empirical information: the problem is theoretical. We cannot at present imagine an explanation of colour perception, for example, which would do for that phenomenon what chemistry has done for combustion-an explanation which would tell us in physical terms, and without residue, what the experience of colour perception is. Philosophical analyses of the distinguishing features of the mental that are designed to get us over this hurdle generally involve implausible forms of reductionism, behaviouristic in inspiration. The question is whether there is another way of bringing mental phenomena into a unified conception of objective reality, without relying on a narrow standard of objectivity which excludes everything that makes them interesting. 1993 Experimental and theoretical studies of consciousness. Wiley, Chichester (Ciba Foundation Symposium 174) p 1-13 A discussion that brings philosophers together with empirical investigators of the mind and brain may give us all a better idea of the obstacles facing a scientific account of consciousness and of the prospects for overcoming those obstacles. In these introductory remarks (designed to establish my lack of impartiality before assuming the function of chairman), I shall express an opinion about how the scientific and philosophical approaches to the subject are related: I believe their problems are strongly interdependent. The mind-body problem emerges in philosophy as the direct result of a modern ambition of scientific understanding-the
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