United States Patent (19) 11) Patent Number: 5,254,772 Dukat Et Al

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

United States Patent (19) 11) Patent Number: 5,254,772 Dukat Et Al US005254772A United States Patent (19) 11) Patent Number: 5,254,772 Dukat et al. (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 19, 1993 (54) CHEMICAL PROCESS FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (75) Inventors: Wolfgang W. Dukat, Konigstein, Fed. Rep. of Germany; John H. 705927 3/1965 Canada ................................ 570/170 Holloway, Leicester; Eric G. Hope, 0164798 12/1985 European Pat. Off. Warwickshire, both of England; Primary Examiner-Alan Siegel Matthias Rieland, Hanover, Fed. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Cushman, Darby & Cushman Rep. of Germany; Paul J. Townson, Lancashire; Richard L. Powell, 57) ABSTRACT Cheshire, both of England A process for the preparation of an alkane containing fluorine by contacting a halogenated alkane containing 73) Assignee: Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, at least one hydrogen atom and at least one halogen London, England atom selected from chlorine, bromine and iodine with a (21) Appl. No.: 849,604 transition metal fluoride selected from osmium hexaflu oride, iridium hexafluoride, rhenium hexafluoride, ru (22) Filed: Mar. 12, 1992 thenium pentafluoride, chromium pentafluoride, vana (30) Foreign Application Priority Data dium pentafluoride, rhenium heptafluoride and uranium Mar. 12, 1991 GB United Kingdom ................. 9105167 hexafluoride, whereby to replace at least one hydrogen atom or at least one chlorine, bromine or iodine atom in 51 Int. Cl. ....................... CO7C 17/20; CO7C 17/00 said halogenated alkane starting material by a fluorine 52 U.S.C. ..................................... 570/170; 570/123 58) Field of Search ........................ 570/170, 168, 123 atom. Use of certain of the defined transition metal fluorides, 56) References Cited e.g. Osf6, Irfs and ReF6 allows the selective replace U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS ment of halogen by fluorine, while others, e.g. UF6, 2,423,045 9/1943 Passino et al. VFs and ReF, allow selective replacement of hydrogen 2,759,026 2/1950 McCleary . by fluorine. 3,235,608 3/1962 Gibbs. 3,972,953 8/1976 Lyons . 8 Claims, No Drawings 5,254,772 1 2 The proportions of halogenated alkane and transition CHEMICAL PROCESS metal fluoride are not critical; either may be in excess over stochiometric, if desired. Thus, for example, the This invention relates to a process for the fluorination proportion of halogenated alkane to transition metal of aliphatic compounds, and more particularly to a 5 fluoride may be in the range from about 50:1 to about process for the replacement by fluorine of at least one l:50, and preferably in the range from about 20:1 to hydrogen atom and/or at least one halogen atom other about 1:20 of the stoichiometrically required propor than fluorine in aliphatic compounds. tion, although these ranges are given merely by way of It is already known to manufacture aliphatic com guidance and are in no way limiting on the process of pounds containing fluorine by reacting aliphatic chloro O the present invention. Hydrogen fluoride may also be carbons or chlorohydrocarbons with fluorinating included in the reaction mixture as a fluorinating agent, agents such as antimony pentafluoride. In many cases, the metal fluoride then optionally being employed in a however, known fluorinating agents do not give en catalytic amount. tirely satisfactory results, being somewhat deficient in In operating the process of the invention, whether at activity and/or in product selectivity. 15 least one hydrogen atom or at least one halogen atom It has now been found that certain transition metal other than fluorine, or both hydrogen and halogen in fluorides are useful fluorinating agents capable of selec the halogenated alkane is/are replaced by fluorine may tively replacing by fluorine one or more hydrogen depend to a large extent on the particular halogenated atoms and/or one or more halogen atoms other than alkane and on the particular transition metal fluoride fluorine in aliphatic compounds. 20 used. According to the present invention there is provided Where it is desired to replace at least one halogen a process for the preparation of an alkane containing atom in the halogenated alkane, the preferred transition fluorine which comprises contacting a halogenated metal fluorides are Oss, Irf6 and ReF6. The use of alkane containing at least one hydrogen atom and at these particular fluorides allows the replacement of 25 halogen atom other than fluorine in the halogenated least one halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine alkane by fluorine with a selectivity which may be as and iodine with a transition metal fluoride selected from high as 80% and even as high as 95%, in particular osmium hexafluoride, iridium hexafluoride, rhenium where Oss is used. w hexafluoride, ruthenium pentafluoride, chromium pen Where it is desired to replace a hydrogen atom in the tafluoride, vanadium pentafluoride, rhenium heptafluo 30 halogenated alkane and the halogenated alkane is a ride and uranium hexafluoride, and replacing at least chlorinated alkane, the preferred transition metal fluo one hydrogen atom or at least one one