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Cladonia and Their Lichenicolous Fungi from the Andean Cloud Forest in Bolivia

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Cladonia and Their Lichenicolous Fungi from the Andean Cloud Forest in Bolivia Ann. Bot. Fennici 45: 448–454 ISSN 0003-3847 (print) ISSN 1797-2442 (online) Helsinki 30 December 2008 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2008 New and interesting records of Cladonia and their lichenicolous fungi from the Andean cloud forest in Bolivia Adam Flakus1,*, Teuvo Ahti2, Martin Kukwa3 & Karina Wilk1 1) Laboratory of Lichenology, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Kraków, Poland (*corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]) 2) Botanical Museum, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 3) Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Al. Legionów 9, PL-80-441 Gdańsk, Poland Received 2 Oct. 2007, revised version received 22 Nov. 2007, accepted 27 Nov. 2007 Flakus, A., Ahti, T., Kukwa, M. & Wilk, K. 2008: New and interesting records of Cladonia and their lichenicolous fungi from the Andean cloud forest in Bolivia. — Ann. Bot. Fennici 45: 448–454. The paper deals with 18 species of the lichen genus Cladonia, including eight species new to Bolivia: C. cf. borbonica, C. coccifera, C. confragosa, C. dactylota, C. granu- losa, C. kriegeri, C. merochlorophaea, and C. squamosa. Furthermore, C. kriegeri is recorded here from its second and third localities in the world. Also five lichenicolous fungi are reported; among them Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa, Polycoccum microcarpum and Sphaerellothecium cladoniae are new to the southern hemisphere, and Rosel- liniella cladoniae and Tremella cladoniae are new to Bolivia. Additionally, Polycoc- cum microcarpum is reported for the first time from Slovakia and Ukraine. Cladonia confragosa is reported as a new host for Sphaerellothecium cladoniae and Tremella cladoniae. Key words: Andes, biodiversity, Bolivia, Cladoniaceae, cloud forest, floristics, lichen- ized and lichenicolous fungi, Neotropics, new records The genus Cladonia is represented by about 181 lichens known from Bolivia, but it has been esti- species in the Neotropics (Ahti 2000). Although mated that about 80% of lichen species wait for some areas are very well-studied, other regions the discovery in the future (Feuerer et al. 1998, are still not well explored. Bolivia is one of Feuerer 2007, Flakus et al. 2006). the least studied countries in South America, During the exploration of the Andean moun- and only about 30 Cladonia species have been tain cloud forest in the Santa Cruz Department reported so far from there (e.g. Nylander 1861, in Bolivia (2004) we found a forest stand with Eckfeldt 1896, Herzog 1922, Ahti 1986, 1997, very abundant colonies of several Cladonia spe- 2000, Stenroos 1989b, Feuerer et al. 1998). cies. As that type of vegetation is one of the very This is mainly caused by the rather poor level important centres of biological diversity in the of lichenological investigation in that region in world (Barthlott et al. 2005) and some taxa have general. In total, there are about 400 species of never been reported from Bolivia so far, includ- ANN. BOT. FENNICI Vol. 45 • Records of Cladonia and their lichenicolous fungi from Bolivia 449 ing lichenicolous fungi growing on Cladonia needs further studies. Substances detected by species, we hereby contribute to the knowledge TLC: fumarprotocetraric acid chemosyndrome. of the lichen flora in that habitat and of Clado- nia in particular. We hope that our contribution SPECIMEN EXAMINED: rotting wood, K. Wilk 2716. will stimulate further studies in that part of the Neotropics. Cladonia calycantha Delise ex Nyl. As a result of our investigation, 18 Cladonia species were discovered, eight of them being This is rather a rare species in the Neotropics, new to Bolivia. Additionally, five lichenicolous known from Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador and fungi growing on Cladonia thalli were found, of Peru. In Bolivia it was known only from five which three are new to the southern hemisphere localities (Ahti 2000). Substances detected by and two are new to Bolivia. TLC: fumarprotocetraric acid chemosyndrome. All the specimens were collected at a single SPECIMEN EXAMINED: humus among bryophytes, K. Wilk locality in the Andes, situated at an altitude of 2794b. 2582 m within montane cloud forest (Yungas), near La Palma village in the Siberia region Cladonia ceratophylla (Sw.) Spreng. (17°49´12´´S, 64°40´28´´W), Dept. Santa Cruz, Prov. Caballero (East Cordillera). The specimens This is the most common Cladonia species in the are preserved at KRAM and LPB with duplicates Neotropics, easily identified by its large primary donated to H and UGDA. An additional speci- squamules with scattered white marginal rhizines men of Cladonia kriegeri is stored in RB. Chem- (Ahti 2000). In Bolivia it was reported from five ical analyses were performed using thin-layer localities only (Ahti 2000). Substances detected chromatography (TLC) in the solvent systems A by TLC: atranorin (trace) and fumarprotocetraric and C according to Orange et al. (2001). acid chemosyndrome. