66 JOURNAL OF AFRICAN ELECTIONS CAUSES AND IMPACT OF PARTY ALLIANCES AND COALITIONS ON THE PARTY SYSTEM AND NATIONAL COHESION IN SOUTH AFRICA Susan Booysen Susan Booysen is a Professor at the Wits School of Governance, University of the Witwatersrand e-mail:
[email protected] ABSTRACT South Africa’s first decade of democracy, 1994-2004, delivered a high volume of governing and opposition alliances and coalitions in South Africa. These alliances and coalitions catalysed the party system and facilitated the consolidation of ANC power. Simultaneously, alliances in this decade triggered the main opposition party, the DA, which continued to dominate opposition politics numerically through Election 2014. The second decade of democracy, 2004-2014, was characterised by continued ANC dominance, yet, instead of the ANC unremittingly usurping parties, it became subject to splits. Some of the split-offs emerged to become opposition parties. Others fused into alliances with either the ANC or existing opposition parties. This article takes stock of the development during these two decades and looks ahead to budding new alliances that may thrive in conditions of lessened ANC dominance. INTRODUCTION AND EMERGING THEORY ON THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA The African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa continues to head an established dominant-party system in a parliamentary system where Parliament is characteristically weak. Parliament is subjugated to the executive, which, in turn, is fused with and subject to the executive of the party-movement. In many respects the South African system resembles a presidential system, one in which the opposition political parties struggle continuously to assert themselves in the context of an ANC that operates in a gradually decaying yet still close-to- hegemonic system.