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DINAMIKA PEMIKIRAN POLITIK AHMAD SYAFI'i MA'arif (Tinjauan

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DINAMIKA PEMIKIRAN POLITIK AHMAD SYAFI'i MA'arif (Tinjauan 90 DINAMIKA PEMIKIRAN POLITIK AHMAD SYAFI’I MA’ARIF (Tinjauan Terhadap Ideologi Negara) Skripsi Diajukan kepada Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum untuk memenuhi persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Hukum Islam (SHI) oleh: Lia Hilyah NIM: 105045201521 Dibawah bimbingan Pembimbing Dr. Rumadi, MA NIP: 196903041997031012 KONSENTASI SIYASAH SYAR’IYYAH PROGRAM STUDI JINAYAH SIYASAH FAKULTAS SYARIAH DAN HUKUM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2009 1430 H/2009 M 91 DINAMIKA PEMIKIRAN POLITIK AHMAD SYAFI’I MA’ARIF (Tinjauan Terhadap Ideologi Negara) Skripsi Diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Hukum Islam (SHI) Oleh : Lia Hilyah NIM: 105045201521 KONSENTRASI SIYASAH SYAR’IYYAH PROGRAM STUDI JINAYAH SIYASAH FAKULTAS SYARIAH DAN HUKUM UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1430 H/2009 M 92 PENGESAHAN PANITIA PENGUJI Skripsi berjudul DINAMIKA PEMIKIRAN POLITIK AHMAD SYAFI’I MA’ARIF (Tinjauan Terhadap Ideologi Negara) telah diujikan dalam Sidang Munaqasyah Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta pada tanggal 8 Desember 2009. Skripsi ini telah diterima sebagai salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Hukum Islam (SHI) pada Program Studi Jinayah Siyasah Konsentrasi Siyasah Syar’iyyah. Jakarta, 10 Desember 2009 Dekan Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum Prof. Dr. H. Muhammad Amin Suma, SH, M.A, M.M. NIP. 195505051982031012 PANITIA UJIAN MUNAQASAH 1. Ketua : Prof. Dr. H. M. Amin Suma, SH., M.A., M.M. (…....…..……..…) NIP: 195505051982031012 2. Sekretaris : Sri Hidayati, M.Ag (…………………) NIP: 197102151997032002 3. Pembimbing : Dr. Rumadi, M.A (………….……..) NIP: 196903041997031012 4. Penguji I : Sri Hidayati, M.Ag (………………...) NIP: 197102151997032002 5. Penguji II : Drs. Heldi, M. Pd (.….…….…...….) NIP: 196304141993031002 93 Skripsi berjudul DINAMIKA PEMIKIRAN POLITIK AHMAD SYAFI’I MA’ARIF (Tinjauan Terhadap Ideologi Negara) telah diujikan dalam sidang Munaqasyah Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta pada 8 Desember 2009. Skripsi ini telah diterima sebagai salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Hukum Islam (SHI) pada Program Studi Jinayah Siyasah, KonsentrasiSiyasaSyariyyah. Jakarta, 8 Desember 2009 Mengesahkan, Dekan Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum Prof. Dr. H. Muhammad Amin Suma, SH, MA, MM NIP. 195505051982031012 PANITIA UJIAN 1.Ketua : Dr. Asmawi, M.Ag (………………………) NIP. 197210101997031008 2. Sekretaris : Sri Hidayati, M.Ag (………………………) NIP. 197102151997032002 3. Pembimbing: Dr. Jaenal Aripin, M.Ag (………………………) NIP. 197210161998031004 4. Penguji I : Dr. H. Mujar Ibnu Syarif, M.Ag (………………………) NIP. 197112121995031001 5. Penguji II : Khamami Zada, MA (………………………) NIP. 150326892 94 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur Alhamdulillah penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah swt, atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya, penelitian dan penulisan skripsi yang berjudul: Dinamika Pemikiran Politik Ahmad Syafii Maarif (Tinjauan Terhadap Ideologi Negara), dapat terselesaikan dengan tepat waktu. Shalawat dan Salam senantiasa tercurahkan keharibaan Nabi Muhammad saw, beserta keluarga dan para pengikutNya. Dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini, tentunya tidak terlepas dari bantuan dan motifasi dari berbagai pihak, baik secara personal maupun secara kelembagaan. Untuk itu, penulis ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya pada semua pihak, baik yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung telah membantu penulis dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. Maka perkenankanlah penulis menghaturkan ucapan terima kasih kepada: 1. Bapak Prof. Dr. H. Muhammad Amin Suma, SH, MH, MM selaku Dekan Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum 2. Bapak DR. Rumadi, MA selaku pembimbing dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. Beliau dengan tulus telah memberikan bimbingan dan arahan yang sangat berarti demi kelancaran penyusunan skripsi ini. 3. Bapak Asmawi, MAg selaku ketua Jurusan Jinayah Siyasah dan Ibu Sri Hidayati, MAg selaku sekretaris Jurusan Jinayah Siyasah. 4. Seluruh Dosen Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta yang telah memberikan ilmunya kepada penulis sehingga penulis dapat 95 menyelesaikan studi di Jurusan Jinayah Siyasah Prodi Siyasah Syar’iyyah UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 5. Abi dan Umiku tercinta, kakak dan adik-adikku tersayang, dan semua saudaraku yang ikut berjasa dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. Terima kasih atas dukungan dan kasih sayang kalian. Aku Begitu Menyayangi dan Mencintai kalian semua. 6. Orang terdekat penulis Abangku (Salman). Terima kasih atas dukungan dan motivasinya. 