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Ideological Dissention in the Progressive Era : Uncovering the Challengers to Direct Democracy Reforms

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Ideological Dissention in the Progressive Era : Uncovering the Challengers to Direct Democracy Reforms University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-2006 Ideological dissention in the progressive era : uncovering the challengers to direct democracy reforms. Lonce H. Sandy-Bailey University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Sandy-Bailey, Lonce H., "Ideological dissention in the progressive era : uncovering the challengers to direct democracy reforms." (2006). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 2404. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/2404 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IDEOLOGICAL DISSENTION IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA: UNCOVERING THE CHALLENGERS TO DIRECT DEMOCRACY REFORMS A Dissertation Presented by LONCE H. SANDY-BAILEY Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2006 Department of Political Science © Copyright by Lonce H. Sandy-Bailey 2006 All Rights Reserved IDEOLOGICAL DISSENTION IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA: UNCOVERING THE CHALLENGERS TO DIRECT DEMOCRACY REFORMS A Dissertation Presented by LONCE H. SANDY-BAILEY Approved as to style and content by: * Jerome M. Mileur, Chair George'Sulzner;eorge^Sul: Member Ronald Story, Member George Srtnzner, Chair Department of Political Science DEDICATION To the memory of my father, Larry Bailey and to my loving mother, Dorothy Bailey and To my wonderful wife, Julia Lane ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Looking back. I realize that more than the completion ot a comprehensive research project, this dissertation represents the culmination of a long process of education and training for I which owe many people thanks and gratitude. Since there are few places to publicly thank those who helped me with this specific project as well as my Ph D., I will take some extra time here to recognize them for their special contributions. 1 just hope that the pit orchestra does not try to “play” me off the stage. My dissertation chair, Jerry Mileur, has been the single most important person to me in my graduate education and in the writing of this dissertation. My knowledge of American politics and my approach to political science has been almost solely shaped by his tremendous dedication to my intellectual development and unflagging support of my research. He has provided support in virtually every aspect of my life while at UMass and, from the beginning, saw my potential even when I might have denied it. Even more importantly, Jerry has taught me how to be a better person and has offered guidance, advice, support, and unflinching loyalty since the first day I met him. I would have failed in several life goals without him. I would also like to thank my other committee members, George Sulzner and Ron Story, both of whom offered keen insight and assistance in the research and writing of the dissertation but more importantly have been outstanding role models for what it means to be an interesting academic and teacher. Others at UMass were always helpful and took interest in my intellectual and administrative well-being. Professors Jeff Sedgwick, Ray La Raja, Yin Moscardelli, Fred v Kramer, and Howard Wiarda were always willing to help me think through the specifics ot my research and otfer professional advice as well. Donna Dove, Wendy Matys, and Barb Ciesluk offered tremendous support and a good laugh all while making sure that 1 was never too far in administrative hock. Both Bill Thompson and Rachel Hobbie at the W.E.B. Du Bois library provided kind assistance in a variety of ways. A special thanks to Janet Rifkin for her kind patience, support and pep talks during our long drives to Boston. The Department of Political Science gave me many years of support and funding and I thank them for making me an important and welcomed part of the department over the years. I have developed many new and supportive friends while at UMass who have contributed in various ways to my success. Deep thanks to Larry Becker, Alison and Pete Dagnes, Lana Wylie and Duane Hewitt, Doug Lathrop, Alec Ewald, Jon Keller, Bob Lacey, Brent Heeringa, and Todd Audyatis. They have been a great source of support, relaxation and entertainment, and I have the photos to prove it. Special thanks to Michael Hannahan for taking a particular interest in my success. He has been a blessing to have as a friend and intellectual advisor. Many of my former students offered great support, provided research assistance, and maintained loyal confidence in my project. In particular, I would like to thank Raija Vaisanen and Matthew Saradjian. I would also like to thank several people in the Amherst community who gave me important support at crucial times including Stan Rosenberg, Steven