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Public Administration and Political Science: an Historical Analysis of the Relation Between the Two Academic Disciplines Hiba Khodr

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Public Administration and Political Science: an Historical Analysis of the Relation Between the Two Academic Disciplines Hiba Khodr Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Public Administration and Political Science: An Historical Analysis of the Relation Between the Two Academic Disciplines Hiba Khodr Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICAL SCIENCE: AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TWO ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES BY HIBA KHODR A Dissertation submitted to The Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded Summer Semester, 2005 The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Hiba Khodr defended on Tuesday July 5th, 2005. __________________________ Mary E. Guy Professor Directing Dissertation __________________________ John Reynolds Outside Committee Member __________________________ Frances S. Berry Committee Member _________________________ Ralph Brower Committee Member The office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To my late father, Mohamad H. Khodr, the professor whose inspiration remains with me. To my husband Ziad and my children Dana, Jude, and Mohamad, for their compromise, patience, and support. To my mother Direyeh who if not for her encouragement, I would not be writing this dedication today. And mostly to Allah for his blessing and guidance. Thank you all. Hiba Khodr iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge the support of all my committee members: Dr. Ralph Brower for his long-term support throughout my doctorate years; Dr. John Reynolds for kindly agreeing to be on my committee; Dr. Frances S. Berry for her continuous encouraging words; and last but not least, Dr Mary E. Guy for making me produce a kind of work I would be proud of for the rest of my life. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ix List of Figures x Abstract xi PREFACE 1 CHAPTER ONE…THE ENDURING CONNECTION BETWEEN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 2 The Birth of an Idea 2 The Birthplace of a Discipline We Call PA 4 A House without a Home 7 Homecoming or Moving out? 9 CHAPTER TWO…REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 15 Early Work 15 Later Work 17 Recent Work 19 CHAPTER THREE…A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE STUDY 25 Theoretical Framework and the Research Questions 25 Theories of Institutions 26 Theories of Professions 31 Research Questions 45 v Methodology 47 Historical Methods 47 Content Analysis 49 CHAPTER FOUR…AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE TWO DISCIPLINES: A CENTURY’S DEVELOPMENT 56 Political Science History 58 The Early Years: Prior to 1887 63 The Founding Years: 1900s-1930s 68 American Political Science Association (APSA) 70 The First Years: 1940s-1960s 80 Behavioralism 83 Public Affairs 87 The Following Years: 1970s-1980s 90 Public Policy 91 Professional Developments 91 Post-Behavioralism 95 The Recent Years: 1990s-2000s 97 New Institutionalism 103 Public Administration History 105 The Early Years: Prior to 1887 107 The Founding Years: 1900s-1930s 109 University Programs 111 Bureaus, Institutes, and Centers 112 American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) 117 The First Years: 1940s-1960s 120 Minnowbrook I 126 The Following Years: 1970s-1980s 127 vi The National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration 128 Minnowbrook II 136 The Recent Years: 1990s-2000s 137 CHAPTER FIVE…A THEORETICAL ACCOUNT OF THE TWO FIELDS 142 Politics-Administration Dichotomy 145 Bureaucracy and Democracy 152 Theory and Practice 154 Public Administration as Discipline vs. Application 155 Behavioralism 159 Herbert Simon, Public Administration, and Political Science 161 Public Administration, Political Science, and the Science of Management 163 Public Administration, Political Science, and Policy Studies 165 CHAPTER SIX…AN INSTITUTIONAL ACCOUNT OF THE RELATIONSHIP 173 Academic Organization 175 The Departmentalization of the Two Disciplines in Higher Education 175 The Scholarly Work of the Two Disciplines in their Respective Publications: A Content Analysis 195 Journals Analysis 195 Books 224 People Profiles 226 Professional Organization and Aggregation 228 Professionalization and Specialization 228 Professional Associations 232 Presidential Addresses 238 CHAPTER SEVEN...CONCLUSION 251 A Historiographical Analysis of the Relationship 252 vii The Revival of an Historical Association 260 An Everlasting Tale of a Symbiotic Relationship 267 The Future Prospects for the Relationship: Has the Link Expired? 271 REFERENCES 276 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 296 viii LIST OF TABLES 1. Timeline of Major Events in Political Science History 53 2. Timeline of Major Events in Public Administration History 106 3. A List of the Eight Universities in which Public Administration was 179 organized as a Separate School or Department (1940s-1950s) 4. The Organization of the Sixty-one Schools offering an Undergraduate 188 Degree in Public Administration 5. A List of the Seven Universities in which Public Administration and 189 Political Science are combined in the Same Department or School 6. The Organization of the Two Hundred and Thirty Schools offering a 190 Graduate Degree in Public Administration 7. A List of the Thirteen Universities in which Public Administration and 193 Political Science are combined in the Same Department or School 8. A List of the Major Public Administration Scholarly Journals 198 9. A List of the Major Political Science Scholarly Journals 201 10. Number of Public Administration Related Articles and Book Review . 211 Sections in Four Political Science Scholarly Journals 11. Number of Political Science Related Articles and Book Review . 249 Sections in Three Public Administration Scholarly Journals ix LIST OF FIGURES 1. The Organization of Public Administration Programs in American . 176 Colleges and Universities (1930 - 2000) vis-à-vis Political Science 2. The Development of the Relation Between Public Administration and . 259 Political Science (1904-Present) x ABSTRACT From the dawn of civilization, political science and public administration have developed a close relationship. The development of a more stable society during any era in the existence of any civilization could not take place without the improvement and coordination of political and administrative techniques that foster social cohesion. Public administration and political science not only study and develop such techniques, but also work toward accomplishing such cohesion. For all its intellectual history, the field of public administration has been acknowledged to have a niche in the political science discipline. Yet this position has not always been a comfortable one. Through their quest for authority, autonomy, professionalism, and scientism, public administration and political science emerged as two disciplines that were proven capable of institutionalizing their distinct formal knowledge. The transformation of this body of knowledge, from generalized to more specialized, contributed at times to the alliance between the two disciplines and at other times to a growing tension between them and even separation. Despite a rocky journey, the two fields appeared to have a natural alliance that had endured harsh times and weak ties and was now making its way toward a rapprochement. This dissertation examines American Public Administration’s relationship to political science. It analyzes major theoretical trends in both fields’ history that have had a profound impact on the historical development of such relation. These include: politics- administration dichotomy, bureaucracy and democracy, theory and practice, and behavioralism. In addition, the appearance of the science of management and the emergence of the subfield of policy studies are two events that have contributed to major changes that occurred in the relationship between the two fields at different times. The method of research of this study is mainly historical. However, a content analysis is xi conducted. The data collected include primary sources, such as scholarly publications in both fields, and other related material such as the disciplines’ academic organization and professional associations. This study is divided into historical periods ranging from 1887 to present. These periods are formulated to highlight the relationship chronological development. By tracing such development this study is in a unique position to assess the relationship’s status, identifying both its high and low points. When was the origin; what is the nature; how was the course; and how is the present condition, of the two disciplines’ relationship? These are some of the questions this work attempts to answer. What has certainly become clear through this study is that change is necessary. The discipline of political science might not achieve the prestigious position it deserves inside the government and will not offer the appropriate curriculum that its students need to serve in this government, until it can establish a better relationship with public administration scholars. The latter might not attain the prominent place in academe they strive for, until they improve the grounding of their research in scientific theories and enhance their methodological tools. Both are difficult tasks to accomplish. Public administration might have a much tougher task-- re-establishing dialogue with the central tenets of its vocation, which are political in character, without letting itself get distracted from
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