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Regional Conservation Strategy for Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-East Asia, 2011 to 2020

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Regional Conservation Strategy for Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-East Asia, 2011 to 2020 IUCN Regional Conservation Strategy for Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-east Asia, 2011 to 2020 Copyright: Rochmad Setyadi Citation: IUCN-SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group 2010. Regional Conservation Strategy for Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-east Asia. 1 Contents: 1. Summary 2. Introduction 2.1 Background 2.2 Biology and conservation needs of South-east Asian wild cattle and buffaloes 2.3 The South-east Asian regional conservation planning workshop for wild cattle and buffaloes 3. The Distribution and Status of Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-east Asia 3.1 Current distribution 3.2 Conclusions 4. Threats to Asian Wild Cattle and Buffalo Populations in South-east Asia 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Threats 4.3 Constraints on alleviating threats 4.4 The “problem tree” 4.5 Conclusions 5. Conservation Strategy for Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-east Asia 5.1 Methodology 5.2 Results of the strategic planning process 5.3 National planning approach 6. Implementation of the Regional Strategy 6.1 Review process for the Regional Strategy 6.2 Implementation of the Regional Strategy and National Action Plans References Appendix 1: List of participants at the June 2008 regional strategy workshop Appendix 2: Agenda for the June 2008 regional strategy workshop Appendix 3: Mapping methodology Appendix 4: The entire strategy in a logical framework format Appendix 5: Acknowledgements Regional Conservation Strategy for Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-east Asia 2 Chapter 1 Summary South-east Asia is globally important for wild cattle and buffaloes; eight of the world‟s 12 wild cattle and buffalo species are found here. Five of these species only occur in this region. Wild cattle and buffalo species play a major role in maintaining functioning ecosystems, both as an important prey species and by maintaining habitat diversity through grazing and browsing, and through such behaviours as creating wallows. Also these species are important as a major reservoir of genetic material that could help safeguard and improve domestic cattle breeds throughout the world. Conserving the eight species of South-east Asian wild cattle and buffaloes presents many challenges with the growing human population in most range States of this region. These challenges include the high rate of land use change and the contrasting low levels of capacity to deliver conservation actions. The species‟ need for large ranges means their management must be integrated with human land-use requirements and into development plans. Since several of the wild cattle and buffalo species are distributed across South and South-east Asia, effective conservation and management can only be achieved when planned at a regional scale. This effective conservation can be described as being successful by maintaining these species‟ genetic, ecological, and behavioural diversity as well as facilitating the varying human cultural and economic aspirations associated with these species. This IUCN-led Regional Conservation Strategy is the first step in a programme to develop National Conservation Action Plans for all wild cattle and buffalo species across their geographic ranges. This Regional Conservation Strategy, which was initiated at an international workshop held in Vietnam in June 2008, is the result of a collaboration between national wildlife authorities from South-east Asia and the IUCN/SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group in partnership with the Wild Cattle Conservation Project in Vietnam (CIRAD, National Institute of Animal Husbandry of Vietnam, Cat Tien National Park), the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), and the Earthwatch Institute. All Asian wild cattle and buffalo species are threatened with extinction. They suffer from similar threats across the region and several species‟ ranges overlap so there are clear benefits in planning their conservation together. For some trans-boundary populations of Asian wild cattle and buffalo cooperation between neighbouring countries would allow development of a comprehensive and more effective conservation approach. Additionally, such conservation planning is likely to benefit other species, such as deer, pigs, and the carnivores that require wild cattle and buffaloes as prey. The geographic ranges of nearly all South-east Asia‟s wild cattle and buffalo species have contracted considerably due to habitat loss across Asia. Effectively managed protected areas are vital to the maintenance of the distribution of these species. However, many populations still survive in unprotected areas, such that the management of both protected and unprotected areas must be integrated into land use planning. Populations of all Asian wild cattle and buffalo species are still in decline. Some sites were identified to have stable populations by government participants at the regional workshop, while other sites were stated to have the potential for reintroduction. However, because all species are in decline, the primary focus of this Regional Conservation Strategy is on maintaining current wild populations, rather than reintroducing populations. Regional Conservation Strategy for Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-east Asia 3 This IUCN-lead Regional Conservation Strategy for wild cattle and buffalo species in South-east Asia recognises the need to: (i) Eliminate the threat to wild cattle and buffalo populations posed by killing or removal of wild animals by people; (ii) Maintain and, where appropriate, expand the area of wild cattle and buffalo habitat, and increase the proportion of that habitat that is well managed, to ensure the viability and ecological functionality of wild cattle and buffalo populations; (iii) Manage interactions with livestock to control competition, disease transmission, and genetic introgression; (iv) Inform effective conservation and management of wild cattle and buffaloes by collecting, analysing, interpreting and exchanging high-quality and timely data, in collaboration with key stakeholders locally, nationally, and internationally; (v) Ensure consistency between existing policies and, where needed, develop new policies for habitat and species conservation, and promote their implementation at local, national and international levels; (vi) Strengthen human, financial, and technical resources for conserving wild cattle and buffaloes within range States. (vii) Increase the species‟ profiles by promoting appreciation for the economic, ecological, cultural and intrinsic value of wild cattle and buffalo conservation locally, nationally, and internationally; (viii) Where necessary, and in accordance with international best practices (e.g. IUCN guidelines), increase the number and long-term viability of wild populations of buffalo and wild cattle through active management using modern techniques from genetics, population biology, and other disciplines; It is proposed that the above objectives are achieved through the development and implementation of National Action Plans for the conservation of all Asian wild cattle and buffalo species. Implementation at the national level is important because most conservation efforts are conducted within the framework of national policies and under the jurisdiction of national wildlife authorities. For this reason, this Regional Conservation Strategy has been written in a format that will facilitate translation into National Action Plans. It is expected that these plans will be implemented by national wildlife authorities, in partnership with relevant NGOs and other institutions. This report is structured as follows: background information and threats to Asian wild cattle and buffaloes, and introduction to the workshop are outlined in Chapter 2; the status and distribution data compiled at the workshop is summarized in Chapter 3; the threats are described in Chapter 4; and the conservation strategy developed by the workshop participants is described in Chapter 5 and presented as a logframe in Appendix 4 (A logframe or logical framework is a matrix and is used as a management tool to improve the design of intervention). Regional Conservation Strategy for Wild Cattle and Buffaloes in South-east Asia 4 Chapter 2 Introduction 2.1 Background The South-east Asian wild cattle and buffalo species are today among the most challenging species to conserve. Once wide-ranging, these species have suffered serious declines in numbers of individuals and geographic range over recent decades (IUCN 2010). As large ungulates they require large areas for survival; and with human populations in the region rising and encroaching into their habitat, this is causing increasing pressure from multiple threats to wild cattle and buffalo populations. All wild cattle and buffalo species are threatened with global extinction (IUCN 2010 Table 2.1). Conserving these species is important for many reasons; they play an important role in their natural environments, with many constituting important prey species for carnivores such as Tigers (Pathera tigris) and Dholes (Cuon alpines), and they also help maintain habitat diversity through grazing, browsing and the through the effects of such behaviours as wallowing. Wild cattle and buffalo species also represent a major reservoir of genetic material that could help safeguard and improve domestic cattle and buffalo breeds throughout the world. For example, the Wild Water Buffalo and Banteng have domestic analogues in domestic Water Buffalo and the so-called Bali cattle. Table 2.1 Common names, Latin names, and IUCN Red List Status (2010) for the wild cattle and buffalo species that occur
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