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Évaluation Et Amélioration Des Plates-Formes Logicielles Pour Réseaux De Capteurs Sans-Fil, Pour Optimiser La Qualité De Service Et L’Énergie Kévin Roussel

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Évaluation Et Amélioration Des Plates-Formes Logicielles Pour Réseaux De Capteurs Sans-Fil, Pour Optimiser La Qualité De Service Et L’Énergie Kévin Roussel Évaluation et amélioration des plates-formes logicielles pour réseaux de capteurs sans-fil, pour optimiser la qualité de service et l’énergie Kévin Roussel To cite this version: Kévin Roussel. Évaluation et amélioration des plates-formes logicielles pour réseaux de capteurs sans- fil, pour optimiser la qualité de service et l’énergie. Autre [cs.OH]. Université de Lorraine, 2016. Français. NNT : 2016LORR0051. tel-01754653 HAL Id: tel-01754653 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01754653 Submitted on 30 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm Ecole´ doctorale IAEM Lorraine Evaluation´ et am´eliorationdes plates-formes logicielles pour r´eseaux de capteurs sans-fil, pour optimiser la qualit´ede service et l'´energie THESE` pr´esent´eeet soutenue publiquement le 3 juin 2016 pour l'obtention du Doctorat de l'Universit´ede Lorraine (mention informatique) par K´evinRoussel Composition du jury Pr´esident: Fran¸coisCharpillet Directeur de Recherches INRIA Rapporteurs : Thierry Val Professeur des Universit´es Thomas No¨el Professeur des Universit´es Examinateurs : Thomas Watteyne Charg´ede Recherches INRIA Emmanuel Baccelli Charg´ede Recherches INRIA Encadrants : Ye-Qiong Song Professeur des Universit´es Olivier Zendra Charg´ede Recherches INRIA Invit´e: Jean-Philippe Blanchard Responsable du P^oleInnovation du Cr´editAgricole S.A. INRIA Nancy Grand-Est Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications | UMR 7503 Version 3.1416 du 30 juin 2016 Mis en page avec la classe thesul. i À mes parents, À mes grand-parents. iii Remerciements Je tiens, dans la présente section, à exprimer toute ma gratitude envers tous ceux qui ont permis, directement ou indirectement, à ce travail de thèse de Doctorat d’arriver à son terme. Je remercie donc tout d’abord le Professeur Ye-Qiong SONG, et le Docteur Olivier ZENDRA, mes encadrants, qui m’ont supporté à tout point de vue durant toute la durée de cette thèse, « contre vents et marées » pourrait-on dire. J’adresse également ma profonde reconnaissance aux Professeurs Thierry VAL et Thomas NOËL, pour l’œil exigeant mais également bienveillant avec lequel ils ont accepté d’évaluer les présents travaux de thèse. Ma reconnaissance va aussi aux Docteurs Thomas WATTEYNE et Emmanuel BACCELLI, ainsi qu’au Professeur François CHARPILLET pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont bien voulu porter aux dits travaux, respectivement en tant qu’examinateurs et président du jury de soutenance. Je remercie aussi l’équipe Madynes, ses dirigeants (Olivier FESTOR puis Isabelle CHRISMENT) et tous ses membres pour leur compréhension et leurs encouragements dans les moments difficiles qui sont régulièrement survenus lors de cette période. Je me dois également d’exprimer ma reconnaissance au Service des Ressources Humaines de l’INRIA au sein duquel s’est déroulée la présente thèse, notamment François THAVEAU et Patricia VENTURIN, et toutes les personnes intervenues à la demande de ces derniers pour me sortir de l’impasse : il s’agit notamment du Dr. Marie-Hélène GLOC (médecin du travail) et Rachel GRÉGOIRE (assistante sociale), ainsi que des membres du cabinet parisien ARIHM. Parmi ces derniers, j’adresse mes respectueux remerciements au Dr. Gisèle BIRCK pour son écoute et ses conseils, et surtout ma reconnaissance amicale à Timy CASSEREAU pour sa présence, son soutien et sa confiance sans failles et sans interruptions. Plus généralement, je dois également mes remerciements à l’Université de Lor- raine et plus précisément au LORIA où s’est déroulée cette thèse, sans qui rien n’aurait bien évidemment été possible. J’adresse également mes remerciements par- ticuliers au Dr. Jean-Philippe BLANCHARD, coordinateur du projet LAR qui a financé ma thèse, et n’a jamais ménagé ses efforts mais aussi sa sympathie et son énergie durant toute la durée du dit projet. J’adresse également mes sentiments amicaux et reconnaissants aux confrères, doctorants et ingénieurs, qui m’ont cotoyé, soutenu et souvent encouragé durant ces trois années, entre autres : Élian AUBRY, Abdallah DIB, François DESPAUX, Iñaki FERNÁNDEZ PÉREZ, Éric FINICKEL, Gaëtan HUREL, Anthéa MAYZAUD, Saïd SEDDIKI, Wazen SHBAIR, Mohamed TLIG, Evangelia TSIONTSIOU, Shouguo ZHUO. ainsi que tous les amis moniteurs de l’ENSEM. Je ne vous oublie pas, et vous souhaite bonne chance (pour ceux qui doivent encore finir leur propre thèse) et bonne continuation et succès (à tous). Enfin, j’adresserai les dernières paroles de cette section à mes parents et à feu mes grands-parents, à qui cette thèse est dédiée. Puissent ces modestes travaux vous apporter un peu de fierté, comme je souhaite qu’ils apportent quelques avancées — aussi modestes soient-elles — à la science et à l’informatique. v Sommaire Table des figures xi Liste des tableaux xv 1 Introduction 1 2 Contexte et problématique 7 2.1 Réseaux de capteurs et actionneurs sans-fil ............... 