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Living on the Margins: a Study of the Rongmei of Imphal Valley

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Living on the Margins: a Study of the Rongmei of Imphal Valley International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS) ISSN: 2394-4404 Volume 6 Issue 12, December 2019 Living On The Margins: A Study Of The Rongmei Of Imphal Valley Golmei Jenthui Rongmei Research Scholar, Assam University Abstract: This article portrays the perspective of the Rongmei Naga of Imphal Valley, Manipur. Majority of the Rongmei people concentrated in the state of Manipur and Tamenglong district of Manipur is the core home town of the Rongmei. In their traditional habitat in Manipur they had the security and comfort of a large community who not only provided them the numbers but also the strength. They had land handed over by the previous generation, knowledge and experience of food gathering from the older generation and the security of knowing the surrounding well. They had familiarized the environment fairly well and were by now well equipped to survive. But once they decided to leave that familiar surroundings and settle in a new place, they had lost the advantage of knowledge and familiarity of their old habitat. They were completely cut off from their main habitat in Manipur and consequently from their kinsmen. As a result they found it hard to reproduce and perpetuate their traditions, religion and culture. Having been forced to abandon their traditional habitat and settle themselves in a new area, the Rongmeis encountered a new challenge. They were new to the Imphal Valley; the surroundings were new, the environment were new as well and the neighbours unfamiliar. The data is based on secondary sources and field work. It also attempts to set the present process of changes that are taking place in the Rongmei society. Keywords: Rongmei, Imphal Valley, Socio-economic, Effects and Transformation I. INTRODUCTION 33,672.(2) There are 16 districts in Manipur. Like any other Naga tribe, the Rongmei do have a rich folklore, myths and The Rongmei Naga is one of the oldest indigenous tribe legends, folk songs, folk tale and ballads and oral traditions of the Naga fragmented into the different states of North- which have passed down from generation to generation but Eastern Region part India. Racially, the Rongmei Nagas remained unwritten for a very long time. belong to the Tibeto-Burman family of the Mongoloid race Their legends, folklore, and folktales revealed the who at the present day inhabit in the states of Manipur, Assam Rongmei tribe came out of a mythical cave known as Mahou and Nagaland in India. G.A Grierson in his monumental Taobhei at Makhel, Senapati district in Manipur which is not “Linguistic Survey of India” has identified that the Rongmei yet identified so far. The first man came out of the cave was Tribe belong to the Naga-Bodo Sub-Family Tibeto-Burman known as Pokrei and the woman was named Dichalu. They group.(1) Majority of the Rongmei people concentrated in the left Makhel and came to a deep gorge called Ramtin Kabin. state of Manipur and Tamenglong west district of Manipur is N.B (3) describes the life Ramtin Kabin, “Ramtin Kabin may the core home town of the Rongmei. Rongmei is a have been safe from the wild beasts, but it was not suitable or combination of two words „Rong‟ and „Mei‟ meaning „South‟ human settlement and it is said, in that place, people hardly and „People‟ respectively. The Rongmei stands for the saw star. Imaginably, Ramtin Kabin, therefore was like a cave southerners or the people of the southern country. According with single gate. This may be the reason why some said that to the census of India Manipur has a total population of 28, the Zeliangrong people came out of a cave. They settled down 55,794 as per 2011. Out of which the Hills district population at Changwang Phungning also known as Guang-phungning is 12, 22,122 and of that the Valley districts population is 16, and then they further moved to Makuilongdi (meaning „big Page 32 www.ijiras.com | Email: [email protected] International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS) ISSN: 2394-4404 Volume 6 Issue 12, December 2019 round mountain‟) then they isolated towards different regions, its accompanying caste structure, the animist beef eating the South, the West and North. From this place the Rongmei were threatened of being treated as untouchables. