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" Public Disclosure Authorized VIOLENCE PREVENTION A Critical Dimension of Development

Background 2

Agenda 4

Participant Biographies 10

Photo Contest ­ Imagining Peace 32

Photo Contest Winners 33

Photo Contest Finalists 36

Conference Organizing Team & Contact Information 43 The Conflict, Crime and Violence team in the Social high levels of violent crime, street violence, do­ Development Department (SDV) has organized a mestic violence, and other kinds of violence. day and a half event focusing on "Violence Pre­ vention: A Critical Dimension of Development". Violence takes many forms: from the traditional As the issue of violence crosscuts other agendas protection racket by illegal organizations to the of the World Bank, the objectives of the event are rise of international illegal trafficking (arms, hu­ to raise World Bank staff's awareness of the link mans, drugs), from gang-based urban violence between violence prevention and development, its and crime to politically-motivated violence fueled relevance for development, and to present the ra­ by socio-economic grievances. All these forms of tionale for increased attention to violence preven­ violence concur to erode the well-being of all- and tion and reduction within World Bank operations. more acutely of the poorest - and to stymie devel­ opment efforts. Social failure, weak institutional Violence has become one of the most salient de­ capacity and the lack of a legal framework to pro­ velopmental issues in the global agenda. Its nega­ tect and guarantee people's safety and rights cre­ tive impact on social and economic development ate a climate of lawlessness and engender dynam­ in countries across the world has been well doc­ ics of state-within-state behavior by increasingly umented. Studies have shown that in about 60 more powerful criminal organizations. countries, over the last ten years, violence has sig­ nificantly and directly reduced economic growth. There is now a greater understanding of the inter­ It has hampered poverty reduction efforts and relationship between these different forms of vio­ limited progress towards the Millennium Devel­ lence. Common violence - defined in opposition opment Goals. About half of these 60 countries to politically-motivated violence - has often in­ currently experience violent conflict or are in creased in post-conflict countries after large-scale post-conflict transition. The other half experience armed conflict ended. Such cases include Somalia,

2 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVElOPMENT ~

Liberia, Guatemala and EI Salvador. Conversely, ages development activities to adopt a violence countries with high levels of common violence prevention lens, in order to avoid exacerbating have shown tendencies toward sporadic socio­ grievances in society and/or deepen social mar­ political instability, as in the cases of ethnic vio­ ginalization that feeds into violence. lence in Kenya and in South Africa, or urban riots in Brazil and Haiti. The case of Colombia, where The "Violence Prevention: A Critical Dimension long lasting civil war has been accompanied by of Development" event will be an occasion to high levels of urban violence and persisting illegal showcase: activities, further suggests the interplay and inter­ i. How violence prevention crosscuts important connectedness of various types of violence. development priorities, such as fragile coun­ tries, governance, gender and youth inclu­ These examples highlight that types of violence sion, post-conflict reconstruction and urban are linked to each other, and suggest that com­ development. partmentalizing different types of violence and ii. What we know about what works and does the approaches to address them may not be the not work in violence prevention. best strategy. Ultimately, violence impedes the iii. How this agenda can be translated into con­ emergence of the very conditions necessary for the crete policy advice and operations, and how successful implementation of development opera­ the World Bank can move forward in address­ tions. Much of the literature shows that approach­ ing crime and violence. es to reducing and preventing violence need to be comprehensive in nature and must encourage the This seminar will also aim to share experiences with participation of a wide range of actors. external organizations and experts to present, ana­ lyze, and discuss issues related to violence, its im­ Governments across regions are increasingly re­ pact on societies, and the best approaches to prevent questing the World Bank's support in addressing it. The event includes speakers from the World Bank, these problems more effectively. The challenges of from organizations working on violence-related is­ preventing violence and reducing crime require sues, and from governments and municipalities. seamless coordination among different actors within the state (national and municipal), civil As part of the event, the Conflict, Crime and society and local communities, as well as donors. Violence team has organized the Photo Contest The Conflict, Crime and Violence team engages in Imagining Peace: The World Bank Contribution violence prevention activities as well as encour­ to Peace-Building and Prevention of Violence.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 3 APRIL 6, 2009 I 8:00 - 9:00am Breakfast & Registration 9:00 - 10:30am From Local To Global: Why Violence Prevention Is An Important Component Of Development 10:30 - 10:45am Coffee Break 10:45am - 12:15pm Conflict, Crime and Violence Reduction and Prevention: Impact of Violence on Societies and Possible Solutions 12 :15 - 12:30pm Lunch

12:30 - 2:15pm Children and War, a Testimony

2:15 - 2:30pm Break

2:30 - 4:00pm Integrating Violence Prevention in Urban Development Policies

4:00pm - 4:15pm Coffee Break

4:15 - 6:00pm Youth and Gender Dimensions: Perpetrators of Violence and Agents of Change

6:00pm - 7:30pm IMAGINING PEACE: The World Bank Contribution to Peace-building and Prevention of Violence Contest Award Ceremony and Cocktail

APRIL 7, 2009 8:30 - 9:00am Breakfast & Registration

9:00 - 10:30am Poor Governance and Violence: Breaking the Vicious Circle

10:30 - 10:45am Coffee Break

10:45am - 12:15pm Conflict and Violence at the Heart of Country Fragility

12:15 - 12:30pm Lunch

12:30 - 2:00pm Violence Prevention and Reduction - A Way Forward

4 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT APRIL 6, 2009

From Local to Global: Why Violence Prevention is an Important Component of Development 9:00 - lO:30am I Preston Auditorium Welcome: Katherine Sierra, Vice President, Sustainable Development Network, The World Bank Chair and Opening Remarks: Juan Jose Daboub, Managing Director, The World Bank Key-Note Speeches: 1. Reducing Violence in Cities: The Challenge for the Future ofLocal Development Enrique Pefialosa, Former Mayor of Bogota, Colombia 2. Reducing Violence in Political Conflicts: Challenges and opportunities for the International Community Hon. , 2008 Laureate and Former President of the Republic of Finland

Conflict, Crime and Violence Reduction and Prevention: Impact of Violence on Societies and Possible Solutions lO:4Sam - 12:1Spm I Preston Auditorium This session discusses conflict, crime and violence as development issues. It focuses on the costs and im­ pacts of violence and conflict, and how violence prevention can be integrated in World Bank programs. Chair: Shantayanan Devarajan, Chief Economist, Africa Region, The World Bank Presentations: 1. The Cost and Impacts ofViolence for Countries and Societies. Gary Milante, Conflict Economist, Development Research Group, The World Bank 2. The Development Underpinnings ofViolent Behavior: The Psychosocial Impacts ofViolence Michael Wessells, Professor of Clinical Population and Family Health, Columbia University 3. Violence Prevention in the Work of the World Bank Alexandre Marc, Coordinator, Conflict, Crime and Violence Team, Social Development Dept., The World Bank

