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GREENLAND – a Modern Society Greenland – a Modern Society GREENLAND – a modern society Greenland – a modern society Published by Denmark’s Ministry of the Environment Environmental Assistance to the Arctic 2002 Produced by Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29, DK-1401 Copenhagen K Tel. +45 32 66 01 00 Fax +45 32 66 04 79 www.mst.dk Text Hans Pedersen, Danish Union of Journalists Edition closed for contributions February 2002 Printing and graphic design AKA-PRINT A/S Photos Jørgen Raa Andersen, Thomas Bjørneboe Gomez Berg, Egil Borchersen, Mads Fægteborg, Jens Carl Hansen, Torben Jür- gensen, Louise-Inger Kordon, Lars Moseholm, Peter Müller Larsen, Christian Oxenvad, Finn Pedersen, Îsâvaraq Petrussen, Aqqalu Rosing-Asvid, Henrik Højmark Thomsen. Translation FLEX-SPROG A/S Number printed 1,000 ISBN 87-7972-240-7 The publication can be obtained free of charge from Miljøbutikken (Danish Ministry of the Environment’s information centre) Læderstræde 1-3 DK-1201 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel. +45 33 95 40 00 Fax +45 32 92 76 90 This book may be quoted from with indication of source. Printed on Cyclus Print 115 g and 200 g CONTENTS KNOWLEDGE CREATES UNDERSTANDING, INSIGHT AND CRITERIA Preface by the Danish Minister for the Environment Hans Christian Schmidt and member of the Greenlandic Cabinet Edward Geisler 5 INTRODUCTION By the Danish Environmental Agency 7 COOPERATION ON MAJOR PROBLEMS No tradition for maintenance of housing and institutional buildings 14 THE SINS OF THE PAST Refurbishment to make people’s homes healthier 22 THE BUILDER FROM NUUK Shoddy building and building stop 28 ENERGY IN GREENLAND Hydropower is the answer – what was the question? 30 WATER AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN GREENLAND Waste water or save it? 36 SPECIALISING IN EVERYTHING Initiative is the key word in the training of building tradesmen in Greenland 42 HOUSING CONDITIONS AND TUBERCULOSIS Tuberculosis cannot be eradicated but only kept down 50 MYTHS AND OPINIONS ON PUBLIC HEALTH IN GREENLAND Changes in lifestyle reveal the same picture everywhere in the Arctic 52 PUBLIC HEALTH IN SISIMIUT Healthy habits produce a healthy body 60 THE DIET ALONG THE COAST What is real Greenlandic food? 64 FAT IN GREENLAND – TOO LITTLE AND TOO MUCH Traditional Greenlandic food contains the right kind of fat 70 A MIXED DIET Heavy metals accumulate in the liver, and POPs in fatty tissue 74 HORMONE-DISTURBING ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL TOXINS Danger signal from Tromsø 80 SHEEP FARMING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT By the book: The Brundtland Report 82 ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATION IN A NEW AGE The work of a nature guide in Greenland 88 THE WORLD’S LARGEST ISLAND Data on Greenland 93 GREENLAND – A MODERN SOCIETY 3 4 DET MODERNE GRØNLAND KNOWLEDGE CREATES UNDERSTANDING, INSIGHT AND CRITERIA Greenland is a rapidly changing society. Just a The aim of the Environmental Assistance to few decades ago it was a simple hunting and the Arctic is to protect, monitor and rehabilitate fishing community; now, it is a modern con- the Arctic environment. Through the support- sumer society. Its development is to some ed projects, knowledge is being acquired that extent shaped by present-day trends within, provides an important basis for the debate on for example, public health, environment, trade sustainable development in Greenland. and industry, the labour market, education, social services and infrastructure. Through its environmental assistance to the Arctic, Denmark is also involved in projects in The public debate sometimes bears signs of Greenland with broader objectives than tradi- sharply opposed interests, and it can be diffi- tional environmental projects. These projects, cult for outsiders to follow it. It is our inten- their background and their importance to tion with this publication, “Greenland – a Greenland form the backbone of this publica- modern society”, to provide an introduction to tion, which offers 15 topical stories within the the main problems facing Greenland today areas housing, energy and public health. and thus give readers greater insight into the political debate. Both the Home Rule Government and the Danish Government hope that the publication Denmark and Greenland have long enjoyed will help to disseminate further knowledge good and constructive cooperation on a range about the discussions on sustainable develop- of environmental projects. Since 1994, Den- ment in Greenland – and will thus also lead to mark has focused particularly on Greenland as greater understanding of modern Greenland an element of its environmental assistance to and the challenges facing it in the years ahead. the Arctic, and this has led to close environ- mental cooperation with the Home Rule Go- vernment of Greenland. Minister for Environment Home Rule Minister for Health and Environment Hans Christian Schmidt Edward Geisler GREENLAND – A MODERN SOCIETY 5 Finn Pedersen INTRODUCTION By the Danish Environmental Protection Agency The publication “Greenland – a modern socie- about modern Greenland and the rapid devel- ty – on housing, energy and public health” fol- opment Greenland