chlorine, bro rides are UF6, VFs and ReF7. The use of these particu mine or iodine atom in said halogenated alkane by a lar fluorides allows the replacement of at least one hy fluorine atom. drogen atom by fluorine with a selectivity which may Halogenated alkanes which may be employed in the 35 be as high as 80% and even as high as 95%, in particular process of the invention may contain one or more car where UF6 is used, bon atoms, for example, typically up to 6 carbon atoms, Furthermore, certain of the transition metal fluorides, and have at least one hydrogen atom and at least one for example Rufs, may selectively replace at least one replaceable halogen atom selected from chlorine, bro hydrogen atom in certain halogenated alkanes, for ex mine and iodine. Other atoms, for example fluorine, ample CF3CH2Cl, yet selectively replace at least one may also be present. halogen atom other than fluorine in other halogenated Especially useful halogenated alkanes include hydro alkanes, for example in dichloromethane. CrFs may chlorocarbons and chlorofluorohydrocarbons. selectively replace at least one hydrogen atom although Specific examples of halogenated alkanes which may the selectivity may be better with certain halogenated be used include dichloromethane, chlorofluorome 45 alkane starting materials than with others; for example thane, dibromomethane, bromofluoromethane, and 2 high selectivity is obtained with CrFs for the replace chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane from which the products ment of hydrogen in CFCH2Cl although selectivity may be respectively difluoromethane, and 1,1,1,2-tetra may not be as high with CH2Cl2. In addition, ReF may fluoroethane. selectively replace at least one hydrogen atom where In operating the process of the invention, the haloge the halogenated alkane is a chlorinated alkane, but may nated alkane may be contacted with the transition metal selectively replace at least one halogen atom where the fluoride at a temperature at which the halogenated halogenated alkane is a brominated alkane. alkane is in the liquid phase or the vapour phase but The process of the invention is of particular value for conveniently the liquid phase. Accordingly the temper the preparation of difluoromethane from dichlorometh ature may be from about -80 to about 25' C. depending 55 ane or chlorofluoromethane and accordingly in a pre upon the boiling point of the halogenated alkane, al ferred aspect of the invention there is provided a pro though the reaction proceeds, and may be conducted at, cess for the preparation of difluoromethane which pro temperatures higher than 25 C., for example up to 100 cess comprises contacting dichloromethane or chloro C., in which case the halogenated alkane may be in the fluoromethane with a transition metal fluoride selected vapour phase. The process of the invention is preferably from Osfs, Irfs, ReF6 and RuFs and maintaining the operated under substantially anhydrous conditions, and contact until at least a portion of the dichloromethane is conveniently operated at atmospheric pressure, al or chlorofluoromethane has been converted to di though superatomospheric or subatmospheric pressures fluoromethane. The reaction mixture may, if desired, may be employed, if desired. also contain hydrogen fluoride. The transition metal fluoride may, at the reaction 65 The process of the invention is also of particular temperature, be present in the reaction vessel in the value for the preparation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane solid or vapour phase, and may be supported on a sub from 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane and accordingly in strate, for example aluminium fluoride or carbon. a further aspect of the invention there is provided a 5,254,772 3 4. process for the preparation of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane T-piece were evacuated, passivated with R2 and re which comprises contacting 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroe evacuated. thane with a transition metal fluoride selected from 236 mg, 2.78 mmol of CH2Cl2 was sublined into the Osfs, Irf6, and ReF6 and maintaining the contact until FEP tube cooled to -196° C. in liquid nitrogen. The at least a portion of the 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane PTFE valve was closed and the reaction mixture al has been converted to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. The lowed to warm slowly to -78 C. in a dry-ice-acetone reaction mixture may, if desired, also contain hydrogen bath and then to room temperature (20', C.) with fre fluoride. quent shaking. After 1 hour the solution had turned The process of the invention is also of particular from its original yellow colour to black and there was a value for the preparation of dichlorofluoromethane by 10 black precipitate. The FEP tube and PTFE valve were contacting dichloromethane with ReF7, UF6 or VFs taken off the vacuum line and re-weighed. and of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane by contacting The FEP reaction tube and a second FEP tube were 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane with Rufs, ReF, Crfs, connected to the vacuum line via a PTFE T-piece, and VF5 or UF6 and these processes represent further par the connectors and T-piece were evacuated, passivated ticular embodiments of the invention.