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT l 5 Children and War, a Testimony 12:30 - 2:15pm I Preston Auditorium Chair: Ngozi N. Okonjo-Iweala, Managing Director, The World Bank Moderator: Ozong Agborsangaya-Fiteu, Conflict, Crime and Violence Team, Social Development Dept., The World Bank Discussion with: • Grace Akallo, former child soldier of Uganda and author of Girl Soldier: A Story of Hope for Northern Uganda's Children • Dominic Akena, former child soldier of Uganda and protagonist of War Dance, 2008 Academy Award Nominee, Best Documentary Feature • Zlata Filipovic, war survivor of Bosnia-Herzegovina and author of Zlata's Diary: A Child's Life in Wartime Sarajevo • John Kon Kelei, former child soldier of Sudan and spokesperson, War Child Netherlands

Integrating Violence Prevention in Urban Development Policies 2:30 - 4:00pm I MC13 - 121 Conference Room Reducing and preventing violence is a central component of urban development policies. This session focuses on how integrated policies for the reduction of crime and violence, slum upgrading, improving access to services and poverty reduction contribute to urban development. Chair: Laszlo Lovei, Director, Sustainable Development, Middle East and North Africa Region, The World Bank Presentations: 1. Prevention ofCrime and Community Safeh) in Urban Settings Valerie Sagant, Director General, International Centre for the Prevention of Crime 2. An Epidemiological Approach to Violence and Crime Prevention Gary Slutkin, Professor, Epidemiology and International Health, University of Illinois; Director, Ceasefire 3. Violence and Crime Prevention as Part of Sound Urban Development Policies Abha Joshi Ghani, Sector Manager, Finance Economics and Urban Dept., The World Bank

6 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT Discussant: Bernice K. Van Bronkhorst, Sr. Urban Specialist, Urban Crime and Violence Prevention Group, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, The World Bank

Youth and Gender Dimensions: Perpetrators of Violence and Agents of Change 4:15 - 6:00pm I MC13 - 121 Conference Room This session presents operational experiences in supporting youth and gender inclusion as compo­ nent of violence prevention projects. It considers the role of social inclusion initiatives in addressing the youth and gender dimensions. Chair: Joy Phumaphi, Vice President, Human Development Network, The World Bank Presentation: 1. Masculinity and Violent Youth: Understanding Causes and Dynamics to Drive Successful Violence Pre­ vention Operations Gary T. Barker, Sr. Advisor, Gender, Rights and Violence, International Center for Research on Women 2. Women and Violence: The Role ofthe UN and Priorities in Addressing the Gender Dimensions of Violence Rachel N. Mayanja, UN Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women Discussants: • Ian Bannon, Sector Manager, Post Conflict and Social Development Unit, Africa Region, The World Bank • Mayra Buvinic, Director, Gender and Development Unit, The World Bank • Wendy Cunningham, Lead Specialist, Children and Youth Unit, The World Bank

Imagining Peace: The World Bank Contribution to Peace-building and Prevention of Violence Photo Contest Award Ceremony and Cocktail Reception I 6:00 - 7:30pm I MC13 - 121 Conference Room Welcome: Cyprian F. Fisiy, Director, Social Development Dept., The World Bank Presentation of Awards: Alastair J. McKechnie, Director, Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries Group, The World Bank

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 7 APRIL 7,2009

Poor Governance and Violence: Breaking the Vicious Circle 9:00 - 10:30am I MC13 - 121 Conference Room Violence erodes governance and poor governance contributes to increasing violence. This session focuses on how violence and governance influence one another and explores ways of strengthening societies' resilience to violence through governance reform. Chair: Deborah L. Wetzel, Director, Public Sector Governance Unit, The World Bank Presentations: 1. Understanding the Relation Between Governance and Violence at the Local Level Michael Woolcock, Professor of Social Science and Development Policy, University of Manchester 2. Rule of Law and Violence: Access to Justice and Rule of Law as Key Components of Violence Reduction and Prevention William H. Taft IV, Chairman of Board of Trustees, Freedom House; Chairman, ABA Rule of Law Initiative 3. The Role of the Media in Enhancing Governance in Conflict-Affected Countries John Marks, President and Founder, Search for Common Ground

Conflict and Violence at the Heart of Country Fragility 10:45am - 12:15pm I MC13 - 121 Conference Room The session addresses the challenges of high levels of violence in fragile and conflict-affected countries and explores current trends of conflict and violence. Itfocuses on the interrelations between violence and fragility and possible approaches for reducing violence in countries in transition from war to peace. Chair: Alastair J. McKechnie, Director, Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries Group, The World Bank Presentations: 1. The Changing Nature of Conflict and Violence: Understanding Current Expressions of Conflict and Vio­ lence and the Particularly Strong Risk of Violence in Fragile Countries Andrew Mack, Director, Human Security Research Project, Simon Fraser University 2. Ingredients For Successful Peace-building in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries: The Experience and Priorities of the World Bank William Byrd, Adviser, Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries Group, The World Bank

8 ,I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT Discussants: • Daniel P. Serwer, Vice President of the Center for Post-Conflict Peace and Stability Operations, US Institute of Peace • Per E. Warn, Sr. Social Scientist, Conflict, Crime and Violence Team, Social Development Dept., The World Bank

Violence Prevention and Reduction - A Way Forward 12:30 - 2:00pm I MC13 - 121 Conference Room Final session presents and discusses: • Findings and main issues arising during the two-day event. • Implications for the World Bank and how the regions could move the agenda of violence reduc­ tion and prevention forward. • The international community's response to violence. Chair: Juan Jose Daboub, Managing Director, The World Bank Summary of the event: Cyprian F. Fisiy, Director, Social Development Dept., The World Bank Presentations: 1. Violence Prevention in Latin America and the Caribbean: Challenges and Responses Pamela Cox, Vice President for Latin America and the Caribbean Region, The World Bank 2. Violence Prevention in East Asia and Pacific: Challenges and Responses Alfred H. Nickesen, Acting Vice President and Director, Central Operational Services Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, The World Bank 3. The International Perspective: The Process of the "Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development." Ronald Dreyer, Coordinator of follow-up "Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Develop­ ment", Permanent Mission of Switzerland ,to the , Geneva Closing Remarks: Juan Jose Daboub, Managing Director, The World Bank

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 9 Ozong Agborsangaya-Fiteu Ozong Agborsangaya-Fiteu has fourteen years of experience working in fragile and conflict-affected countries, primarily in Africa. Currently, she works on the Conflict, Crime, and Violence team in the Social Development Department of the World Bank. Prior to joining the World Bank, she was Senior Program Manager for Africa at Freedom House where she managed a civil society capacity building program in Zimbabwe. Ms. Agborsanga­ ya-Fiteu also previously worked as Director, Sub-Saharan Africa Program for Search for Common Ground where she contributed to the design and management of programs to facilitate reconciliation in Burundi, Chad, the DRC, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Cote D'Ivoire. She has also worked as a Pro­ gram Officer at The Carter Center on elections, human rights and rule of law programs in Mozambique, Liberia and Ethiopia. There, she also provided supportto President 's mediation efforts in the Great Lakes Re­ gion of Africa. Ms. Agborsangaya-Fiteu, a Cameroonian national, graduated from Georgia State University with both a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree in Political Science.

