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Sistema De Suporte À Previsão E Deteção De Fogos Florestais

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Sistema De Suporte À Previsão E Deteção De Fogos Florestais DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIAS MESTRADO EM ENGENHARIA INFORMÁTICA E DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES UNIVERSIDADE AUTÓNOMA DE LISBOA “LUÍS DE CAMÕES” Sistema de suporte à Previsão e Deteção de Fogos florestais Trabalho de Projeto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática e Telecomunicações Autor: Bruno Alexandre Carvalho Martins Orientador: Professor Dr. António Manuel Caldeira Número do candidato: 20140954 Fevereiro de 2020 Lisboa 2 Agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar agradeço à minha família pelo apoio e proporcionar a possibilidade de frequentar a Licenciatura e Mestrado de Engenharia Informática. Em segundo lugar agradecer ao meu Orientador que sempre se mostrou disponível para qualquer dúvida e por autorrecriação foi enviando artigos e tutoriais com o intuito de ajudar a desenvolver o projeto. 3 Resumo Neste projeto aborda-se o tema de como se detetar preventivamente fogos florestais, usando para tal, sistemas de deteção compostos por dispositivos de IoT e Drones, que permitirão com um investimento substancial inicial, impedir que fogos florestais ganhem proporções catastróficas com a intervenção preventiva dos meios competentes. Durante este projeto serão abordados os problemas, arquitetura, middleware, segurança, protocolos, simulação e análise do desempenho do sistema. Palavras-chave Internet of Things; Fogos florestais; Motes; IEEE 802.15.4 4 Abstract On this project we address the issue of how to preventively detect forest fires, using for that a detection system constituted for IoT and Drone devices, which allow, with an initial investment to prevent forest fires from catastrophic proportions with the preventive intervention of the fire brigades. This project will approach the problems, architecture, middleware, security, protocols, simulation, and analysis of system performance. Keywords Internet of Things; Forest Fire; Motes; IEEE 802.15.4 5 Índice Agradecimentos .............................................................................................. 3 Resumo ........................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Palavras-chave ........................................................................................ 4 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Keywords ................................................................................................ 5 Índice .............................................................................................................. 6 Lista de tabelas ............................................................................................. 10 Lista de Ilustrações ....................................................................................... 11 Lista de Abreviaturas ................................................................................... 13 Glossário....................................................................................................... 16 Introdução ........................................................................................................... 21 8.1 Motivação ............................................................................................. 21 8.2 Contribuições ........................................................................................ 21 8.3 Problemas .............................................................................................. 22 Conceitos ...................................................................................................... 24 9.1 Webservices .......................................................................................... 24 9.2 Wireless sensor network ....................................................................... 25 9.2.1 Deteção de eventos ......................................................................... 26 9.2.2 Processo de estimação espacial ...................................................... 26 9.3 RPL ....................................................................................................... 26 9.4 6LoWPAN ............................................................................................ 27 Investigação .............................................................................................. 28 10.1 Estudos e projetos realizados ............................................................ 28 10.1.1 IoT for detecting wildfires ............................................................. 28 10.1.2 Detecting Forest Fires using Wireless Sensor Networks ............... 28 6 10.1.3 Early forest fire detection and verification using optical smoke, gas and microwave sensors ............................................................................................ 29 10.1.4 Forest Disaster management with Wireless Sensor Network ........ 31 10.1.5 Wireless Sensor Network for Forest Fire Detection ...................... 35 10.1.6 Detection and Verification of Potential Peat Fire Using Wireless Sensor Network and UAV ....................................................................................... 42 10.2 Tecnologias emergentes na área ........................................................ 47 10.2.1 An OCARI-Based Wireless Sensor Network for Heat Measurements during Outdoor Fire Experiments ............................................................................ 47 Caracterização .......................................................................................... 50 11.1 Abordagem do problema ................................................................... 50 11.1.1 Análise do problema ...................................................................... 50 11.1.2 Variáveis de Dados ........................................................................ 51 11.1.3 Tipos de dispositivos ...................................................................... 52 11.1.4 Vantagens e desvantagens das WSN em deteção de fogo .............. 54 11.2 Rede ................................................................................................... 54 11.2.1 Arquitetura ..................................................................................... 54 11.2.2 Distância entre os dispositivos ....................................................... 61 11.2.3 Tipo de dados ................................................................................. 62 11.3 Segurança .......................................................................................... 62 11.3.1 Objetivos da segurança em redes WSN .......................................... 62 11.3.2 Ataques a WSN ............................................................................... 64 11.4 Middleware........................................................................................ 68 11.5 Sistema Operativo ............................................................................. 69 11.5.1 Event Handlers ............................................................................... 71 11.5.2 Tasks .............................................................................................. 72 11.5.3 Contiki OS ...................................................................................... 72 11.6 Configuração ..................................................................................... 73 7 11.7 Composição da Arquitetura proposta ................................................ 74 11.8 Pacote de dados ................................................................................. 76 Implementação.......................................................................................... 77 12.1 Simulador .......................................................................................... 77 12.2 Aplicação de Suporte à deteção de fogo ........................................... 78 12.2.1 Conceito do protótipo ..................................................................... 78 12.2.2 Detalhe da interface do sistema implementado .............................. 80 12.2.3 Serviços disponibilizados ............................................................... 84 Avaliação .................................................................................................. 85 13.1 Simulação da WSN ............................................................................ 85 13.1.1 Simulação sem existência de fogo ................................................. 86 13.1.2 Simulação com existência de fogo ................................................. 86 13.1.3 Simulação onde um ou mais dispositivos ocorre falha .................. 87 13.1.4 Simulação de deteção de risco de incêndio .................................... 87 Análise ...................................................................................................... 87 14.1 Análise do desempenho ..................................................................... 87 14.1.1 Análise da simulação sem existência de fogo ................................ 88 14.1.2 Análise da simulação com existência de fogo ............................... 88 14.1.3 Análise da simulação onde um ou mais dispositivos ocorre falha . 89 14.1.4 Análise da simulação da deteção de risco de incêndio .................. 89 14.2 Estudo da Viabilidade ....................................................................... 90 14.2.1 Técnica ........................................................................................... 90 14.2.2 Económica .....................................................................................
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