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The Lichen of British Columbia

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The Lichen of British Columbia 5a 1b Podetial squamules, if present, confined to basal portions; podetia often strongly cor- x3 ticate, to less than 20 mm tall; apothecia present . 5 5a Over decaying wood; apothecia pale brown; podetia with a distinctly yellowish cast, K-, KC+ yellow or KC-; usnic acid present; atranorin absent . Cladonia botrytes 5b Over soil or mossy rock; apothecia dark brown; podetia not at all yellowish, K+ yellow; KC-; usnic acid absent; atranorin present . 6 6a x3 6a Basal squamules to less than 2.5 mm tall, ascending more or less throughout; basal portions of podetia invariably roughened(←) and more or less patchy- corticate; semi-arid habitats . Cladonia cariosa 6b Basal squamules to more than 2.5 mm tall, only the apical portions ascend- ing; basal portions of podetia often rather smooth and continuously corti- cate; semi-arid to humid habitats . Cladonia symphycarpia GROUP E: PODETIA YELLOWISH,CUPPED 1a Podetia bearing soredia or corticate granules, or both. 2 3a 2a Medulla K+ strong yellow or orange, PD+ yellow or orange (check podetia x3 tips) . 3 3a Basal squamules to 5–10 (–15) mm long, at least in part densely sorediate; 4a x3 largest cups to more than 2.5 times wider than the width of the supporting stalk (check well-developed cups); east of coast ranges. Cladonia digitata 3b Basal squamules to 2–5 (–7) mm long, sorediate or not; largest cups generally less than 2.5 times wider than the width of the supporting stalk; distribution various . 4 4a Upper portions of podetia bearing fine/farinose soredia, these grading downward into granular soredia; podetial squamules absent or at most confined to basal portions; widespread in humid regions . 4b . Cladonia umbricola (chemotype 4) x4 4b Upper portions of podetia bearing more or less corticate granules, these grading downward into squamules; podetial squamules not confined to basal portions(←); west of coast ranges . Cladonia transcendens 2b Podetial medulla K- or K+ finally dingy brown, PD- . 5 5a Rim of sterile cups distinctly and regularly dentate, resembling a crown(←); apothecia, if present, pale brown; pycnidia dark brown . Cladonia carneola 7a x2 5b Rim of cups more or less even, or at least not pointed-crownlike; apothecia, 5a if present, red; pycnidia dark brown or red (Note: specimens with basal x3 squamules more than 5 mm long key here) . 6 6a Medulla UV- or UV+ dull whitish (squamatic acid absent: check freshly scraped podetial surface); zeorin present (copious needle-like crystals radiating from old specimens) . 7 7a Podetia tall and distinctly slender, generally less than 1.5 mm wide at maturity (check basal portions), usually distinctly tapering upward to the cup; basal portions often “bruised”-bluish; barbatic acid present; zeorin absent; mossy boulder beds; east of coast ranges. Cladonia cyanipes LICHENS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA – PART 2, FRUTICOSE SPECIES 8a 7b Podetia often rather short and moderately broad, generally more x2.5 than 1.5 mm wide at maturity, often not distinctly tapering upward 8b to the cup; basal portions never bluish; barbatic acid absent; zeorin x3 present; habitat ecology and distribution various (Note: specimens in which the cup is distinctly broader than the stalk key here) . 8 8a Podetia bearing fine/farinose soredia(←); soredia at maturity covering most of podetia, or occasionally confined to the upper third; east of coast ranges. Cladonia deformis 8b Podetia bearing corticate granules or distinctly granular sore- dia, or both(←); soredia, if present, confined at maturity to the cupped, upper portions of podetia; widespread . Cladonia pleurota 6b Medulla UV+ strikingly ice-blue (squamatic acid present); zeorin absent 10a (except present in C. coccifera) . 9 x2.5 9a Upper portions of podetia bearing fine/farinose soredia . 10 10a Cups to more than 3 mm wide; podetia bearing only fine/farinose soredia; cups often irregular at maturity; podetia often distinctly torn lengthwise(←); east of coast ranges . Cladonia sulphurina 10b Cups to 1–2.5 mm wide (see 4a); podetia bearing farinose sore- dia in upper portions and granular soredia in lower portions; 11a x3 cups more or less regular at maturity; podetia not torn; wide- spread in humid regions. Cladonia umbricola (chemotype 2) 9b Upper portions of podetia bearing corticate granules; farinose sore- dia absent. 11 11a At least lower portions of podetia densely covered in detachable ← 12a microsquamules( ); didymic acid present; widespread . x3 . Cladonia metacorallifera 11b Lower portions of podetia variously roughened or squamulose, or both, but never densely covered in detachable microsqua- mules; didymic acid absent; west of coast ranges . [Cladonia granulans] (see Cladonia metacorallifera) 1b Podetia lacking soredia and corticate granules (detachable microsquamules may, however, be present) . 