Martti Ahtisaari After a distinguished career with the United Nations and the Finnish For­ eign Ministry, Martti Ahtisaari was elected as President of the Republic of Finland in 1994. He held the position until the end of February 2000. In December 2008 Mr. Ahtisaari received the Nobel Peace Prize. Upon leav­ ing office as President, Mr. Ahtisaari has taken several international tasks to continue his career in international peace-mediation and conflict resolution. His tasks are being assisted by the staff of the Crisis Management Initiative, a Non-Governmental Organization that Mr. Ahtisaari founded in 2000 and where he acts as the Chairman of the Board. Mr. Ahtisaari's post-presidential

10 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT activities have included facilitating the peace process between the Govern­ ment of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement, chairing an independent panel on the security and safety of UN personnel in Iraq and appointments as the UN Special Envoy for the Horn of Africa and Personal Envoy of the OSCE CiO for Central Asia. Between 14 November 2005 and 29 February 2008, Mr. Ahtisaari acted as the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for the future status process for Kosovo.

Grace Akallo Grace Akallo, former child soldier of Uganda, is an advocate for peace. She has spoken at the Annual Meeting, and appeared on the Oprah Winfrey show. She has also testified in front of the US Congress's House International Relations Subcommittee on Africa, Global Human Rights and International Operations. In 1996, along with other 138 of her friends, Ms. AkaHo was dragged away from school into bush by the rebel group called the Lord Resistant Army, which have been fighting against the government of Uganda and the people of Uganda since 1986. After a lot of suffering, torture and almost death, she escaped back to safety and went back to ST Mary's college Aboke. Currently, she is attending a graduate pro­ gram in international development and social change at Clark University in Massachusetts, focusing on conflict prevention and development. She is the author of Girl Soldier: A Story of Hope for Northern Uganda's Children (with Faith I.H. McDonnell, 2007). When a wounded hearts cries, tears do not role down the ground, If it had a chance to drop down it would fill an ocean. The pain is like a pricked wound yet bleeds internally. A voice that rises for this heart and that hand that helps that broken spirit, is a blessing. We are one and one we can stop the suffering of millions.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 11 Dominic Akena Dominic Akena, sixteen years old, is an escaped child soldier and virtuoso xylophone player. In 2004, he was abducted and forced to fight for the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) in northern Uganda. In 2005, Dominic was chosen to be one of the three protagonists of War Dance, the story a group of students from the refugee camp of Patongo participating to the Music Festival in Kampala, in which children from around the country compete for prizes in performing traditional music and dance. Among many international distinc­ tions, War Dance was 2008 Academy Award Nominee for Best Documentary Feature and 2007 Winner of the Sundance Film Festival Directing Award Documentary. Dominic is today a high school student at Appleby College in Ontario, Canada, with a full four-year scholarship supplemented by The Patongo Fund (http://thepatongofund.org/). He remains passionate about music and has joined the school orchestra.

Ian Bannon Ian Bannon is the Sector Manager of the Post Conflict and Social Develop­ ment Unit in the Africa Region of the World Bank. Prior to his current as­ signment he was manager of the Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit. He is an economist with an extensive career in the World Bank, hav­ ing worked in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and South Asia. He has researched and written on gender, education, private investment, child health, natural resources, mental health and the links between conflict and development. His recent publications include Natural Resources and Vio­ lent Conflict: Options and Actions (co-edited with Paul Collier, World Bank 2003), Gender, Conflict, and Development (co-written with Tsjeard Bouta and Georg Frerks, World Bank 2005), and The Other Half of Gender: Men's Issues in Development (co-edited with Maria C. Correia, World Bank 2006).

12 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT ,,~.-' Gary Barker ....\1 Gary Barker, Ph. D. in Child Development, is Senior Technical Advisor of Gen­ der, Rights and Violence at the International Center for Research on Women, where he coordinates ICRW's portfolio of projects in the area of Gender~ Based Violence prevention and in the area of men and masculinities. Prior to joining ~ . ~., ICRW in 2009, Dr. Barker worked 10 years as founding Executive Director of Instituto Promundo, a Brazilian NGO based in Rio de Janeiro that works local­ ·1 ly, nationally and internationally to promote gender equity and to reduce vio­ ·• lence against children, women and youth. Dr. Barker has coordinated studies • on men, violence, conflict and post-conflict in Brazil and Sub-Saharan Africa. He has served as a consultant to the World Bank, WHO, UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNDP, the UN Commission on the Status of Women and the Brazil­ ian government on engaging men in gender equality, as well as on youth de­ velopment and violence prevention. Some of his recent publications include Dying to Be Men: Youth, Masculinity and Social Exclusion (Routledge, 2005) and Engaging Men and Boys in Changing Gender-Based Inequity in Health: Evidence from Programme Interventions (WHO, 2007).

Mayra Buvinic Mayra Buvinic, a Chilean national and internationally respected expert on gender and social development, is the World Bank's senior spokesperson on gender and development issues. She is currently Director, Gender and Devel­ r.f' opment Unit in the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network. Before joining the World Bank in 2005, Ms. Buvinic was Chief of the Social Development Division at the Inter-American Development Bank and the IDB's l. - · Special Advisor on Violence Prevention. Prior to this, she was a founding mem­ ber and President of the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) in Washington, D.C, a non-profit research, technical assistance and educational agency that works towards improving the economic and social status of wom­ en in developing economies. She has published extensively on issues related to gender and violence. Ms. Buvinic holds a Ph.D. and a Master's degree both in Social Psychology from the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 13 William Byrd William Byrd is currently Economic Adviser in the Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries Group at the World Bank. Previously he was Adviser in the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit of the South Asia Region. Until late 2006 Mr. Byrd was the Bank's Senior Economic Adviser based in Kabul, Afghan­ istan. There, he was responsible for helping develop the World Bank's strategy for support to Afghanistan's reconstruction effort and established the World Bank's office in Kabul. William Byrd has been in the World Bank for more than 20 years. He has had a number of multi-year assignments based in developing countries including India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Mr. Byrd's publications include six books on China and numerous articles. He has been responsible for reports on Afghanistan's Economic Development, Public Finance Management, Economic Cooperation in the Wider Central Asia Region, and Afghanistan's Drug Industry. More recently he co-authored a joint report of the World Bank

and the UK's Department for International Development on IIAfghanistan: Eco­ nomic Incentives and Development Initiatives to Reduce Opium Production." William Byrd has a PhD in Economics from Harvard University and an MA in East Asian Regional Studies from the same institution.

Pamela Cox Pamela Cox has been the Vice President for the Latin America and the Carib­ bean Region since January 1, 2005. During her tenure in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region, the Region is the leader among the regional operational t.}.\ vice presidencies in terms of IBRD/lDA lending volume two years running. Ms. Cox coordinates the activities of more than 700 staff working in the Region ~' and oversees approximately a portfolio of over $16.6 billion in loans, grants and credits. She has held management positions in various countries and re­ >j l gions since joining the World Bank in 1980. From 2000 to 2004, Ms. Cox was Director of Strategy and Operations in the Office of the Vice President for the Africa Region, where she oversaw the increase of World Bank lending to the poorest African countries. She served as Country Director for South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland from 1996 to 2000. Ms. Cox holds

14 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in Development Economics and Policy from the Fletcher School at Tufts University.