7 2.1.1 Définitions ............................ 7 2.1.2 Constitution d’une “mote” .................... 8 2.1.3 Les réseaux de capteurs sans-fil et leur trafic . 10 2.1.4 Spécificités des WSN ....................... 12 2.2 La Qualité de Service (QdS) ....................... 14 2.2.1 Notion de QdS .......................... 14 2.2.2 Critères de QdS .......................... 15 2.2.3 Stratégies d’assurance de la QdS . 15 2.2.4 Niveaux de service ........................ 16 2.2.5 QdS dans les réseaux de capteurs sans-fil . 16 2.3 Applications des WSN (et de l’IoT) ................... 17 2.4 Contexte .................................. 19 2.4.1 Applications d’e-santé des WSN . 19 2.4.2 Le projet LAR .......................... 19 2.5 Problématique .............................. 21 2.5.1 Exposé de la problématique ................... 21 2.5.2 Stratégie préconisée ....................... 21 vii viii Sommaire 3 Analyse critique de l’état de l’art 25 3.1 Le protocole IEEE 802.15.4 ....................... 25 3.1.1 Couche physique ......................... 26 3.1.2 Couche MAC ........................... 29 3.2 Protocoles MAC ............................. 34 3.2.1 Protocoles MAC synchrones ................... 35 3.2.2 Protocoles MAC asynchrones LPL . 37 3.2.3 Protocoles MAC asynchrones LPP . 40 3.2.4 Protocoles MAC à ordonnancement temporel . 43 3.2.5 Protocoles MAC multicanaux . 45 3.2.6 Protocoles hybrides avancés ................... 46 3.2.7 Discussion : les protocoles MAC / RDC . 60 3.3 Systèmes d’exploitation dédiés ...................... 61 3.3.1 Rappels sur les notions de multi-tâche . 61 3.3.2 TinyOS .............................. 63 3.3.3 Contiki .............................. 65 3.3.4 Nano-RK ............................. 66 3.3.5 RIOT OS ............................. 68 3.3.6 Autres OS spécialisés ....................... 70 3.3.7 OS temps-réel classiques / généralistes . 72 3.3.8 Discussion : les systèmes d’exploitation dédiés . 74 3.4 Conclusion : protocoles MAC / RDC et OS spécialisés . 75 4 Plates-formes logicielles : évaluation, problèmes et améliorations 79 4.1 Contiki : développement et limitations . 79 4.1.1 Documentation minimaliste ................... 80 4.1.2 Limitations techniques ...................... 81 4.1.3 Fonctionnalités temps-réel insuffisantes . 86 4.2 RIOT OS : découverte et contributions . 87 4.2.1 La plate-forme logicielle RIOT OS . 87 4.2.2 Contributions au projet RIOT OS . 88 4.2.3 Évolution du système RIOT OS . 95 4.3 La nouvelle pile réseau de RIOT : une analyse critique . 95 4.3.1 Description ............................ 95 ix 4.3.2 Avantages ............................. 98 4.3.3 Inconvénients et manques .................... 99 4.3.4 Discussion : la pile « gnrc » . 100 4.4 Discussion : plates-formes logicielles, contributions et conclusions . 101 5 Évaluation et comparaison des implantations de deux protocoles MAC / RDC : ContikiMAC et S-CoSenS 103 5.1 Premières plates-formes matérielles . 103 5.2 Implantation de S-CoSenS sous RIOT OS : précision de la synchronisation entre noeuds . 105 5.3 Évaluation des performances : comparaison avec ContikiMAC . 109 5.3.1 Configuration des expériences . 109 5.3.2 Taux de réception des paquets . 110 5.3.3 Délai total (« de bout-en-bout ») de transmission des trames 114 5.3.4 Consommation d’énergie : “Duty Cycles” . 117 5.3.5 Stabilité et contraintes mémoire . 120 5.3.6 Influence de l’optimisation des implantations . 121 5.3.7 Comparaison avec essais sur matériel . 123 5.4 Améliorations potentielles des protocoles MAC /RDC . 125 5.4.1 Propositions d’améliorations algorithmiques . 125 5.4.2 Évaluation de ces propositions : difficultés et inadéquation des simulations ............................ 127 5.5 Discussion : évaluation et comparaison de protocoles MAC / RDC, contributions et conclusion ........................ 132 6 Validation des expérimentations sur plates-formes réelles 135 6.1 Motivation : limitations et inexactitudes des simulations . 136 6.1.1 Rappels sur Cooja et MSPSim . 136 6.1.2 Inexactitudes des délais sous MSPSim . 138 6.1.3 Risques et conséquences potentiels . 143 6.1.4 Discussion : limites des simulations et émulations .
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