12 13a 12a Apothecia present, pale brownish . Cladonia botrytes x3 12b Apothecia red or apothecia absent . 13 13a Largest cups to less than 2.5 times wider than the width of the support- ing stalk(←); podetia 10–40 mm tall; medulla K- or K+ strong yellow, UV- or UV+ strikingly ice-blue. Cladonia bellidiflora 13b Largest cups to more than 2.5 times wider than the width of the sup- porting stalk; podetia 7–20 mm tall; medulla K-, UV-, UV+ dull or UV+ strikingly ice-blue . 14 CLADONIA 14a 14a Upper portions of podetia essentially lacking squamules and detachable x3 microsquamules(←); medulla UV+ dull blue; zeorin and didymic acids absent. Cladonia borealis 14b Upper portions of podetia bearing numerous dorsiventral squamules or detachable microsquamules, or both; medulla UV-, UV+ dull blue or UV+ strikingly ice-blue; zeorin or didymic acid present. 15 15a Podetial squamules generally sparse throughout; podetia more or less distinctly corticate; medulla UV- or UV+ dull blue; zeorin pres- ent; didymic acid absent; copious needle-like crystals radiating from old specimens . Cladonia coccifera 15b Podetial squamules generally dense throughout, especially in lower portions (see 11a); podetia otherwise essentially noncorticate; medulla UV+ strikingly ice-blue; zeorin absent; didymic acid pres- ent; needle-like crystals also absent . Cladonia metacorallifera GROUP F: PODETIA SOREDIATE OR GRANULAR,BROADLY CUPPED,NOT YELLOWISH Note: Many of the following species—members of the Cladonia chlorophaea and fimbria- ta groups—are “chemical species” that require detailed chemical analysis (e.g., thin-layer chromatography) for reliable identification. 1a Medulla PD- (check tips of podetia). 2 ← 2a 2a Rim of sterile cups distinctly and regularly dentate, resembling a crown( ); x3 apothecia, if present, pale brown. Cladonia carneola (pale form) 2b Rim of cups more or less even, not at all pointed-crownlike; apothecia, if pres- ent, dark brown. 3 3a Lower half of podetia bearing copious detachable microsquamules(←); 3a merochlorophaeic acid present; common. Cladonia merochlorophaea x3 3b Lower half of podetia generally bearing few if any detachable microsqua- mules; grayanic acid present; rare . Cladonia grayi 1b Medulla PD+ yellow, orange, or red (fumarprotocetraric acid present) . 4 4a Podetial surface K+ persistent yellow (atranorin present) . [Cladonia humilis (chemotype 1)] 4b Podetial surface K- or K+ finally dingy brown (atranorin absent) . 5 5a Soredia present, predominantly fine/farinose, to less than 0.08 mm (80 µm) in diameter; granulose soredia, if present, restricted to lower half of 7a podetia . 6 x2.5 6a Homosekikaic acid present; medulla UV+ ice-blue; west of coast ranges; rare . Cladonia homosekikaica 8a x3 6b Homosekikaic acid absent; medulla UV+ ice-blue or UV-; widespread; common . 7 7a At least some podetia lacking cups, or cups irregular, or both . Cladonia sp. 1 7b Podetia invariably cupped; cups regular . 8 8a Podetia trumpet-shaped: stem proportionately tall and narrow, typically flaring abruptly upward to the cup; soredia generally in part more than one layer deep over external portions of the cup(←) (check at point of attachment with stalk) . Cladonia fimbriata LICHENS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA – PART 2, FRUTICOSE SPECIES 8b 8b Podetia goblet-shaped: stem proportionately short and stout, flaring x3 gradually upward to the cup; soredia generally only one layer deep over external portions of the cup . Cladonia chlorophaea (young form) 5b Soredia absent or, if present, predominantly granular, to more than 0.08 mm (80 µm) in diameter; powdery soredia, if present, confined to vicinity of cups . 9 9a Podetia distinctly blackening toward base(←) (check inner walls of older pode- tia); proliferations, if present, occasionally arising in part from cup centres; com- mon in humid forests at lower elevations . Cladonia albonigra 9b Podetia pale or brownish, but not at all blackening; proliferations, if present, arising strictly from cup margins; frequency and habitat ecology various . 10 9a 10a Containing fumarprotocetraric acid alone; common, widespread . x3 . Cladonia chlorophaea, C. asahinae (chemotype 3) 10b Containing fumarprotocetraric acid as well as one or more other lichen sub- stances; abundance and distribution various . 11 11a Containing bourgeanic, homosekikaic, rangiformic, or protoliches- terinic acid; west of coast ranges . 12 12a Homosekikaic acid present. Cladonia homosekikaica 12b Homosekikaic acid absent . 13 13a Containing bourgeanic acid . [Cladonia humilis (chemotype 2)] 13b Containing rangiformic or protolichesterinic acids . Cladonia asahinae (chemotypes 1 and 2) 11b Containing grayanic or merochlorophaeic acid; distribution various . 14 14a Containing grayanic acid; rare, inland . Cladonia grayi 14b
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