Wendy Cunningham Wendy Cunningham is the Coordinator for the World Bank's program on Child and Youth Development and the manager of the Child and Youth De­ r~ velopment Unit in the Human Development Network. She is responsible for supporting the World Bank's efforts to provide evidence-based program and ~ ,~ 1 policy advice and operational support on a range of child and youth devel­ opment issues in developing countries, with a particular focus on early child " development, school-to-work transition, and youth violence. Before joining iI..l • the C&Y Unit, Ms. Cunningham was a senior economist in the Human De­ velopment Department for Latin America and the Caribbean region, where she led studies and projects in social protection, labor markets, and youth development. She also led the World Bank LAC Region's youth develop­ ment agenda and has published several studies on the issue of at-risk youth in the region. Ms. Cunningham has a Ph.D. in labor economics from the University of Illinois, and has a strong publications record on labor markets, informal sector employment, gender, and youth development.

Juan Jose Daboub Juan Jose Daboub, Ph.D., joined the World Bank in June 2006. He is the Manag­ ing Director who is responsible for the World Bank's operations in 74 countries (in Latin America and the Caribbean, East Asia and the Pacific, and the Middle East and North Africa). In addition, Mr. Daboub oversees other administrative vice-presidencies and functions, including the Information Systems Group (ISG) and the Department of Institutional Integrity (INT). Prior to joining the World Bank Group, Mr. Daboub served concurrently as EI Salvador's Minis­ ter of Finance and Chief of Staff to the President. In this capacity, he helped to navigate his native country through several regional economic challenges - securing and sustaining EI Salvador's investment grade rating, dollarizing the economy, and completing a Free Trade Agreement with the United States.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 15 During this period, he also oversaw the reconstruction of EI Salvador after the two earthquakes in 2001. Mr. Daboub holds a BS, MS and PhD in Industrial Engineering from North Carolina State University.

, ,"- ~ Shantayanan Devarajan Shantayanan Devarajan, a Sri Lankan national, joined the World Bank in 1991. He assumed his current position as Chief Economist of the World Bank's Mrica Region in 2008. The office of the Chief Economist seeks to bring the best knowl­ i l edge to bear on the development problems of Mrica, while providing guidance to World Bank staff and management on strategy and the quality of economic anal­ ~ . ti ysis. Prior to this assignment, Mr. Devarajan was Chief Economist for the South Asia Region, following three years as Chief Economist for the Human Develop­ ment Network. He was also the Director of the World DevelopmentReport 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. Before joining the World Bank, he was on the faculty at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. The author and co-author of over 100 publications, Mr. Devarajan's research covers public economics, trade policy, natural resources, and the environment, and gen­ eral equilibrium modeling of developing countries. He currently disseminates his and other people's ideas on his blog, http://africacan.worldbank.org.Mr. Devarajan received his B.A. in mathematics from Princeton University and his Ph.D. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley.

Ronald Dreyer Ronald Dreyer is Coordinator of follow-up, Geneva Declaration on Armed Vio­ lence and Development, at the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations in Geneva. The Geneva Declaration advocates for an integrated ap­ proach to issues of armed violence and development, and calls upon states to

/I achieve demonstrable reductions in the global burden of armed violence and improvements in human security by 2015." Mr. Dreyer has been involved in various peace-building and conflict prevention activities both in the field and at the level of multilateral negotiations since the early 1990s. In 2005-06, he was posted in Angola with the Swiss Federal Departmentof Foreign Affairs. Prior to

16 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT this assignment, he worked at the Office of High Representative for Bosnia, and at the Office of the Special Coordinator of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe designing and coordinating social cohesion initiatives for that region. He also worked in a number of UN missions, including Namibia, Angola, Mozambique, and El Salvador, as well as the OSCE missions in Bos­ nia and Kosovo. Mr. Dreyer, a Swiss national, holds a doctorate in international politics from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva.

Zlata Filipovic Zlata Filipovic, born in Sarajevo, is a war survivor from the conflict in Bosnia­ Herzegovina and is the author of Zlata's Diary: A Child's Life in Wartime Sara­ jevo (penguin, 1995). She is also the editor of Stolen Voices, a book about young people's diaries experiences during war. Ms. Filipovic is a graduate of Oxford University and holds an MPhil at Trinity College Dublin in International Peace Studies. She serves on the board of Amnesty International Irish Section and is a founding member of the recently established Network of Young People Affected by War (NYPAW). She also speaks regularly on the personal experience and the greater issue of children and armed conflict and has worked with a number of organizations, such as the Anne Frank House, UNESCO, UNICEF, and many others. Ms. Filipovic currently lives in Ireland and works on documentary films.

Cyprian Fisiy Cyprian Fisiy is the Director Social DevelopmentDepartmentof theWorld Bank's Sustainable Development Network (SDN). The SocialDevelopmentDepartment offers advisory and operational support, research and innovative thinking in di­ verse areas at policy, program and project levels. The Departmentprovides guid­ ance on social development considerations in both the World Bank's lending and non-lending programs; and supply technical support to ensure social safeguard compliance of World Bank-financed operations. Mr. Fisiy joined the World Bank in 1994 as a Social Scientist in the Africa Environment Sustainable Development Department (AFfES) and has since held various positions, including that of Lead Social Scientist Africa Poverty Reduction and Social Development, andSec-

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 17 tor Manager in the East Asia and Pacific Sustainable Development Department (EASSO). Mr. Fisiy, a Cameroonian national, has a Ph.D in Social Sciences (Socio­ Legal Studies) from the University of Leiden, The Netherlands.

Abha Joshi-Ghani Abha Joshi-Ghani is Urban Sector Manager of Development, in the Finance, Economics and Urban Department (FEU) of the World Bank's Sustainable De­ velopment Network (SDN). She oversees the World Bank's work on Urban Policy and the Knowledge and Learning practice in the Urban Sector. The Unit provides advisory services to the World Bank's regional departments and cli­ ents on key urban themes such as urban housing and land, urban planning, management and municipal finance, urban environment, cities and climate change, urban poverty, cultural heritage and sustainable tourism development and local and city economic development. She is also leading the work on the Urban Strategy for the World Bank. Ms. Joshi-Ghani, an Indian national, joined the World Bank in 1992 and has worked primarily on infrastructure finance and urban development. In 1999, she was assigned to the East Asia Region's Thailand Country Office as a Senior Infrastructure Specialist. Her most recent assignment was Lead Infrastructure Specialist in the Urban and Water unit of South Asia Region's Sustainable Development Department. Her experience in the World Bank includes countries in Africa, South and East Asia and the Mid­ dle East and North Africa. She holds a M.Phil from Oxford University, UK.

