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External Characters and Karyotypes of the Captive Tamaraws, Bubalus (B.) Mindorensis, at the Gene Pool in the Island of Mindoro, Philippines

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External Characters and Karyotypes of the Captive Tamaraws, Bubalus (B.) Mindorensis, at the Gene Pool in the Island of Mindoro, Philippines 19 External Characters and Karyotypes of the Captive Tamaraws, Bubalus (B.) mindorensis, at the Gene Pool in the Island of Mindoro, Philippines Takao Namikawa 1), Joseph S. Masangkay 2), Kei-ichiro Maeda 1), Roberto F. Escalada3), Kanjyun Hirunagi 1) and Vicente G. Momongan4) 1) School of Agricultural Sciences , Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-01, Japan. 2) College of Veterinary Medicine and 4)Institute of Animal Science, University of the Philippines at Los Bað¬os, College, Laguna 3720, the Philippines. 3) Tamaraw Conservation Program , San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, the Philippines. (Received December 12, 1994, Accepted January 5, 1995) Abstract Measurement values of sixteen external characters and karyotypes were described for one female and five males of the adult captive tamaraws, Bubalus (B.) mindorensis endemic to the island of Mindoro. Principal component analyses among bubaline species, using nine or ten of the characters as variables, derived more than 95% of total variance on the first component axis, in which the tamaraw was located almost at the midpoint of two distant bubaline groups : the dwarf water buffaloes of Sulawesi (Anoa depressicornis and A. quarlesi) and the Asiatic water buffaloes (the swamp and the river types of Bubalus bubalis). All the six tamaraws had 46 chromosomes in diploid form (2N) and 58 as the fundamental number (FN) including the sex chromosomes. In contrast, all the bubaline species of Syncerus, Bubalus and Anoa were reported to have FN=60 with exception of the swamp type of the Asiatic buffalo (FN=58 but 2N 48). The X chromosome of the tamaraws was the largest acrocentric, and the Y was also acrocentric, probably among the smallest acrocentrics. The karyotype of the tamaraws differs from that of the swamp type buffalo both by one additional pair of metacentrics and the two decreased pairs of acrocentrics in the autosomes. Key words : Bubalus mindorensis, karyotype, external morphology, tamaraw, water buffalo Introduction Fischer & Hohn, 1976). This may partly be due to The tamaraw (synonymous with tamarao, the shortage of biological characterization of this tamarau or tamarou, or Mindoro Buffalo) animal. In this paper, we follow the systematics inhabits nowhere except in the island of Mindoro, of Groves (1969 ; 1976), in which the tamaraw was the Philippines. Different scientific names have given the position of Bubalus mindorensis in the been given for the tamaraw by different authors subgenus Bubalus, not in the subgenus Anoa of such as Bubalus mindorensis in the subgenus the genus Bubalus. Bubalus (Groves,1969 ; Nowak & Paradiso,1983), The tamaraw is the rarest wild bubaline species B. arnee mindorensis (Klð±s & wð¹nschmann, on earth and has some characteristics similar to 1972), or Anoa mindorensis (Hediger,l965 ; the two species of Anoa, which are the smallest 20 J. Anim. Genet., 23(1): 19-28, 1995 Table 1. The adult captive tamaraws (Bubalus mindorensis) at the Gene Pool on the island of Mindoro , a the Philippines, whose external characters and karyotypes were examined. a) Estimated by wear on the permanent incisors. b)X•}SE in males. Table 2. Measurements(cm) of external characters on the live tamaraws (Bubalus mindorensis) at the Gene Pool on the island of Mindoro. a)See in the text for detailed measurement points . b) Coefficient of variation (ƒÐ2n-1 /X) in males. c) Not measured. d)Circumference length . Namikawa et al., : Morphology and karyotype of the Tamaraw 21 bubaline species endemic to the island of Withers height : at the highest point above / Sulawesi, Indonesia (Klð±s & Wð¹nschmann, around the scapulas, Hip height : at a midpoint 1972). The 1990 IUCN-Red List of Threatened between proximal ends of Spina iliaca dorsalis, Animals of the Red Data Book categorized the Body length : horizontal distance from the frontal tamaraw in •gE•h next to •gEx•h. In the early 1900's, edge of the scapula to the caudal end of Os ischii in there were still 10,000 head of tamaraws but its parallel to the sagittal plane, Chest width : population declined tremendously in 1949 to 1,000 maximum distal distance between a pair of the head, and presently, the number of tamaraws has fifth costae, Chest depth : vertical distance from been reported to be about 200 to 300 head only the bottom of the fifth costae to the top of the back, (Momongan & Walde, 1993). Conservation Chest girth : crossing both the fifth and sixth schemes have been conducted to increase the costae in a right angle to ground, Rump width : population size and to conserve their natural between the distal ends of Spina iliaca ventralis, habitats on the island of Mindoro under the Thurl width : between the distal ends of Tamaraw Conservation Program (TCP) Acetabulum, Rump length : distance