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Esujulyaugust2002.Pdf July/August 2002 School of Natural Resources and Environment Vol. 19 No. 4 THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN pages 65-204 An Interdisciplinary Approach to Endangered Species Recovery: Concepts Applications Cases Special Issue Wild bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus ferus) by Richard P. Reading Cover photos. (Clockwise from top): green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) by G. McFall, OAR/National Undersea Research Program, University of North Carolina at Wilmington; black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) by Charlene Bessken, BLM; red wolf (Canis rufus) by John and Karen Hollingsworth, USFWS; bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) courtesy of USFWS; Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus) by Paul Dayton; furbish lousewort (Pedicularis furbishiae) by Irene Storks, USFWS. (Center): thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) courtesy of the South Australian Museum, Adelaide. Endangered Species UPDATE Volume 19, Issue 4 Special Issue: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Endangered Species Recovery: Concepts, Applications, Cases Edited by: Richard L. Wallace Ursinus College Tim W. Clark Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative Richard P. Reading Denver Zoological Foundation Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative Table of Contents Introduction: Interdisciplinary Endangered Species Conservation: A New Approach For A New Century Richard L. Wallace, Tim W. Clark, and Richard P. Reading......................................................... 70 I. Concepts 1. Making Partnerships Work in Endangered Species Conservation: An Introduction to the Decision Process Tim W. Clark and Ronald D. Brunner............................................................................ 74 2. Solving Problems in Endangered Species Conservation: An Introduction to Problem Orientation Richard L. Wallace and Tim W. Clark............................................................................. 81 3. Understanding the Human Factor in Endangered Species Recovery: An Introduction to Human Social Process Tim W. Clark and Richard L. Wallace............................................................................. 87 4. The Dynamics of Value Interactions in Endangered Species Conservation Tim W. Clark and Richard L. Wallace............................................................................. 95 5. The Professional in Endangered Species Conservation: An Introduction to Standpoint Clarification Tim W. Clark and Richard L. Wallace............................................................................. 101 6. Research in Endangered Species Conservation: An Introduction to Multiple Methods Tim W. Clark, Richard P. Reading, and Richard L. Wallace........................................... 106 II. Applications 7. Organization and Management of Endangered Species Programs Tim W. Clark and John R. Cragun................................................................................... 114 8. Learning as a Strategy for Improving Endangered Species Conservation Tim W. Clark....................................................................................................................119 9. Prototyping for Successful Conservation: The Eastern Barred Bandicoot Program Tim W. Clark, Richard P. Reading, and Gary N. Backhouse........................................... 125 10. Improving Group Problem Solving in Endangered Species Recovery: Using the "Decision Seminar" Method Richard L. Wallace and Tim W. Clark............................................................................. 130 68 Endangered Species UPDATE Vol. 19 No. 4 2002 11. The Population Viability Assessment Workshop: A Tool for Threatened Species Management Tim W. Clark, Gary N. Backhouse, and Robert C. Lacy................................................. 136 12. Towards an Endangered Species Reintroduction Paradigm Richard P. Reading, Tim W. Clark, and Stephen R. Kellert............................................. 142 13. Implementing Endangered Species Recovery Policy: Learning as We Go? Tim W. Clark and Ann H. Harvey.................................................................................... 147 14. Conserving Biodiversity in the Real World: Professional Practice Using a Policy Orientation Tim W. Clark, Peter Schuyler, Tim Donnay, Peyton Curlee, Timothy Sullivan, Margaret Cymerys, Lili Sheeline, Richard P. Reading, Richard L. Wallace, Ted Kennedy, Jr., Arnald Marcer-Batlle, and Yance De Fretes........................................ 156 III. Cases 15. Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Conservation: A New Approach for a 21st Century Challenge Richard P. Reading, Tim W. Clark, Lauren McCain, and Brian J. Miller........................ 162 16. Great Ape Conservation in Central Africa: Addressing the Bushmeat Crisis Heather E. Eves, Elizabeth A. Gordon, Julie T. Stein, and Tim W. Clark........................ 171 17. Projeto Abraço Verde: A Practice-based Approach to Brazilian Atlantic Forest Conservation Scott C. Fenimore and Laury Cullen, Jr. .......................................................................... 179 18. Path of the Tapir: Integrating Biological Corridors, Ecosystem Management, and Socio- economic Development in Costa Rica Quint Newcomer.............................................................................................................. 186 19. If the Tasmanian Tiger Were Found, What Should We Do? An Interdisciplinary Guide to Endangered Species Recovery Tim W. Clark, Richard P. Reading, Richard L. Wallace, and Barbara Wilson................. 194 Conclusion: Becoming a More Effective Professional: The Next Steps in Learning and Applying an Interdisciplinary Approach to the Conservation of Biological Diversity Richard L. Wallace, Tim W. Clark, and Richard P. Reading......................................................... 201 News from Zoos....................................................................................................................................... 203 Vol. 19 No. 4 2002 Endangered Species UPDATE 69 Introduction Interdisciplinary Endangered Species Conservation: A New Approach For A New Century Richard L. Wallace Environmental Studies Program, Ursinus College, P.O. Box 1000, Collegeville, PA 19426 [email protected] Tim W. Clark Yale University School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 301 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511 and Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative, Box 2705, Jackson, WY 83001 [email protected] Richard P. Reading Denver Zoological Foundation, 2900 East 23rd Avenue, Denver, CO 80205 [email protected] Endangered species conservation — from a disconnect and imbalance in Species UPDATE is the culmination encompassing research, policy, man- knowledge and skills concerning of an extended program of research, agement, and all its many facets — natural science research (on the one education, and practice in interdisci- is a management process that requires hand) and social, organizational, and plinary endangered species conserva- integrative and interdisciplinary values-related concerns (on the tion. In addition to authoring a num- methods to be most successful. This other). This leads directly to many ber of the following articles, we are process is sometimes also called the complex and sometimes glaring prob- practitioners of interdisciplinary "decision or policy process," but the lems in recovery efforts. It is gener- problem solving methods in endan- labels can be used interchangeably. ally accepted now that social factors gered species conservation. We have In the three decades since passage of — such as leadership, organization, studied, taught, and practiced these the Endangered Species Act of 1973 communication/cooperation, and methods in endangered species recov- (ESA), endangered species programs many others — play a critical role in ery programs in the United States and have faced serious challenges that the success or failure of endangered abroad for more than 25 years. We have often impeded the ability of species conservation efforts (Clark et present this special issue for practi- people involved to succeed. These al. 1994, 2000, 2001; Reading and tioners, teachers, and students of en- include a preponderance of programs Miller 2000). Nonetheless, omissions dangered species conservation in the strong in natural sciences research and oversights in the management hopes that it will help inspire more and methods, but weak in the social process continue to plague many on- innovative, practical, and effective science knowledge and individual going efforts. As a result, perhaps the conservation. In this light, the articles skills necessary to effectively partici- greatest problem facing these efforts presented herein reflect the efforts of pate in and influence the management is the inability or unwillingness of their authors to clarify, promote, and process (i.e. the series of decisions some government and non-govern- practice endangered species conser- and actions that occur within a pro- mental participants to adopt new vation by scrupulously integrating the gram from its inception through its knowledge and skills, use them effec- many variables falling under the ae- design, implementation, evaluation tively, and address the clear conser- gis of endangered species "research," and, if called for, termination). While vation challenges in a smooth and "management," and "policy." the level of knowledge about the ultimately successful manner. De- This special issue is the latest in a management process has increased spite this lingering problem,
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