Bradley, Sean Barry, and Lisa Hannahan. Additionally, Chris Carlisle was always good for deep personal conversations or an afternoon of laughter. He was absolutely key to helping me keep a proper perspective in my work and in life. vi I would also like to thank those that helped lead me to my time here and continue to be a source of inspiration and support. Special thanks to Eric Thompson and Mary Lusk for their tremendous friendship and intellectual input into my research. Additionally, Charles Everett, Jan Schonauer and George Gutman, Tom Lugo, Kimberley Spears, Darlene Dunham, Paul Minicucci, and Anne Williams, all deserve thanks for their help over the years. From my time at U.C. Irvine I owe much credit to Mark Petracca, John Diggins, Harry Eckstein, Pamela Kelley, and Doris Earnshaw for their important contributions to my education and training. From my time at the University of Virginia I owe sincere gratitude for the guidance and support of Michael Brint and Carl Stenberg. Special personal thanks to Dennis Carocci, Ron Severson, and Rusty Weaver who all still influence my work and my life. Of course, even with all these people playing an important part in my success, my family has been the greatest source of strength support through the graduate school process. Coach and Marylane, Robin and Steve, Jay and Joanna, and the extended Sandy family have been tremendous cheerleaders and offered couches, beaches, baseball games, and an occasional “bear in a cage” for much needed decompressing. My lovely aunt, Betsy Worsh, offered great support and advice and even provided expert editing services. My sister Gwen and her husband Rod are two of my biggest fans. They provided constant inspiration and bubbling enthusiasm as well as that special type of support that only your family can offer. Thank you both for all your love and confidence in this sister project and in my life pursuits - it would have been impossible without you. My Felicia and niece Zarathena offered a loving and relaxing home and provide unusual support and acceptance of my work. Thank you both for understanding and knowing just what to say at just the right time. Having you and your love nearby kept me sane and grounded. I dedicate this dissertation to three people who have made my hie complete Mv lather, Larry Bailey, who passed away during my graduate work, is the most central, lifelong inspiration to I how live my life. I have always wanted to be more like him and this degree is evidence of his continuing influence on me. He would have loved this particular accomplishment, perhaps more than anyone. My mother is a continuing inspiration to me and offers, through personal example, extra-human strength, resiliency, compassion, and love. My determination to finish this and other life goals undoubtedly stems from her and the lessons she taught me. I offer all my love, thanks and gratitude for what she has given me in this life. Finally, this journey would have been meaningless without my loving wife, Julia Lane. Every day in graduate school was a beautiful and interesting day simply because she was there to share it with me. Even with the stress of both of us finishing our graduate work and dissertations together, Julia constantly knew how to love, guide, and support me through this process. She has been an intellectual inspiration, a compassionate and loving wife, and a source of great joy. My life makes sense with her in it and graduate school was the dream of dreams because we could share it and experience it together. Dedicating this work to her is only a small recognition of her uncompromising commitment to me and our life together. viii ABSTRACT IDEOLOGICAL DISSENTION IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA: UNCOVERING THE CHALLENGERS TO DIRECT DEMOCRACY REFORMS MAY 2006 LONCE H. SANDY-BAILEY, B.A., UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IRVINE M.A., UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor Jerome M. Mileur This dissertation attempts to expand our understanding of the most important political reform period in American history - the Progressive Era. Academic literature on the Progressive Era has focused almost exclusively on the reformers of the time and has ignored the question, “With whom were the Progressives arguing?” By attempting to and answer this question, we can develop a better understanding of the intellectual ideological conflict that gave rise to the direct democracy reforms of the time and extend our understanding of the development of the American state. lively resistance to What this research reveals is the existence ot a dynamic and This Anti-progressive voice the direct democracy reforms of the Progressive movement. of direct democracy provides intellectual and political arguments against a variety judicial recall, and the reforms including the direct primary, initiative and referendum, dissent come from a variety ot sources that direct election of senators.
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