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Institute for Political Studies, Lyon Process of Media Addiction and Its Implications to Political Participation in Serbia PhD thesis Ljubisa Bojic 8/8/2013 Supervisor: professor Jean-Louis Marie Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Questions ................................................................................................................................... 13 Causes of media addiction ..................................................................................................... 16 Addiction to old versus addiction to new media ................................................................... 22 Consequences of media addiction ......................................................................................... 30 List of questions..................................................................................................................... 36 Classical theoretical basis – tools of analysis ............................................................................ 41 Expression ............................................................................................................................. 41 Social system and issue of representation ............................................................................. 51 Media and public sphere ........................................................................................................ 80 Anomie .................................................................................................................................. 97 Alienation ............................................................................................................................ 111 Mass society ........................................................................................................................ 131 Hypotheses .............................................................................................................................. 160 What addiction and participation are ...................................................................................... 162 Substance and behavioral addictions ................................................................................... 164 Functional citizenship .......................................................................................................... 174 Situation in Serbia ................................................................................................................... 193 Inquiry ......................................................................................................................................... 218 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 218 Media addiction indicators .................................................................................................. 230 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 252 Causes of media addiction ................................................................................................... 252 Addiction to old versus addiction to new media ................................................................. 270 Consequences of media addiction ....................................................................................... 314 Nowadays literature .................................................................................................................... 331 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 368 2 References ................................................................................................................................... 380 Appendix ..................................................................................................................................... 406 Aknowlegments .......................................................................................................................... 409 3 Abstract Appearance of internet and its spread to 38.8% of world population from 1995 to 2013 indicate that new media bring significant changes to societies around the world. Features of new media such as interactivity and possibility to use it from anywhere anytime indicate internet may be highly addictive. Data point to increases in overall media use over the last 60 years. On the other hand, decreases in political participation are registered together with decline in socializing and active membership in professional organizations for the same period. Research questions are divided into large ones relating to examination of what kind of people are more susceptible to becoming media addicts, finding out if people are more addicted to old than to new media and inquiring into consequences of media addiction including its effects to political participation. Classical thinkers have been examined as basis for hypotheses with special attention directed towards anomie, alienation and mass society. Nowadays literature has been examined as well, focusing on modern social structure, advance of technology, globalization, disappointment with democracy, new media landscape and narcissism. Main presumption coming from examination of different theoretical perspectives is that social changes such as appearance of mass production and expansion of mass media decreased possibilities for expression and increased manipulation of profit interest. This may be causing appearance of frustrations leading towards different kinds of addictions as substitutions for unrealized goals, thus causing decrease in political participation. This decrease makes it possible for “wrong people” to become social agents as they perform representative functions in poor manner, which potentially causes more frustration. Research was conducted through nationally representative survey in Serbia during 2011. This study establishes new methodology to measure addiction to all media through a single survey; it divides media addicts according to level of their addiction and uses length of media use as objective indicator, for the first time, while it also includes subjective indicators. All hypotheses of this study have been confirmed including main one, saying that increases in media addiction cause decreases in political participation. First set of research results says that some kind of people are more susceptible to media addiction than others, including those who consider social success more important than the 4 intimate wish, those who repress their basic needs and wishes, those who use media for fun, those whose main life preoccupations is work, those who are younger, those who are less educated, those who love or hate media and those who feel repression from family, ethical norms, education and workplace. On the other hand, results indicate that people who feel liberation from family are less susceptible to media addiction. Second set of research results indicate that new media are more addictive than old ones, some media features such as live broadcast, interactivity and non-linearity possibly make new media more addictive than old ones, amusing internet applications are more addictive than practical ones and those who socialize online are bigger addicts than those who socialize in person. Third set of research results indicate consequence of media addiction might be decreased reception & expression capability towards non-preffered media, based on correlations between addicts happy or unhappy with some media and their willingness to receive other media and based on expression potential of different media. Special attention has been given to results about relation of media addiction and political participation to conclude that those who have less confidence in future are bigger media addicts, those who fear about present and future are bigger media addicts, those who are not interested in politics are bigger media addicts, those who have less political knowledge are bigger media addicts and finally that low participants in elections are bigger media addicts. This study is limited to Serbia, while it would be useful to measure media addiction in all countries. New methodology introduced by this study should be improved. Results of further studies should be presented with 3D graphs. Results concerning family as liberating agent of low media addicts may be used to revive and strengthen this “basis unit of society” as a measure against media addiction. Continuation of examination into how media affect expression and reception levels of their users might be useful. Also, examination into relation between emotional valances of classical media content and social network content may give social scientists a clue about relations between official media reporting and “what people say”. Keywords: media addiction, political participation, Internet, digital media, mass society, anomie, alienation, issue of representation 5 Résumé L’apparition de l’internet et sa propagation sur 38,8% de la population mondiale entre 1995 et 2013 indiquent que les nouveaux médias ont causé des changements significatifs dans les sociétés
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