7. Sahabat-sahabatku Istiqomah, Rohma, Arie Zakiyah, Qie-qie, Lisa Astarina, Susanti (Ds), Foe (Ds). Terima kasih atas dukungan dan persahabatan kalian yang selalu menemani penulis saat suka dan duka. 8. Sahabat-sahabat Siyasah Syar’iyyah angkatan 2005. Terima Kasih atas kebersamaan dan persahabatannya. Semoga kita dapat terus menjalani silaturrahmi. 9. Semua teman-teman penulis di mana pun berada, yang telah memberikan dukungan dan semangat dalam penyelesaian skripsi ini. 10. Kepada Lembaga Institut Maarif, terima kasih atas bantuan data-data yang telah diberikan sehingga dapat mempermudah penulis dalam penyusunan skripsi ini. Penulis berdo’a kepada Allah swt, semoga segala dukungan dan bantuan yang telah diberikan kepada penulis akan mendapatkan balasannya. Serta segala ilmu yang penulis dapatkan selama di perkuliahan dapat 96 bermanfaat. Dan segala pengorbanan penulis dalam penyususan skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak. Amien… Jakarta, 8 Desember 2009 Penulis 97 LEMBAR PERNYATAAN Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa: 1. Skripsi ini merupakan hasil karya asli saya yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Strata 1 di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 2. Semua sumber yang saya gunakan dalam penulisan ini telah saya cantumkan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 3. Jika dikemudian hari terbukti bahwa karya ini bukan hasil karya saya atau merupakan hasil jiplakan dari orang lain, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi yang berlaku di Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Jakarta, 8 Desember 2009 Lia Hilyah 98 DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI...............................................................................................................iv BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah………………………………………….1 B. Pembatasan dan Perumusan Masalah…………………………….8 C. Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian…………………………………..9 D. Tinjauan Pustaka………………………………………………...10 E. Metode Penelitian……………………………………………….11 F. Subjek Penelitian…...……………………………………………13 G. Sistematika Penulisan……………………………………………13 BAB II BIOGRAFI SYAFI'I MA'ARIF A. Riwayat Hidup Syafi'i Ma'arif …………………………………..16 B. Pendidikan dan Karir Syafi’i Ma’arif……………………………23 C. Aktifitas Syafi’i Ma’arif…………………………………………29 D. Karya-karya Syafi’i Ma’arif…………………………………….36 E. Fase Perkembangan Pemikiran Syafi’i Ma’arif 1. Pembentukkan Intelektual Syafi’i Ma’arif.………………….40 99 2. Pertumbuhan Intelektual Syafi’i Ma’arif…..………………...40 3. Perkembangan Intelektual Syafi’i Ma’arif.………………….41 4. Kematangan Intelektual Syafi’i Ma’arif….………………….41 BAB III TINJAUAN UMUM TENTANG IDEOLOGI DASAR NEGARA DI INDONESIA A. Pengertian Ideologi ……………………………………………...43 B. Bentuk-Bentuk Ideologi dan Dasar Negara yang Pernah Berkembang di Indonesia………………………………………..44 1. Islam Sebagai Dasar Negara…………………………………..45 2. Pemahaman Negara Sekuler.………………………………….52 3. Interseksi Agama dan Negara dalam Ideologi Pancasila……..54 4. Ideologi dan Falsafah Pancasila………………………………58 BAB IV PEMIKIRAN POLITIK AHMAD SYAFI'I MA'ARIF TENTANG IDEOLOGI NEGARA DI INDONESIA A. Pandangan Ahmad Syafi'i Ma'arif tentang Islam sebagai Ideologi Negara............................................................................................69 B. Pandangan Ahmad Syafi'i Ma'arif tentang Pancasila sebagai Ideologi Negara.............................................................................79 C. Pancasila sebagai Ideologi Terbuka...............................................83 100 D. Relevansi Pemikiran Politik Ahmad Syafi’i Ma’arif Dalam Konteks Indonesia sekarang..........................................................85 BAB V PENUTUP A. Kesimpulan………………………………………………………88 B. Saran……………………………………………………………..89 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ……………………………………………………………...90 101 BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Di kalangan intelektual Muslim sejak zaman klasik hingga saat ini terdapat tiga aliran tentang hubungan agama dan negara, yaitu: Pertama, golongan sekuler (Barat), berpendapat bahwa agama yang tidak ada hubungannya dengan urusan politik atau negara. Menurut aliran ini, Nabi Muhammad saw hanyalah seorang rasul biasa seperti rasul-rasul sebelumnya, dengan tugas tunggal mengajak manusia kembali kepada kehidupan yang mulia. Nabi tidak pernah bermaksud mendirikan suatu negara atau pun sejenis bangunan politik lainnya. Kedua, aliran ini berpendapat bahwa Islam memang tidak memiliki hubungan secara langsung dengan masalah negara tetapi ia memiliki seperangkat nilai etika bagi kehidupan bernegara atau dalam kata lain memiliki hubungan integralistik yang saling mempengaruhi melalui nilai- nilai etika tersebut. Tokoh utama yang mewakili aliran ini adalah Muhammad Husain Haikal.1 Ketiga, para Islamis pada umumnya berpendapat, Islam merupakan sebuah agama yang khas. Sebab, Islam mengatur bukan hanya urusan transcendental, tapi juga hubungan sosial, bahkan
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