John Kon Kelei John Kon Kelei is a former child soldier from Sudan and is now an advocate for the rights of young people affected by war. He is a Public Educator for War Child Netherlands (www.warchild.org). War Child aims to empower children and young people in war-affected areas. Kon is currently working on a Master's degree in International and European Law at Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. He is the founder of Cuey Machar Secondary School Founda­ tion (www.cmsf.nl). a foundation dedicated to building a secondary school in Southern Sudan. Kon is also co-founder and co-initiator of Network of Young

18 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT People Affected by War (NYPAW), where he serves as a liaison to individuals and organizations to address questions about memberships and partnerships. Currently, Kon is developing Reintegration and Rehabilitation Standard, which aims to harmonize the International Organizations' regulations in the field of reintegration and rehabilitation of children and youth affected by war.

Laszlo Lovei Laszlo Lovei, a Hungarian national, is Director of Sustainable Development in the Middle East and North Africa region since 2008. He joined the World Bank in 1986. Between then and 1990, he worked on water, transport and urban development projects in MalaYSia, Pakistan and Indonesia. Starting in 1991, Mr. Lovei worked on energy and environment issues in Central and Eastern Europe. He managed the preparation and implementation of several investment projects, technical assistance activities and adjustment operations and the preparation and dissemination of major sector reports. In 2001, Mr. Lovei moved to the Operations Policy and Country Services group, where he worked in the Vice President's office first as an Economic Adviser and subse­ quently as the Manager responsible for Operational Delivery Management. In 2005, he was appointed as the Director of the Infrastructure, Economics and Finance Department. Subsequently, as part of an internal reorganization, this department was merged with the Urban Development Department. Mr. Lovei holds a Doctorate in Economics from Budapest University of Economics.

Andrew Mack Andrew Mack is Director of the Human Security Report Project at Simon Fraser University and a faculty member of the university's new School for In­ ternational Studies. Professor Mack was Visiting Professor at the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research at Harvard (2001-02). From 1998 to 2001 he was Director of the Strategic Planning Unit in the Executive Of­ fice of UN Secretary-General . Professor Mack was Head of the De­ partment of International Relations at the Institute of Advanced Study at the Australian National University (ANU), and before that he was Director of the

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 19 AND's Peace Research Centre. His pre-academic career included six years in the Royal Air Force (as an engineer and pilot); two and a half years in Antarc­ tica as a meteorologist and deputy base commander; a year as a diamond pros­ pector in Sierra Leone and two years with the BBC's World Service writing and broadcasting news commentaries and producing the current affairs program, The World Today. Professor Mack has written and edited some 16 monographs and books and his 60-plus scholarly articles have appeared in a wide range of journals.

Alexandre Marc Alexandre Marc, a Lead Social Development Specialist, is coordinator of the Conflict, Crime and Violence team in the Social Development Department of the World Bank. From 1999 to 2004 he was sector Manager for Social De­ velopment for the Europe and Central Asia Region of the World Bank. In 2005 he was a visiting fellow at the Paris Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche Internationale (CERI) where he undertook research on cultural identity and minorities. In 2006-2007 he was Director of the Roma Education Fund, an International Foundation based in Budapest that supports the inclusion of Roma children in education systems. He has worked on local development issues, conflict and youth inclusion issues in Africa, the Middle East, Lat­ in America, Europe and East Asia. His most recent publications are When Things Fall Apart, Qualitative Studies of Poverty in the Former Soviet Union (with Nora Dudwick and Elizabeth Gomart, World Bank 2003); Poverty and Informality in South East Europe (with Zeynep K ydatbogilik, 2003); and The Roma Education Fund: A New Tool for Roma Inclusion (with Costel Bercus, 2007). He holds a Doctorate from the Paris Institute of Political Science.

20 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT John Marks John Marks is President and founder of Search for Common Ground, a non-profit conflict resolution organization with offices in 18 countries. Mr. Marks also founded and heads Common Ground Productions, which pro­ duces radio and television programming around the world to help prevent and transform conflict. He wrote and produced The Shape of the Future, a four-part TV documentary series that was aired simultaneously on Israeli, Palestinian, and Arab satellite TV. Mr. Marks' executive productions also in­ clude: the Nashe Maalo TV series (Macedonia); Africa: Search for Common Ground (South Africa); The Station dramatic series (Nigeria and Egypt); and numerous other TV and radio programs. Along with his wife, Susan Col­ lin Marks, he is a Skoll Fellow in Social Entrepreneurship. Mr. Marks is a former US Foreign Service Officer and Executive Assistant to the late US Senator Clifford Case. A graduate of Cornell University, he was a Fellow at Harvard's Institute of Politics and a Visiting Scholar at Harvard Law School. Mr. Marks is a best-selling, award-winning author.

Rachel N. Mayanja Rachel N. Mayanjaa Ugandan national, was appointed as the United Nations Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on Gender Issues and Advance­ ment of Women in August 2004. The Office of the Special Adviser plays a catalytic role and develops new strategies and programs to advance gender equality and the empowerment of women in all sectors of society, through advising the Secretary-General on gender issues; facilitating and monitoring on the overall policy goals of the Organization with regard to gender analy­ sis and for mainstreaming a gender perspective into all activities of the UN. Previously, Ms. Mayanja served with the UN Food and Agriculture Organi­ zation (FAO) as the Director of the Human Resources Management Division, where she was instrumental in the implementation of the reform of human resources management. Ms. Mayanja has also served in peacekeeping mis­ sions in Namibia (1989-90), and Iraq/Kuwait (1992-94). Her career with the UN started in the then Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Af-

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 21 fairs, where she joined the Division for Equal Rights for Women shortly after the first world conference for women. Ms. Mayanja obtained a Law degree from Makarere University and a Master's degree in Law from the Harvard University Law School.

Alastair J. McKechnie Alastair McKechnie, a New Zealand national, Director, Fragile and Conflict­ Affected Countries Group, where he provides leadership and support for the World Bank's work on the fragile and conflict-affected states strategic theme. Mr. McKechnie joined the World Bank in 1982 as an Economist in the Middle East and North Africa region. He has since held various positions, his previous position being Country Director for Afghanistan, Bhutan, and Maldives in the South Asia Region. Other positions include Operations Di­ rector for the South Asia Region, where in addition to his work on Afghani­ stan, he assisted the Vice President for the region and oversaw the World Bank's operations in South Asia; Energy Sector Director South Asia region, responsible for the World Bank's energy operations in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka; Division Chief for Energy, Infrastructure and Private-Sector Development in the Mashreq, Egypt and Iran Department in the Middle East and North Africa region. After the Asian tsunami disaster in 2004, Mr. McKechnie coordinated the World Bank's response to the South Asia region.