Recommended publications
  • Transport of Dangerous Goods
    ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded for Personal Non-Commercial Research Or Study, Without Prior Permission Or Charge
    https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] REDUCTION OF MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN HEXAFLUORIDES TO THE PENTAVALENT STATE. A thesis submitted to the University of Glasgow for the degree of M.Sc. in the Faculty of Science. by NASHUNMENGHE BAO Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow. November 1989, (c) Nashunmenghe ProQuest Number: 10999292 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10999292 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • (VI) and Chromium (V) Oxide Fluorides
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1976 The chemistry of chromium (VI) and chromium (V) oxide fluorides Patrick Jay Green Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Chemistry Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Green, Patrick Jay, "The chemistry of chromium (VI) and chromium (V) oxide fluorides" (1976). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4039. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5923 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. All ABSTRACT OF THE TllESIS OF Patrick Jay Green for the Master of Science in Chemistry presented April 16, 1976. Title: Chemistry of Chromium(VI) and Chromium(V) Oxide Fluorides. APPROVEO BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS CO'"o\l TIEE: y . • Ii . ' I : • • • • • New preparative routes to chromyl fluoride were sought. It was found that chlorine ironofluoride reacts with chromium trioxide and chromyl chlo­ ride to produce chromyl fluoride. Attempts were ~ade to define a mechan­ ism for the reaction of ClF and Cr0 in light of by-products observed 3 and previous investigations. Carbonyl fluoride and chromium trioxide react to fom chro·yl fluoride and carbo:i dioxide. A mechanism was also proposed for this react10n. Chromium trioxide 11itl\ l~F6 or WF5 reacts to produce chromyl fluoride and the respective oxide tetrafluoride. 2 Sulfur hexafluoride did not react with Cr03.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Lists
    United States Office of Solid Waste EPA 550-B-10-001 Environmental Protection and Emergency Response May 2010 Agency www.epa.gov/emergencies LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right- To-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act • EPCRA Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances • CERCLA Hazardous Substances • EPCRA Section 313 Toxic Chemicals • CAA 112(r) Regulated Chemicals For Accidental Release Prevention Office of Emergency Management This page intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction................................................................................................................................................ i List of Lists – Conslidated List of Chemicals (by CAS #) Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act ................................................. 1 Appendix A: Alphabetical Listing of Consolidated List ..................................................................... A-1 Appendix B: Radionuclides Listed Under CERCLA .......................................................................... B-1 Appendix C: RCRA Waste Streams and Unlisted Hazardous Wastes................................................ C-1 This page intentionally left blank. LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,193,100 B2 Sangokoya Et Al
    US007 1931 OOB2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,193,100 B2 Sangokoya et al. (45) Date of Patent: Mar. 20, 2007 (54) HALOALUMINOXANE COMPOSITIONS, 5,556,821. A * 9/1996 Aida et al. .................. 502,113 THEIR PREPARATION, AND THEIR USE IN 5,731,253 A 3/1998 Sangokoya CATALYSIS 5,831, 109 A 11/1998 Smith et al. 5,936,060 A 8/1999 Schmiegel (75) Inventors: Samuel A. Sangokoya, Baton Rouge, 6,046,347 A 4/2000 Jones et al. LA (US); Lubin Luo, Baton Rouge, LA 6,060,418 A 5/2000 Sangokoya c. r: 2C, 6,063,726 A * 5/2000 Kioka et al. ................ 5O2/117 (US); Steven P. Diefenbach, Baton 6,153,550 A 1 1/2000 Kissin Rouge, LA (US); Jamie R. Strickler, 6,153,551 A 1 1/2000 Kissin et al. Baton Rouge, LA (US); Christopher G. 6,194,340 B1 2/2001 Sangokoya Bauch, Prairieville, LA (US) 6,211,111 B1 4/2001 Chen et al. 6,306,986 B1 10/2001 Teasley (73) Assignee: Albemarle Corporation, Richmond, 6,437.205 B1 8, 2002 Miller et al. VA (US) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this JP 49293, 1992 2, 1992 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 RU 4646O2 3, 1975 U.S.C. 154(b) by 21 days. WO WO 03/082466 A1 10, 2003 WO WO O3,082879 A1 10, 2003 (21) Appl. No.: 10/751,144 OTHER PUBLICATIONS (22) Filed: Dec. 31, 2003 Sato, H., et al., Studies on Nickel-Containing Zieler-Type Catalysts.