society is undergoing. The lows up on “The Danish-Greenlandic Environ- publication is also being translated into Green- mental Cooperation – twelve stories about landic and will be widely distributed in Green- environmental projects in Greenland” pub- land, so that people can see what is written lished by the then Ministry of the Environment about the rapidly changing society of which and Energy in 2001. The earlier publication they are a part. described a number of projects in Greenland supported by Environmental Assistance to the WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOP- Arctic, mainly concerning utilisation of Green- MENT IN THE ARCTIC? land’s flora and fauna and environmental pro- The sustainability concept normally covers tection. This led naturally on to the idea of three dimensions: economic and social deve- also describing a number of supported pro- lopment, and protection of the environment. jects within other sectors – projects that to a That is how the concept is used in the Danish greater extent concerned modern Greenland and Nordic work on the development of society, but with particular focus on housing national strategies for sustainable development. and the supply side. In the Arctic, however, there is a desire for The Environmental Protection Agency a special, fourth dimension. In the description therefore asked the author of the first publica- of its Sustainable Development Programme, tion, environment journalist Hans Pedersen, to the Arctic Council states that objectives must: write another, but with a different focus. In ” … advance .. opportunities to protect and addition, Rasmus Ole Rasmussen, Senior Lec- enhance the environment and the economy, turer at Roskilde University Centre, has written culture and health of indigenous communities an article on sustainable sheep farming in ….”. The Arctic Council has thus broadened south Greenland, which is included since the the concept of sustainable development by theme of the publication is precisely sustain- including protection and enhancement of the able development – in housing, the supply culture of Arctic communities in the concept sector and public health. The various articles of sustainable development. therefore necessarily cover broader issues than Culture is related to welfare, and welfare is can be directly related to individual supported in turn related to the individual’s control of projects, and there is also necessarily some resources in the broad sense of the word degree of personal interpretation and evalua- (education, work, hunting and fishing, politics, tion by the authors. etc.). The fundamental political thinking is that Therefore, besides providing information lack of access to social benefits – that is bene- about Greenland’s modern society in a fine fits normally available in the Nordic welfare and inspiring way, the publication must societies – should not necessarily be interpre- inevitably be seen as a contribution to the ted as a low level of welfare in small, isolated public debate on current trends in Greenland. communities. Furthermore, the concept “tradi- It is not intended as such, but if it leads to tional knowledge” is a prominent element of reflection and to a feeling of suddenly having the Arctic perception of welfare and is thus of learnt something new about Greenland, it will importance both for the social dimension and New and old meet definitely have achieved its aim. There is a for protection of the environment and nature everywhere in Green- pressing need in Denmark for knowledge conservation. land GREENLAND – A MODERN SOCIETY 7 The discussions on the concept of sustain- demographic resources for change, and atti- able development in the Arctic have mainly tudes, values and welfare priorities in the po- concerned the management of natural pulation. Here, however, the Arctic peoples and resources, or lack of management; trade barri- the Arctic societies in the USA and Canada, ers; public health (including social diseases) Northern Europe and Siberia are very different and education; and broad agreement on the and have very different starting points. precise meaning of the concept seems to be It can be said that the sustainability concept lacking. However, no one disputes the need to in the Arctic includes a special human dimen- include human activity and to assign relatively sion, since the inhabitants of the Arctic are a great weight to it. Human activity includes vital resource that is undergoing rapid deve- political and economic systems, cultural factors lopment generated by lifestyle and technologi- and technological development. cal pressures from outside. Things are moving Sustainability in the Arctic is therefore not very fast, and the Arctic peoples must today simply a question of adjusting the political and live with the values and conditions of life of economic structures or rules of Arctic societies both the past and the future. They are both Greenland’s first and in the direction of a future sustainable deve- fishermen/hunters and wage earners. The so far only traffic lopment in different sectors of society. It is also economy is a mixed economy of cash and lights – in the centre necessary to include living conditions, informal kind.
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