Gary Milante Gary Milante was born in Southern California and received his PhD in eco­ nomics from the University of California at Irvine. For the past six years he has worked for the World Bank on conflict - the causes of conflict, the devel­ opment impacts of conflict and fragility and effective post-conflict recovery. His research interests are in applied game theory and modeling the political economy of peaceful compromise and he has worked on a wide range of countries affected by conflict. In addition to research on these topics, he acts as one of the facilitators for the World Bank's core course on fragility and

22 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT conflict, leads the "Carana" post-conflict recovery simulation exercise for the course and manages research projects on landmine and geography of conflict data. His most recent publications include Referendum, Response and Con­ sequences for Sudan: The Game between Juba and Khartoum (with Ibrahim Elbadawi and Costantino Pischedda, World Bank 2008), A Kleptocrat's Sur­ vival Guide Autocratic Longevity in the Face of Civil Conflict (World Bank, 2007), and "How Civil War Alters the Chances of Democratization and Dem­ ocratic Stability" (with HAvard Hegre and Ibrahim Elbadawi, 2007).

Alfred H. Nickesen Alfred H. Nickesen is Director, Central Operational Services Unit in the East Asia and Pacific Region at the World Bank. The unit's mission is to provide professional guidance and leadership to enhance development effective­ ness in the East Asia and Pacific region. The Central Operational Services Unit was established to provide direct and high quality support to internal clients - thereby helping the East Asia and Pacific region to maintain high operational standards and quality services to borrowers. Prior to his current assignment he was Manager of the Investment Lending Unit in the Opera­ tions Policy and Country Service Vice Presidency between 2002 and 2006. Mr. Nickesen is an engineer with a 20-year career in the World Bank. He has worked on transport and infrastructure in Africa, East Asia and Pacific, South Asia, the Middle East and Central America. Before joining the World Bank, he was Senior Transport Consultant at GOPA, a German independent private consulting company conducting projects worldwide in the fields of consulting, management and training. Mr. Nickesen has a Master's degree in Transportation Engineering and Economics from Cornell University, and a Master of Engineering degree in Civil and Urban Engineering from Techni­ cal University of Dortmund, Germany.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 23 Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is currently a Managing Director of the World Bank. From September 2006 to November 2007, she was Distinguished Visiting Fel­ low at Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. Prior to that she was Finance J Minister of Nigeria for three years and briefly Minister of Foreign Affairs. \ As Minister of Finance, she spearheaded negotiations with the Paris Club of Creditors that led to the cancellation of US$18 billion or 60 percent of Ni­ , geria's external debt Dr. Okonjo-Iweala is a member or chair of numerous boards and advisory groups, including ONE Campaign, the World Resources "­'! ... Institute, the Rockefeller Foundation, the African Institutes of Science and Technology as well as the Center for Global Development (CGD). Dr. Okonjo­ Iweala was the founder of the first ever indigenous opinion research orga­ nization in Nigeria (NOI-Gallup Polls). She was co-founder of the Makeda Fund, a US$50 million private equity fund that invests in women-owned small and medium enterprises in Africa. Dr. Okonjo-Iweala was educated at Harvard University and has a PhD in Regional Economics and Development from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2006, she was named by Forbes Magazine as one of 100 most powerful women in the world.

Enrique Pefialosa Enrique Pefialosa, a Colombian national, was mayor of Bogota between 1998 and 2000. In his role, Mr. Penalosa implemented profound changes which transformed the city and its citizens's attitude towards it. He massively im­ proved slums, built formidable schools and nurseries, beautiful libraries and hundreds of parks and other pedestrian spaces. Mr. Pefialosa is currently a consultant on Urban Vision and Sustainability Strategy and works with many local, regional and national governments as well as other organiza­ tions all over the world. He is Senior International Advisor to the ITDP (Insti­ tute for Transportation and Development Policy). Mr. Pefialosa has lectured at many universities throughout the world as well as many environmental, urban, and managerial forums. His work and ideas, as well as his articles, have been featured in publications from many countries. He holds a BA in

24 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT Economics and History from Duke University, a Master's degree in Govern­ ment from the IIAP in Paris and a DESS in Public Administration from the University of Paris II. He was also a Visiting Scholar at New York University for 3 years and has taught at several Colombian universities.

Joy Phumaphi Joy Phumaphi is Vice President of the World Bank's Human Development Network in Washington. D.C. She also chairs the Geneva-based Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health; and in addition, sits on the Ad­ visory Panel for the Bill and Melinda Gates Global Health Program. Before joining the World Bank in February, 2007, Ms. Phumaphi served as Assistant Director General for Family and Community Health at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva, and represented the World Health Organi­ zation on the Board of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI). From 1994-2003, Ms. Phumaphi served variously as a Member of Parliament, a Cabinet Minister with responsibility for lands and housing­ in the course of which she developed Botswana's first national housing pol­ icy - and Minister for Health. During her tenure as Minister, Ms. Phumaphi restructured the health ministry to make it more focused on results and on implementing HIV / AIDS prevention, care, and treatment services. Joy Phu­ maphi holds a Master of Science degree in Financial Accounting and Deci­ sion Sciences from Miami University, Ohio.

Valerie Sagant Valerie Sagant is Director General, International Centre for the Prevention of Crime in Montreal. ICPC is an international forum for national governments, local authorities, public agencies, specialized institutions, and non-govern­ ment organizations to exchange experience, consider emerging knowledge, and improve policies and programs in crime prevention and community safety. Ms. Sagant is a French magistrate. Upon her graduation from the In­ stitute of Political Science in Paris, she was appointed as investigating judge after being enrolled at the National School for magistrates. Following this

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 25 she was responsible for prevention policy and victim assistance at the Min­ istry of Justice. She also worked for the next four years at the Ministere de­ legue ala Ville, and was responsible for crime prevention issues (social and cultural mediation, community policing and justice, and local partnerships). For three years, she was appointed Department Head of expertise and inter­ national relations at the Ministry of Justice. Valerie was appointed Director General in November 2005.

Daniel P. Serwer Daniel P. Serwer is vice president of the Center for Post-Conflict Peace and Stability Operations and the Centers of Innovation at the United States Insti­ tute of Peace (USIP). He coordinates the Institute's efforts in societies emerg­ ing from conflict, especially Afghanistan, the Balkans, Haiti, Iraq, and Sudan. He also leads the Institute's centers of innovation in rule of law, religion and peacemaking, sustainable economies, media and conflict, science, technol­ ogy and peacebuilding, and diaspora contributions to peace and conflict. Mr. Serwer has worked on preventing interethnic and interreligious conflict in Iraq and he has been deeply engaged in facilitating dialogue between Serbs and . He came to the Institute as a senior fellow working on Balkan regional security in 1998-99. Before that, he was a minister-counselor at the Department of State, where he won six performance awards. Serwer served from 1994 to 1996 as U.s. special envoy and coordinator for the Bos­ nian Federation, mediating between Croats and Muslims and negotiating the first agreement reached at the Dayton peace talks. From 1990 to 1993, he was deputy chief of mission and charge d'affaires at the U.s. Embassy in Rome.