    [Show full text]
  • Category 1—Page 1
    Commerce Control List Supplement No. 1 to Part 774 Category 1—page 1 CATEGORY 1 - SPECIAL MATERIALS AND to the ITAR” (see 22 CFR parts 120 through RELATED EQUIPMENT, CHEMICALS, 130, including USML Category XXI). (2) “MICROORGANISMS,” AND “TOXINS” See also 1C009. Related Definitions: N/A Note: The Food and Drug Administration Items: (FDA) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) may control exports of items subject to the a. Seals, gaskets, sealants or fuel bladders, EAR and on the Commerce Control List. BIS “specially designed” for “aircraft” or aerospace provides cross references to these other agency use, made from more than 50% by weight of any controls for convenience only. Therefore, please of the materials controlled by 1C009.b or consult relevant FDA and DEA regulations for 1C009.c; guidance related to the item you wish to export and do not rely solely on the EAR for information b. [Reserved] about other agency export control requirements. See Supplement No. 3 to part 730 (Other U.S. Government Departments and Agencies with 1A002 “Composite” structures or laminates, Export Control Responsibilities) for as follows (see List of Items Controlled). more information. License Requirements A. “END ITEMS,” “EQUIPMENT,” Reason for Control: NS, NP, AT “ACCESSORIES,” “ATTACHMENTS,” “PARTS,” “COMPONENTS,” AND Control(s) Country Chart “SYSTEMS” (See Supp. No. 1 to part 738) 1A001 “Parts” and “components” made from NS applies to entire entry NS Column 2 fluorinated compounds, as follows (see List of NP applies to 1A002.b.1 in NP Column 1 Items Controlled). the form of tubes with an inside diameter between 75 License Requirements mm and 400 mm AT applies to entire entry AT Column 1 Reason for Control: NS, AT Reporting Requirements Country Chart Control(s) (See Supp.
    [Show full text]
  • ACS Style Guide
    ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ The ACS Style Guide ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ THIRD EDITION The ACS Style Guide Effective Communication of Scientific Information Anne M. Coghill Lorrin R. Garson Editors AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY Washington, DC OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS New York Oxford 2006 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Idaban Copyright © 2006 by the American Chemical Society, Washington, DC Developed and distributed in partnership by the American Chemical Society and Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the American Chemical Society. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The ACS style guide : effective communication of scientific information.—3rd ed. / Anne M. Coghill [and] Lorrin R. Garson, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8412-3999-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Chemical literature—Authorship—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Scientific literature— Authorship—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. English language—Style—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Authorship—Style manuals. I. Coghill, Anne M. II. Garson, Lorrin R. III. American Chemical Society QD8.5.A25 2006 808'.06654—dc22 2006040668 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ ➤ Contents Foreword.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title THE FLUOROBASICITIES OF ReF7 AND IF7 AS MEASURED BY THEENTHALPY CHANGE H|(EF7(g)->EF6+(g) + F- (g)) Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cs61673 Author Bartlett, N. Publication Date 1983-12-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California LBL-l7081 Preprint c. ~ Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RECEIVED lAlI'JOf.C,","",_ Materials & Molecular t>TORY 'I Research Division UBRARYAND DOCUMENTS SECTION Submitted to the Journal of Fluorine Chemistry THE FLUOROBASICITIES OF ReF7 AND IF7 AS MEASURED BY THE ENTHALPY CHANGE ~HO(EF7(g) + EF6+(g) + F-(g» N. Bartlett, S. Yeh, K. Kourtakis, and T. Mallouk December 1983 TWO-WEEK LOAN COpy This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy~ call Tech. Info. Division~ Ext. 6782. J r \J\J r, - Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluorination of Halogenated Alkanes with High-Valent Metal Fluorides
    Europaisches Patentamt 19 European Patent Office Office europeen des brevets © Publication number : 0 503 792 A1 EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION © Application number: 92301531.7 © int. ci.5: C07C 17/20, C07C 17/10, C07C 19/08 (22) Date of filing : 24.02.92 @ Priority: 12.03.91 GB 9105167 Inventor : Holloway, John Henry 43 Morlan Avenue Stoneygate Leicester LE2 2PF (EN) (43) Date of publication of application Inventor : Hope, Eric George 16.09.92 Bulletin 92/38 80 Norton Leys Hillside Rugby Warwickshire CV22 5RT (EN) @ Designated Contracting States : Inventor : Rieland Matthias BE DE ES FR GB IT NL Susseroderstrasse 4a W3000 Hannover 71 (DE) Inventor : Townson, Paul John @ Applicant : IMPERIAL CHEMICAL 5 Balmoral Road New Longton INDUSTRIES PLC Preston Lancashire PR4 4JJ (EN) Imperial Chemical House, Millbank Inventor : Powell, Richard Llewellyn London SW1P 3JF (GB) 9 Sadler's Wells Bunbury Tarporley Cheshire (EN) (72) Inventor : Dukat, Wolfgang Willi Seilerbahnweg 2a 74 Representative : Walmsley, David Arthur 6240 Konigstein (DE) Gregson et al ICI Group Patents Services Dept. PO Box 6 Shire Park Bessemer Road Welwyn Garden City, Herts, AL7 1HD (GB) © Fluorination of halogenated alkanes with high-valent metal fluorides. © A process for the preparation of an alkane containing fluorine by contacting a halogenated alkane containing at least one hydrogen atom and at least one halogen atom selected from chlorine, bromine and iodine with a transition metal fluoride selected from osmium hexafluoride, iridium hexafluoride, rhenium hexafluoride, ruthenium pentafluoride, chromium pentafluoride, vanadium pentafluoride, rhenium heptafluoride and uranium hexafluoride, whereby to replace at least one hydrogen atom or at least one chlorine, bromine or iodine atom in said halogenated alkane starting material by a fluorine atom.
