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THE WORLD BANK Social Dimensions of Climate Change Workshop Report 2008 THE WORLD BANK SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Workshop Report 2008 Cover Photo: Arne Hoel / World Bank The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or © 2008 The World Bank Group all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank encourages dissemination of The World Bank its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. 1818 H Street NW Washington DC, 20433 For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, Development/ The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions http://www.copyright.com/. expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not www.worldbank.org/socialdevelopment guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, www.worldbank.org/sdcc THE WORLD BANK denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any [email protected] judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. 4 Table of Contents Table of Contents 5 Realizing Synergies between Mitigation and Summaries of Papers and Keynote Addresses............69 Adaptation........................……………………………………….…53 Table of Contents Speakers and Participants The Development-Adaptation Continuum................….……55 Speakers.............................................................................….87 The Role of Social Policy in Climate Action…………..........…56 List of External Participants............................................…105 List of World Bank Participants.......................................…110 GOVERNANCE AND CLIMATE ACTION.....................59 Voice and Representation......................................................60 Resources Linking the Global and the Local............……………………….60 Resources.............................................................................116 Social Learning and Adaptive Policymaking................…..…61 Workshop Agenda.......................................……..................119 Towards a Framework for Analysis...................………..…..…62 Endnotes.....................................................……...................125 Acknowledgements..……………………………………….………7 PUTTING POOR PEOPLE FIRST: WHO IS AFFECTED WAY FORWARD: INTEGRATING SOCIAL DIMENSIONS AND HOW?.............................................................33 INTO CLIMATE POLICY……..........................…....…65 Foreword ....................................................………….………...8 Indigenous Peoples................................................................34 Advancing a “No-Regrets” Approach to Development ....…65 Executive Summary.........................................................…9 Gender.....................................................………………...........39 Reframing the Issue..................................................……...…65 The Urban Poor.....................................................……..…..…41 Improving the Adaptive Capacity of the Poor…….........……66 Report of the Workshop People in Rural Drylands.......................................................42 An Emerging Policy Research Agenda…..................……...…66 INTRODUCTION.................................................….13 Bringing Stakeholders Together for Greater Social Justice………...........................................................…..67 SOCIAL DYNAMICS, COHESION AND RESILIENCE...45 FRAMING THE ISSUE: CLIMATE CHANGE AND SOCIAL JUSTICE.....................................................17 Conflict and Human Security.....................……………….……45 The Global Challenge..........................................................…17 Migration....................................................…………...........…48 Climate Change and Social Justice.....................……….…….20 Fairness in Mitigation and Adaptation................................23 MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION: TOWARDS PRO-POOR CLIMATE ACTION..................................51 A Rights-Based Approach to Climate Change......................26 Social Impacts of Mitigation.........................…………….……52 Acknowledgements 7 Acknowledgements guidance was provided by Steen Jorgensen (Director, SDV). Andrew Norton (Lead Specialist and Team Leader, Social Analysis, Gender and Policy, SDV) initiated SDV’s This is the report of an international workshop on the Social work on the Social Dimensions of Climate Change, and Dimensions of Climate Change, held in Washington, DC by commissioned background papers for the workshop the World Bank’s Social Development Department (SDV) on from the International Institute for Environment and March 5-6, 2008. The workshop would not have been possible Development (IIED), on drylands and urban adaptation without the efforts of a large number of people within SDV. issues; and the Peace Research Institute of Oslo (PRIO), Significant contributions to workshop organization were on conflict and migration. provided by: Greicy Amjadi, Carina Bachofen, Mitos Benedicto, Joyce Chinsen, Danielle Christophe, Rasmus Heltberg, Steen This report was written by Robin Mearns (Lead Specialist Jorgensen, Megumi Makisaka, Carmen Martinel, Andrew and Team Leader, Social Dimensions of Climate Change, Norton, Navin Rai, Nicolas Perrin, David Post, and Salam Syed. SDV) and Caroline Kende-Robb (Sector Manager, SDV), with substantial contributions from Carina Bachofen, A full list of workshop participants, and details of speakers, Gernot Brodnig, Edward Cameron, Megumi Makisaka, and discussants, and session chairs, is provided at the end of Andrew Norton (all SDV). Numerous individuals provided this report. While we cannot single out by name all those valuable comments on earlier drafts of the report, including who made important contributions, we are particularly Nilufar Ahmad, Nina Bhatt, Maria Donoso Clark, Maitreyi grateful to the keynote speakers – Bob Watson (Chief Das, Andrea Liverani, Radhika Srinivasan, Dorte Verner, Scientist, Department for Environment and Rural Affairs, Per Wam and Carolyn Winter (all World Bank), Hans Olav Government of the UK), Rt. Hon. Him Campbell (former Ibrekk (NORAD) and Ellen Wratten (DFID). Prime Minister of Canada and former Secretary General Financial support for the workshop from the UK of the Club of Madrid), Her Excellency Dunya Maumoon Department of International Development (DFID) is (Deputy Foreign Minister, Republic of the Maldives), Sheila gratefully acknowledged. As donors to the Trust Fund for Watt-Cloutier (former Chair, Inuit Circumpolar Conference), Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development and Dr. Ibrahim Mayaki (former Prime Minister of Niger, (TFESSD), the Governments of Norway and Finland have current Executive Director of Rural Hub, Africa) – for setting supported many of SDV’s follow-up activities on the Social the scene so powerfully. Many thanks also to Esther Mwaura- Dimensions of Climate Change. Muiri (Founder and Director, GROOTS Kenya), Atiq Rahman (Executive Director, Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies) Final versions of most of the papers presented in the and Rebecca Adamson (President, First Peoples Worldwide) workshop will appear in: Robin Mearns and Andrew Norton for their invaluable support. (editors), Social Dimensions of Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World. Washington, DC: The Special thanks are due to Kristalina Georgieva (Acting Vice World Bank, New Frontiers of Social Policy Series. President, Sustainable Development Network, The World Bank) for her active support and participation. Overall 8 Foreword Executive Summary 9 Foreword Climate change alters the context of this work and thus Executive Summary alleviation efforts, threatening to unravel many of the demands new approaches, policies, and tools to help development gains made in recent decades. Climate change has developing countries meet the challenges of reconciling the potential to undermine the existence of many of the world’s For too long global warming has been viewed as tomorrow’s In March 2008, the World Bank convened an international climate action with the development and growth agenda. poorest and most vulnerable people, lacking the financial, problem. The overwhelming evidence now suggests that workshop on the social dimensions of climate change, which technical, human and institutional resources to adapt. Existing climate change exacerbates existing development challenges, For many years, the Bank has been a focal point for brought together government representatives, leaders of forms of vulnerability are compounded by climate change- further exposing the vulnerability of the poor, and pushing financing on climate change, and is today a major lender Indigenous Peoples, NGO representatives and academia. The related risks such as increased water stress, food insecurity those living on the margins closer to the edge. For those on renewable energy and energy efficiency. We are also main aim of the workshop was to identify and discuss impacts resulting from droughts, desertification,
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