26 ·1 VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT Katherine Sierra Katherine Sierra, Vice President for Sustainable Development at the World Bank, has overall responsibility for the institution's strategies and work in agriculture and rural development, energy, the environment and natural resource management, social development, transport, urban policies, and water. She also chairs several international consultative groups, including the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Ms. Sierra, an urban planning specialist, joined the World Bank in 1978 and has worked principally in Latin America and East Asia, holding increasingly senior positions in operational units. She served as Vice President, Human Resources (2000-2004) and Vice President, Infrastructure (2004-2006) before assuming her current position. Ms. Sierra, a U.s. national, holds a Master's degree in Urban and Regional Planning from Harvard University and Bach­ elor of Arts degrees in Anthropology and Hispanic Civilization from the University of California at Santa Barbara.

G~ Slutkin Gary Slutkin is Professor of Epidemiology and International Health, School of Public Health at University of Illinois. He is the founder and Executive Di­ rector of CeaseFire, the Chicago Project for Violence Prevention since 1995. This new strategy - based on public health, behavior change and epidemic control methods - has successfully reduced shootings and killings in more than 16 communities and has produced some of the most effective data ever shown for reducing violence. It was recently documented as scientifically ef­ fective by an independent U.S. Department of Justice study. Dr. Slutkin is a physician trained in infectious disease control and reversing epidemics. His early work focused on reversing tuberculosis in the U.s.; he then moved to Somalia to work on reducing epidemics of tuberculosis and cholera among refugees. Later, he was recruited by the World Health Organization Glob­ al Program on AIDS where he was assigned responsibility for supporting the fight against the Uganda AIDS epidemic. He was also responsible for developing the evaluation methods for measuring the spread of AIDS and

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 27 documenting results, which are now used by more than 90 countries. Under his leadership, Uganda became the only country in Africa where the AIDS epidemic has been reversed.

William H. Taft IV William H. Taft IV is the Warren Christopher Visiting Professor of the Practice of International Law and Diplomacy at Stanford Law School and a retired partner in the Washington office of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson. Previously, Mr. Taft served briefly as attorney adviser to the chairman of the Federal Trade Commission, was the principal assistant to Caspar Weinberger then director of the Office of Management and Budget under Nixon, execu­ tive assistant to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, and was appointed by President Ford to serve as the department's general counsel. President Reagan appointed Taft as general counsel of the Department of Defense and he was later appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense. He brief­ ly served as acting Secretary of Defense after George H. W. Bush became president. Taft served as U.s. Permanent Representative to NATO during the years after the Berlin Wall came down and the Cold War ended. George W. Bush appointed Taft to serve as chief legal advisor to the State Department under Colin Powell. In 2004, Taft's name surfaced as a dissenter concerning the policy of interrogation techniques for military detainees.

Bernice K. van Bronkhorst Bernice van Bronkhorst is a Senior Urban Specialist in the Urban and Water Group of the Latin America and Caribbean region in the World Bank. She has worked in the area of violence prevention in the Latin America and Ca­ ribbean region since 1998 with an emphasis on integrated municipal crime and violence prevention programs as well as community-based crime and violence prevention approaches. In addition to doing World Bank analytical work in this area, she has also piloted the integration of crime and violence prevention activities into integrated slum upgrading projects in Brazil, Hon­ duras, Haiti, and Jamaica. Some of her publications include Crime, Violence

28 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT and Development: Trends, Costs and Policy Options in the Caribbean (with T. Leggett, G. Demombynes, and A. Morrison, World Bank and UNODC, 2007), A Resource Guide for Municipalities: Community Based Crime and Violence Prevention in Urban Latin America (World Bank, 2003) and Youth Violence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Costs, Causes and Interven­ tions (with Caroline Moser, World Bank, 1999). She has undergraduate and graduate degrees in Sociology and Social Policy and Planning from the Lon­ don School of Economics.

Per E. Wam Per Egil Warn is a Senior Social Scientist at the Social Development Depart­ ment at the World Bank. Currently a staff member in the Conflict, Crime and Violence team, his work is focusing on understanding the drivers and dynamics of violent conflict as a basis for design of effective development initiatives in fragile and conflict-affected countries. He has a doctorate de­ gree in Development Sociology from the University of , , and has focused on social and economic development, post-conflict recovery, and conflict and social analysis for more than two decades. In addition to the World Bank, he has worked with Save the Children, UNICEF, and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) in Lebanon, Thailand, the Maldives, Cambodia, Sudan, Sri Lanka, Eritrea, Somalia, and Afghanistan. For the last seven years, Per Warn has been leading efforts at the World Bank to mainstream conflict analysis into operational work. This has included the development of analytical tools for country and program levels, and implementation of conflict analyses in several countries.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 29 Michael Wessells Michael Wessells, PhD, is Professor at Columbia University in the Program on Forced Migration and Health, and Professor of Psychology at Randolph­ Macon College. He has served as President of the Division of Peace Psy­ chology of the American Psychological Association and of Psychologists for Social Responsibility and as Co-Chair of the InterAction Protection Working Group. He is former Co-Chair of the IASC (UN-NGO) Task Force on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings which developed the first inter-agency consensus guidelines for the field of mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian crises. Mr. Wessells has conducted extensive research on the holistic impacts of war and political violence on populations, and he is author of Child soldiers: From violence to protec­ tion (Harvard University Press, 2006). He regularly advises UN agencies, governments, and donors on issues of psychosocial support. Throughout Africa and Asia he helps to develop community-based, culturally grounded programs that assist people affected by armed conflict.

Deborah 1. Wetzel Deborah L. Wetzel is Director of the Governance and Public Sector Group in the Network at the World Bank. She joined the World Bank in 1986 as a consultant and joined the Young Professional's program in 1993. Since then, Ms. Wetzel has held various positions, including Advisor to the Chief Economist, resource person on fiscal decentralization in the Europe and Central Asia region, and Sector Manager positions for the Economic Policy Group and the Public Sector Group in Europe and Central Asia. Her most recent assignment has been as Lead Economist and Sector Leader of Poverty Reduction and Economic Management in Brazil. Some of her most recent publications include Intergovernmental Finance in Hungary: A Decade of Experience, 1990-2000 (with M. Kopanyi and S. El Daher, World Bank 2004); and "Systemic Soft Budget Constraints in Ukraine" (with S. O'Connell) in Rodden, Eskeland and Litvack, Fiscal Decentralization and the Challenge of Hard Budget Constraints (MIT Press, 2003). Ms. Wetzel has a Master's

30 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT degree in International Relations from the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University, and a D.Phil in Economics and Public Finance from Oxford University.