    [Show full text]
  • REDOX and ADDITION REACTIONS of BINARY FLUORIDES a Thesis Submitted to the University of Glasgow in Fulfilment of the Requiremen
    REDOX AND ADDITION REACTIONS OF BINARY FLUORIDES A thesis submitted to the University of Glasgow in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by JOHN ALBERT BERRY B.Sc, Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, GLASGOW, December. 1976. ProQuest Number: 13804100 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13804100 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 "There is something fascinating about science. One gets such wholesale returns of conjecture out of such a trifling investment of fact" Mark Twain "It is better to meet a mother bear robbed of her cubs than to meet some fool busy with a stupid project". Proverbs, 1£, 12 (Good News Bible) Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Professor D.W.A, Sharp and Dr, J,M, Winfield for their help, encouragement and patience throughout this work, I should like to acknowledge the help and encourage­ ment I received from Dr, A, Prescott, especially with the work involving UF^ in CH^CN, I should also like to thank all my research student colleagues and the many members of staff who helped me, in particular Drs.
    [Show full text]
  • Rare-Earth Elements
    Rare-Earth Elements Chapter O of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply Professional Paper 1802–O U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Periodic Table of Elements 1A 8A 1 2 hydrogen helium 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 cesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222) 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
    [Show full text]
  • CHEMISTRY of RHENIUM a Thesis Submitted by FATMA IBRAHIM
    CHEMISTRY OF RHENIUM A Thesis submitted by FATMA IBRAHIM MOHAMED TAHA, B.Sc. for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London. March, 1963. Royal College of Science, South Kensington, S.W.7. CONTENTS Chapter. page. 1. The Simple Chemistry of Rhenium 1 2. The Complex Chemistry of Rhenium 11 3. Carboxylic Acid Complexes 20 3a. Complexes derived from the reaction between rhenium trichloride and carboxylic acids in absence of air. 21 3b. Complexes derived from the reaction between rhenium trichloride and carboxylic acids in presence of air. 37 3c. Complex derived from the reaction between acetic acid and rhenium pentachloride 45 3d. The infra-red spectra of carboxylic acid complexes 47 Nitrogen ligands 58 Infra-red spectra of Nitrogen ligand complexes 63 4. Experimental 65 References 84 47 ABSTRACT Complex compounds of Re(III) of the type t'.e(RC00)2C11 2 (R = CH3, CH3CH2, CH3CH2CH2, (CH3)2CH and CH3(CH2)6) have been prepared. They are believed to have structures similar to copper and chromium acetates. The thiocyanate derivative te(CH3CH2CH2C00)2 SCN}2 is described as well as the sulphate [Re2(CH3CH2CH2C00)4. 213201SO4.. A five-co-ordinate Re(III) complex ReC13. (RC00H)2 (R = CH3, CH3CH2) is also described. A series of Re(IV) complex compounds [ReO(R000)CA 2 and Ite:01I(R000)012J 2 have been prepared. The Re(V) complexes Ne02(RC00)1 2 and ReC13. (CH3C00)2 have also been made. Compounds of rhenium with nitrogen ligands Re0(OH)PY2C129 ReO(OH) dipyC12, ...Re02py4101.2H20, [Re02py4lPh4.B are also described.
    [Show full text]