CETA: Claimrecht Voor Canadese Multinationals

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CETA: Claimrecht Voor Canadese Multinationals CETA: Claimrecht voor Canadese multinationals Factsheet | Januari 2020 CETA beschermt 14.000 Canadese investeerders in van nieuwe beleidsmaatregelen in het publiek belang de EU: Meer dan 3.200 Canadese bedrijven hebben aangeklaagd te worden door Canadese investeerders. een dochteronderneming in de EU. Bijna 14.000 CETA beschermt het recht op winst uit kinderopvang: bedrijven in de EU hebben Canadese aandeelhouders, Met dit verdrag kan investeringsmaatschappij Onex die straks gebruik kunnen maken van de rechten voor verhaal halen bij de Nederlandse overheid voor terug- investeerders onder CETA. dringen van winstuitkering in de kinderopvang 428 bedrijven met Canadese eigenaar in Nederland CETA beschermt Canadese eigenaar van Nederlands beschermd: In Nederland zijn er 428 bedrijven die gas: Vermilion exploiteert kleine gasvelden op 65 loca- direct eigendom zijn van Canadese aandeelhouders. ties in Nederland, met name in het Noorden, waaronder Deze bedrijven zouden onder CETA in de huidige vorm de Waddenzee, maar ook in onder andere Woerden, kunnen gaan procederen voor schadevergoedingen Zaltbommel en Loon op Zand. Met CETA kan Vermilion van Europese overheden. Hieronder vallen dochteron- een schadevergoeding eisen voor het afbouwen van dernemingen van grote Canadese industriële bedrijven, gaswinning in kleine velden door heel Nederland. banken en vermogensbeheerders zoals Bombardier, CETA kan betaalbaar wonen moeilijker en duurder McCain, Royal Bank of Canada en Brookfield Asset maken: Vastgoedbeleggers als Brookfield Asset Management. Canadese investeerders hebben ook een Management kunnen met CETA compensatie vragen (minderheids-)belang in grote Nederlandse bedrijven voor overheidsmaatregelen gericht op toegankelijke als ING, Heineken en Unilever. en betaalbare huurwoningen. In totaal zijn er 671 bedrijven in Nederland actief die Canada als belangrijke bron van investeringen: tot een bedrijfsgroep behoren waarvan een Canadees Canadese directe investeringen in de EU bedroegen bedrijf de uiteindelijk eigenaar is. Deze bedrijven in 2017 €178 miljard, waarmee Canada de vierde kunnen – eventueel met behulp van een simpele investeerder in de EU is. In 2018 was Canada zelfs aanpassing van de bedrijfsstructuur – aanspraak maken de grootste bron van inkomende stromen van directe op CETA. De Nederlandse overheid loopt daardoor investeringen in de EU. Daarnaast bedroeg het totaal in de toekomst verhoogd risico om bij de invoering aan uitstaande Canadese portfolio investeringen in de EU aan het einde van 2017 €229 miljard. q Factsheet 1 In 2016 ondertekenden Europese en Canadese regerings- Deze factsheet is de laatste van twee studies naar hoe leiders het Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement CETA de rechtspositie van Noord-Amerikaanse bedrijven (CETA). Na goedkeuring door het Europees Parlement in de EU versterkt en daarmee Europese overheden en werd een groot deel van het verdrag al in 2017 voorlopig in belastingbetalers blootstelt aan potentiële claims. Bij een werking gesteld. Het meest omstreden onderdeel van volledige inwerkingtreding van CETA krijgen Canadese CETA – het investeringshoofdstuk – wordt pas effectief als investeerders allerlei juridische privileges die nationale de nationale parlementen van de EU-lidstaten het verdrag investeerders, het midden- en kleinbedrijf, en gewone goedkeuren. Dit hoofdstuk geeft multinationals vergaande burgers niet hebben. Hierdoor schuift de machtsbalans rechten om buiten de nationale rechter om overheden aan verder op in het voordeel van multinationals. Met behulp te klagen bij een arbitragetribunaal om enorme schade- van de Orbis database van Bureau Van Dijk5 laat deze vergoedingen te eisen voor de invoering van overheids- factsheet zien hoeveel en wat voor Canadese bedrijven maatregelen die hun belangen schaden. Alleen al door te straks potentieel gebruik kunnen maken van CETA, en op dreigen met miljoenen- en soms miljardenclaims kunnen wat voor manieren. Statistieken over investeringsvolumes- buitenlandse investeerders druk op overheden uitoefenen en claims zijn afkomstig van respectievelijk het Inter- om regelgeving af te zwakken of van tafel te krijgen, bij- nationaal Monetair Fonds en van de United Nations voorbeeld op gebied van milieu, klimaat, gezondheid, Conference on Trade and Development. Overige informatie financiën, belastingen of ander beleid in het publiek belang. is afkomstig van publiek beschikbare bronnen. Het maatschappelijke en politieke draagvlak voor deze investeerdersrechten, en het zogeheten investor-state 1 CETA: gouden standaard of gemiste dispute settlement (ISDS), brokkelt wereldwijd af. De ver- kans? meende voordelen blijven onduidelijk, terwijl de negatieve effecten van de financiële druk die ISDS