from the supported by the University of the Philippines at distal end of Spina iliaca ventralis to the caudal Los Bað¬os Foundation Incorporated (UPLBFI) end of Os ischii, Cannon bone circumference : the and related organizations. The Gene Pool of the minimum on the mid-part of the metacarpals TCP occupies an area of 280 ha of fenced (Mc3+Mc4), Head length : distance from the grassland, bush and forests. With the supports of muzzle to the midpoint of the parietale, Head the TCP of UPLBFI in 1993, we examined the width : maximum width between the processes of external characters and karyotypes of the captive Os temporale behind the orbital, Ear length : tamaraws in order to increase phylogenetical from the base to top behind the lobe, Horn knowledge on this animal. circumference : around the basement, Horn length : the base to top along its outer curve, Tail length :•@ the base to end. Materials and Methods Of these sixteen characters, nine or ten were Handling of animals : Measurement of external used in the principal component analysis (PCA) characters and blood collection were made in one to compare the tamaraws with other bubaline female and five males of adult tamaraws in species. captivity (Table 1). Prior to the examination, we treated each animal with anesthetic injection of Preparation of chromosome specimens : Each xylazine (Ceractal, Bayer) at a controlled nucleated cell layer on the red blood cells of 10 ml dosage determined by Masangkay et al. (1991 ; whole blood in a heparinized tube was transfered 1993), so that the animal could keep its standing into the culture vial containing Chromosome position as normal as possible but never lay Medium 4 (cat.no.124-1674A,GIBCO Labs.). This down. This pretreatment seemed to be essential procedure was carried out in a transparent vinyl for making measurements on the ferocious bag, that was sterirized and large enough in size tamaraw and to facilitate collection of to operate the non-contaminated blood samples noncontaminated blood from the jugular vein. inside. The cell vials were immediately cooled in However we lost several measurement values for a box containing ice, and transported to the the animals (Table 2). laboratory of UPLB. The cell vials were put into an incubator about 50 h after the blood sample Measurements of external characters : Measure- collection. 15 min before termination of the 70 h ment points of the sixteen external characters on incubation at 37•Ž, 50ƒÊ 1 of warmed Colcemid the live animals (Table 2) are detailed as follows (GIBCO Labs.) was added to each vial, and reincubated for an additional 2h. Further 22 J. Anim. Genet., 23(1): 19-28, 1995 procedure for the chromosome preparation agreed with those of Groves (1969). The tamaraw followed the direction given by GIBCO Labs. is much smaller and robuster than the large Asiatic water buffalo, with not only short thick horns directed more backward but shortened and Results and Discussion thickened limbs. The general shape of the horns, Morphological characterization : We examined with a considerable outward initial direction and one female and five male tamaraws in captivity, the stockier limbs of the tamaraw, are completely whose origin, approximate age and body mass different from the closely approximated and are shown in Table 1. All males were obviously backwardly directed horns and the thin limbs of fully matured but the female was two or three the anoas. years, when they were captured. Body mass of the The raw data of the sixteen external characters female seemed to be over-estimated, as compared of the tamaraws are tabulated since there has been to wild-grown tamaraws, due to her increased very little description on the live animals body mass with concentrated managements for (Table 2). The relatively large coefficients of the six years since she was captured. This variation (CVs) in the thurl width, cannon bone possibility is confirmed with the large chest girth circumference and head length of the males might of the female, compared to the constant values be partly due to difficulties in making accurate among the five males (Table 2). We may therefore measurements. But the large CVs in the horn regard the average body mass of the adult length, horn base circumference and tail length tamaraw to be about 274 kg in male and less than were based on reliable measurements. No 260 kg in the female (Table 1). Our general significant correlation coefficient was found observation of external features of the tamaraw between the horn length and the individual age in Table 3. Comparison of measurements (X•}SE cm) of external characters among the bubaline species ; Anoa quarlesi, A, depressicornis, Bubalus mindorensis, and the swamp and the river types of the Asiatic water buffalo (B. bubalis). a)Amano et al ., b)Present data, and c)Amano et al., 1976 a)See Table 2 . e) Estimated value based on correlation between WH and HH in the female individuals of A.quarlesi. f) No data available. Namikawa et al.,: Morphology and karyotype of the Tamaraw 23 males, nor between the horn base circumference of the tamaraws, as expressed by (WH-CD) / and their age.
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