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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ERDC/EL TR-02-37 Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program Federal Integrated Biotreatment Research Consortium (FIBRC): Flask to Field Initiative Jeffrey W. Talley, Rakesh Bajpai, Richard Conway, October 2002 Daniel E. Averett, Jeffrey L. Davis, Deborah R. Felt, Catherine C. Nestler, editors l Laboratory a Environment Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, pub- lication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other authorized documents. PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER Strategic Environmental Research ERDC/EL TR-02-37 and Development Program October 2002 Federal Integrated Biotreatment Research Consortium (FIBRC): Flask to Field Initiative Edited by Jeffrey W. Talley Jeffrey L. Davis Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Geological Sciences U.S. Army Engineer Research and University of Notre Dame Development Center 156 Fitzpatrick Hall 3909 Halls Ferry Road Notre Dame, IN 46556 Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Rakesh Bajpai Deborah R. Felt, Catherine C. Nestler W2028 Engineering Building East Applied Research Associates, Inc. University of Missouri-Columbia 119 Monument Place Columbia, MO 65211 Vicksburg, MS 39180 Richard Conway 612 Linden Road Charleston, WV 25314-1116 Daniel E. Averett Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Fort Belvoir 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria, VA 22-386015 Final report Approved For Public Release; Distribution Is Unlimited Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Under Project CU-720 Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................v Summary ............................................................................................................. vii 1—Introduction ......................................................................................................1 2—Project Background ..........................................................................................4 3—Goals and Objectives........................................................................................8 4—Technical Approach .......................................................................................10 5—Highlighted Accomplishments .......................................................................14 Energetics and Explosives .............................................................................14 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons...............................................................17 Chlorinated Solvents......................................................................................23 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.............................................................................30 6—Conclusions ....................................................................................................37 7—Recommendations for Future Transitional Research .....................................40 Explosives and Energetics .............................................................................40 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons...............................................................41 Chlorinated Solvents......................................................................................43 Polychlorinated Biphenyls.............................................................................43 8—Recommendations to Facilitate Technology Transfer....................................45 Appendix A: Explosives Biodegration: Novel Enzymatic Reactions, Mechanisms, and Pathways for Nitroaromatic Compounds.........................A1 Appendix B: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Improved Land Treatment with Bioaugmentation ........................................................B1 Appendix C: Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Soils and Groundwaters: Field Application of the Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment (SERB) Technology......................................................................................C1 Appendix D: Enhancing PCB Bioremediation...................................................D1 SF 298 iii List of Figures Figure 1. Consortium organization .................................................................11 Figure 2. Biotreatment process development in FIBRC .................................12 Figure 3. The solubilization of PAHs by P. aeruginosa strain 64 rhamnolipid and by Triton X-100 (a synthetic surfactant) .........19 Figure 4. A comparison of PAH degradation between traditional land farming units (LTUs) and enhanced land farming troughs .............22 Figure 5. Biotransformation pathways for chloroethenes...............................23 Figure 6. Application of the SERB technology ..............................................26 Figure 7. Bench-level anaerobic-aerobic treatment of PCB-contaminated soil used for scale-up to pilot-level demonstration..........................34 Figure 8. Reactors used in PCB pilot demonstration and evaluation..............35 List of Tables Table 1. Lead Researchers Associated with FIBRC Projects Between FY 1994 - FY 2001.............................................................2 Table 2. Typical Costs for Remediation of Soils and Groundwater................4 Table 3. TAC Members of FIBRC ................................................................12 Table 4. List of Projects Funded by FIBRC ..................................................13 Table 5. Technology Transfer Products Resulting from SERDP Project CU-720................................................................................48 iv Preface This report summarizes results of research conducted by the Federal Integrated Biotreatment Research Consortium (FIBRC) during 1994-2001. The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) sponsored this project under its Cleanup Thrust Area Project CU-720. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) directed the FIBRC research program, which was entitled "Biotreatment: Flask to Field Initiative." Active membership of the FIBRC consisted of the following organizations: ERDC Environmental Laboratory (EL), Vicksburg, MS U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City, FL U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC U.S. Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center Research, Development, Test and Evaluation Division (NRaD), San Diego, CA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA USEPA Robert S. Kerr Laboratory, Ada, OK Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic Hazardous Substance Research Center (GLMAC), Ann Arbor, MI In addition, the following organizations also participated in the FIBRC in an advisory capacity: ERDC Cold Regions Research Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, NH ERDC Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, IL U.S. Army Environmental Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL v The FIBRC Director during the preparation of this report was Dr. Jeffrey W. Talley, ERDC, Vicksburg, MS. Executive Assistant for the FIBRC was Ms. Deborah R. Felt, Applied Research Associates (ARA), Vicksburg, MS. During the time of writing of this report, Ms. Cathy Vogel served as SERDP's Program Manager for the Cleanup Thrust Area. Program managers included Dr. Femi Ayorinde, Joint UXO Coordination Office, Fort Belvoir. SERDP Directors were Mr. Bradley Smith, SERDP Program Office, and Dr. John Harrison, EL. Dr. Rakesh Bajpai, Professor, University of Missouri-Columbia, wrote the main body of this report based largely on the key aspects of the appendices written by the thrust area leaders. Mr. Richard Conway, Union Carbide Corporation Senior Fellow (retired), SERDP Project Shepherd, Dr. Talley, Mr. Daniel E. Averett, Chief, Environmental Engineering Branch, Environmental Processing and Engineering Division, (EPED), EL, and Jeffrey L. Davis, EL, reviewed and edited the main report, as well as the appendices. Ms. Felt and Ms. Catherine C. Nestler, ARA, assisted in the preparation, technical review and editing of the manuscript. Appendix A was written by Dr. Jim C. Spain and Ms. Shirley F. Nishino, Air Force Armstrong Laboratory, Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City, FL. Appendix B was written by Dr. P. H. Pritchard, Dr. Joanne Jones-Meehan, and Mr. W. Straube, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC; Ms. Nestler; Mr. Lance D. Hansen, EL: W. Jones and J. Hind, Maryland Biotechnology Institute; and Dr. Talley. Appendix C was written by Dr. Guy W. Sewell, Ms. Susan C. Mravik, and Dr. A. Lynn Wood, Robert S. Kerr Research Laboratory, Ada, OK; Dr. Michael Annable, University of Florida-Gainesville, FL; and Dr. Randy Sillan and Mr. Kevin Warner, LFR Levine Fricke, Emeryville, CA. Appendix D was written by Dr. James M. Tiedje and Ms.Tamara V. Tsoi, Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI; Mr. Kurt D. Pennell, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA; Mr Hansen, and Dr. Altaf Wani, EL. This study was conducted under the direct supervision of Mr. Averett and under
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