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: clay soil and humus among bryo- List of taxa phytes, A. Flakus 4554, 4627, K. Wilk 2739, 2961. Cladonia arcuata Ahti Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. This species is essentially a Cordilleran lichen. So far only one unlocalized specimen was known This is a common cosmopolitan species (Ahti from Bolivia (Ahti 2000). Substances detected by & Hammer 2002). In the Neotropics it has scat- TLC: fumarprotocetraric acid chemosyndrome. tered localities and grows at upper elevations of mountains (Ahti 2000). It belongs to the very SPECIMEN EXAMINED: on humus among bryophytes, A. difficult Cladonia chlorophaea group, and is Flakus 4658. mainly characterised by granular soredia, usually distinct cortex on podetial stalk, and the presence Cladonia cf. borbonica Nyl. of fumarprotocetraric acid as main secondary metabolite (Ahti 1966, 2000, Ahti & Hammer It has only recently been reported from South 2002). Substances detected by TLC: fumarpro- America, and so far has been known from Ecua- tocetraric acid chemosyndrome. dor and Peru only (Ahti 2000). The species belongs to the Cladonia ochrochlora group and SPECIMEN EXAMINED: rotten bark, A. Flakus 4643. is difficult to separate from the latter. Our speci- men produces tall (up to 5 cm) and usually highly Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. corticated podetia with poorly developed soralia, which differentiate it from typical forms of the The species is common in the northern hemi- species. According to Ahti (2000) the status of sphere, but rarely reported from the southern C. borbonica in South America is not clear and hemisphere (Stenroos 1989a, Ahti 2000). In the 450 Flakus et al. • ANN. BOT. FENNICI Vol. 45 Neotropics it is rather widespread (Ahti 2000). Cladonia corniculata Ahti & Kashiw. Here it is reported as new to Bolivia. Cladonia coccifera belongs to the difficult group of red- The species is rather widespread in the Neo- fruited scyphose taxa, and is predominantly char- tropics, Australasia and southeastern Asia. In acterised by the areolate-corticated base, scyphi Bolivia it has been reported only twice (Ahti covered by granules, phyllidia, schizidia and/or 2000). Cladonia corniculata is characterised by squamules and the presence of usnic acid and ascyphose and branched podetia covered with zeorin (Ahti 2000). According to Ahti (2000) the granular soredia, which are easily shed from the tropical material is somewhat different from the surface. Those characters distinguish the species European collections, and more studies are still from the very similar C. subulata (L.) F.H. Wigg. required to clarify its identity. Substances detected and C. subradiata (Vain.) Sandst. (Ahti 2000). by TLC: usnic, porphyrilic acids and zeorin. Substances detected by TLC: fumarprotocetraric acid chemosyndrome. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: rotten bark, A. Flakus 4713. SPECIMEN EXAMINED: humus and rotten bark among bryo- Cladonia confragosa S. Stenroos phytes, A. Flakus 4644. So far this species has been known from Chile Cladonia dactylota Tuck. and Argentina only (Ahti 2000). Cladonia con- fragosa is characterised by long scyphose pode- The species is widespread in the Neotropics, but tia, usually with strongly areolate to coarsely is also very rarely reported from the southeastern granulose and phyllidiate surface, the absence United States and the Azores (Ahti 2000). Here of central proliferations and common occurrence it is reported from Bolivia for the first time. It is of atranorin (Ahti 2000). Our specimens did not very easily recognised by the presence of psoro- contain atranorin. Substances detected by TLC: mic acid, giving a P+ golden yellow reaction of fumarprotocetraric acid chemosyndrome. the thallus, and the tuberculate cottony soralia (Ahti 2000). Substances detected by TLC: psoro- SPECIMENS EXAMINED: humus soil among bryophytes, A. mic and conpsoromic acids. Flakus 4565, K. Wilk 3008. SPECIMENS EXAMINED: clay soil and rocky soil among Cladonia confusa R. Sant. bryophytes, A. Flakus 4708, K. Wilk 2718, 2983. The species is widely distributed in tropical Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vain. regions. It is one of the most widespread species in the Neotropics (Ahti 2000), but not commonly The species has a pantropical distribution and is reported from Bolivia. In the Neotropics it is the widespread in the Neotropics (Ahti 2000, Ahti & only species of the Cladina group lacking atra- Hammer 2002). In Bolivia it was reported in only norin and containing perlatolic acid (Ahti 2000). five places so far (Ahti 2000). It is usually distin- Two colour forms can be distinguished within
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