met zich meebrengt Voorstanders zien CETA als een modelverdrag dat als voor- steeds zichtbaarder worden. Steeds meer landen keren zich beeld voor toekomstige handelsverdragen kan fungeren. dan ook af van dit systeem. Zo zegden landen als India, Onderhandelaars van de Europese Commissie en Canada Zuid-Afrika en Indonesië hun investeringsverdragen op. presenteren CETA als een ‘gouden standaard’ waarin een Opkomende economieën als Brazilië sluiten nieuwe ver- evenwichtige balans is gevonden tussen de belangen van dragen zonder ISDS en onlangs heeft een blok van grote investeerders en de beleidsvrijheid voor overheden om te landen als China, Japan, Zuid-Korea, Maleisië, Australië kunnen reguleren in het publiek belang.6 Ook het Ministerie en Nieuw-Zeeland aangekondigd ISDS uit hun onderlinge van Buitenlandse Zaken noemt CETA een “moderne en akkoord te halen.1 Ook de EU neemt in recente verdragen progressieve handelsovereenkomst” waarbij overheden met Japan, Australië en Nieuw-Zeeland geen ISDS op. de bevoegdheid behouden om “wetten en regels in het De Europese rechter oordeelde dat er binnen de EU geen publieke belang op te stellen en om legitieme doelstellingen plek meer is voor ISDS, waardoor EU-lidstaten hun onder- na te streven”.7 linge verdragen zullen gaan moeten beëindigen.2 Waarom zou ISDS dan wel nodig zijn in een verdrag met Canada? Ten opzichte van de duizenden bestaande verdragen bevat CETA een aantal verbeteringen. Zo is er een aparte De Canadese minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Chrystia bepaling opgenomen waarin de verdragspartijen hun recht Freeland stelde nota bene zelf dat ISDS “Canadezen op regelgeving ter verwezenlijking van legitieme beleids- miljoenen aan juridische kosten heeft gekost”, en besloot doelstellingen, zoals bescherming van de volksgezondheid, om ISDS uit het heronderhandelde verdrag met de veiligheid, milieu, sociale of consumentenbescherming, Verenigde Staten te halen om Canada’s beleidsvrijheid te herbevestigen.8 Ook zijn er een aantal aanscherpingen waarborgen.3 Ook de Nederlandse handelsminister enverduidelijkingen van bepalingen over investeringsbe- Sigrid Kaag stelde in een Kamerdebat in december 2017 scherming aangebracht, en is er met de invoering van het dat investeringsbescherming tussen goed ontwikkelde Investment Court System (ICS) getracht meer legitimiteit, rechtsstaten niet nodig is, en concludeerde het volgende: transparantie en respect voor procedurele waarborgen aan “zouden we dus nú met Canada een onderhandeling het mechanisme van geschillenbeslechting te brengen beginnen, dan zou investeringsbescherming of geschillen- (zie kader). beslechting ook niet in het akkoord worden opgenomen.”4 CETA: Claimrecht voor Canadese multinationals Factsheet 2 Aangepaste bepalingen over investeringsbescherming in CETA Met CETA krijgen buitenlandse investeerders het recht op eerlijke en billijke behandeling. CETA beperkt dit doorgaans rekbare en breed geformuleerde begrip tot gevallen van ‘rechtsweigering’, ‘wezenlijke schending van het recht op een eerlijke rechtsgang’, ‘kennelijke willekeur’, ‘gerichte discriminatie op kennelijk ongerechtvaardigde gronden’, en ‘onjuiste behandeling van investeerders’. 9 Maar investeerders hebben in het verleden al veelvuldig – en dikwijls met succes – een beroep gedaan op deze categorieën in hun schadeclaims. 10 Ambtenaren van de Europese Commissie bevestigen zelf dat deze categorieën gebaseerd zijn op bestaande interpretaties door arbitragetribunalen in eerdere zaken.11 Ook kunnen de verdragspartijen op een later moment altijd nog nieuwe categorieën toevoegen.12 En veel van deze fundamentele rechten liggen ook verankerd in het Europese rechts- systeem, en in die van de lidstaten, waardoor het opnemen ervan in een internationaal handelsverdrag overbodig, en mogelijk onwenselijk, wordt.13 In CETA is ook een bijlage opgenomen die benadrukt dat normale overheidsmaatregelen in het publiek belang niet worden aangemerkt als indirecte onteigening. Maar overheden dienen daarbij aan te tonen dat deze ‘legitiem’ en niet ‘duidelijk buitensporig’ zijn in het licht van het beoogde doel.14 Of dat zo is blijft in de praktijk grotendeels afhankelijk van de wijze waarop een tribunaal dit zal interpreteren. Investeerders hebben al diverse malen geclaimd dat bepaald beleid in het publiek belang niet legitiem en buitensporig was.15 En ze kunnen dan een schadevergoeding eisen op basis van ‘fair market value’ voorafgaand aan de onteigening. Dit is een proble- matisch begrip dat niet duidelijk is afgebakend, waardoor de waarde sterk kan worden opgeblazen, bijvoorbeeld door het toevoegen van verwachte winsten over een periode.16 CETA bevat zelfs een financiële prikkel voor overheden om een maatregel in te trekken of te wijzigen.17 Het nieuwe Investment Court System zet een semi-permanent tribunaal op waarin
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