Michael Woolcock Michael Woolcock is Professor of Social Science and Development Policy, and Research Director of the Brooks World Poverty Institute, at the Univer­ sity of Manchester. He is at Manchester on external service leave from the World Bank, where is a Senior Social Scientist in the Development Research Group. His research draws on a range of disciplinary theories and methods to explore the social dimensions of economic development, in particular the role that social institutions play in the survival and mobility strategies of the poor. His most recent work focuses on strategies for improving the quality, legitimacy and accessibility of local justice systems. He has been invited to speak on various aspects of development in forty countries and has had his work translated into eight languages. An Australian national, he has an MA and PhD in sociology from Brown University, and in 2002 was the Von Hu­ gel Visiting Fellow at St Edmund's College, University of Cambridge. From 2000-2006 he was a (part-time) Lecturer in Public Policy at Harvard Univer­ sity's Kennedy School of Government.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 31 IMAGINING PEACE ­ The World Bank Contribution to Peace-Building & Prevention of Violence

Have you ever thought that your project might ment and the reduction of violence and conflicts. have a violence prevention impact? Selection The Conflict, Crime and Violence Team in SDV A jury of five members selected the three winning has launched the Photo Contest Imagining Peace: photographs from the ten photos shortlisted by The World Bank Contribution to Peace-Building the Social Development Department. The jury and Prevention of Violence. The contest was or­ was composed of: ganized to raise awareness of the contribution of World Bank operations to peace-building and • Mr. Ian Bannon, Sector Manager, Post Conflict violence prevention. and Social Development Unit, Africa Region, The World Bank Imagining Peace features photographs taken by • Ms. Marina Galvani, Art Curator, Institution­ World Bank Group staff and consultants work­ al Art Program, The World Bank ing on projects and activities that contribute to • Mr. John Heffernan, Director, Genocide Pre­ sustainable peace and that decrease or prevent vention Initiative, Holocaust Memorial Mu­ violence. Photos address the theme of violence seum, Washington, DC prevention and peace-building by showing the • Mr. Alastair J. McKechnie, Director, Fragile positive impact of development interventions. and Conflict-Affected Countries Group, The The objective was to illustrate how development World Bank programs may directly or indirectly address vio­ • Mr. Raju Singh, President, International Photo­ lence prevention and peace-building through im­ graphic Society, International Monetary Fund ages that show the relationship between develop­

32 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVElOPMENT CONTEST WINNERS:

FIRST PLACE: Negotiating Peaceful Resource Access Location: Gir National Park, Gujarat, India I Year: 2002 I Photographer: Anupam Joshi Gir Maldharis inhabit the last natural habitat of the wild Asiatic Lions and are at the epitome of man­ animal conflict, with their cattle freely grazing inside the Protected Area and often targeted by the wild lions. The World Bank-supported India Eco-development Project builds dialogue between the Forest Department and Maldharis to reduce their dependence on the park's resources. This project contrib­ uted to a peaceful relationship between these stakeholders.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 33 SECOND PLACE: "Umuganda" - A Community Working for Peace, Unity and Reconciliation (2nd place) Location: Gashaki, Rwanda I Year: 2008 I Photographer: Anand Rajaram A group of villagers is leveling the ground for the consbuction of a local school building under the Vision 2020 Umurenge Program launched by the Government of Rwanda. The World Bank-financed Public Sector Capacity Building Project contributed to this initiative in Gashaki by supporting local rapid results teams to encourage 882 villagers to participate in public works, set up vegetable gardens, open bank ac­ counts, access credit, be tested for HIV / AIDS, and begin practicing good hygiene. As we greet the crowd, they respond with a chant which the village secretary translates as "peace, unity and reconciliation."

34 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVElOPMENT THIRD PLACE Our School Location: Bamyan, Afghanistan I Year: 2004 I Photographer: Keiko Miwa The boys are standing in front of an IDA-financed school building, which has been constructed by the community through the "Community Grant for School Development." The school is located about a 2-hours drive from the city of Bamyan. It was built by a local contractor with the help of the community and the materials found in Bamyan. The boys were proud of their school.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 35 CONTEST FINALISTS:

We Need Peace Location: Grozny, Chechnya, Russian Federation I Year: 2005 I Photographer: Sarah Michael Young people are often thought of as the instigators of violence - but they are peacemakers as well. This photo of graffiti on a school in Grozny was taken during field visits for the study "Youth in the Northern Caucasus: From Risk to Opportunity" which looked at opportunities to support youth inclu­ sion in the region.

36 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITI CAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT First Steps Location: Brazzaville, Republic of Congo I Year: 2009 I Photographer: Sarah Michael This photo was taken on the occasion of war-disabled ex-combatants trying out their newly-made prosthetics for the first time, an activity which was supported by the Republic of Congo Emergency Reintegration Program.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 37 Art Among the Ruins Location: Andkhoi, Jawzjan Province, Afghanistan I Year: 2003 I Photographer: Homira Nassery This woman was one of the carpet weavers the World Bank worked with. She had painted the walls herself, using the same local vegetable dyes that she used for her carpets, creating a paradise inside her home to offset the death and devastation that was outside. Art is a critical element of peace-building and conflict prevention.

38 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT ......

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Symbolic Act of Reparation of the EI Salado Community Location: EI Carmen de Bolivar, Department of Bolivar, Colombia I Year: 2009 Photographer: Father Rafael Martin Castillo Torres (submitted by Csilla Horvath) One of the main objectives of the Colombia Peace and Development Program is to reconstruct the social fabric ofColombian society, particularly in areas of violence and conflict. The EI Salado community that has been a beneficiary of Peace and Development programs lives in the conflict-affected department of Bolivar. In February 2009, in a symbolic act of reparation, the community constructed a monument for the victims of a massacre that took place in their village.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 39 Little Boy of a Beneficiary Family of the Aromatic Plants Project Location: Farm El Hatico, Department of Bolivar, Colombia I Year: 2007 Photographer: Olga Maria Torres (submitted by Csilla Horvath) The objective of the Project of Aromatic Plants within the Colombia Peace and Development Project is to support campensino families to become sustainable by consolidating the production of these herbs (such as rosemary and others) on various farms of the department of Bolivar. The project also contrib­ utes to campensino families' food security in Bolivar, a region that has suffered from the plight of drug trafficking and violence for decades.

40 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT Girl Studying Location: Bireuen, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Indonesia I Year: 2008 Photographer: Rajyasri Gayatri This school received a grant from Support for Poor and Disadvantage Area (SPADA) for infrastructure and training for teachers. Now this girl can go to school and learn everyday.

VIOLENCE PREVENTION : A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 41 Women's Group Location: Sigli, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province, Indonesia I Year: 2008 Photographer: Rajyasri Gayatri In this village meeting, under the National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM) in Indo­ nesia, these women represent their village to confront their village's needs with other villages. During the armed conflict in Aceh it was hard to get women's participation, even until now in some areas of Aceh.

42 I VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVElOPMENT Ozong Agborsangaya-Fiteu Joyce Chinsen Danielle Christophe Alexandre Marc Stephen C. Miller Kyung Min In Benjamin Petrini Abdul Salam Syed Varalakshmi Vemuru

For more information about this event and about the Conflict, Crime and Violence Team please visit the Social Development Department website (www.worIdbank.org/socialdevelopment) or send an e-mail to Benjamin Petrini ([email protected]) or Ozong Agborsangaya-Fiteu ([email protected]).

VIOLENCE PREVENTION: A CRITICAL DIMENSION OF DEVELOPMENT I 43

Conflict. Crime and Violence Team Social Development Department The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 USA www.worldbank.org/socialdevelopment [email protected]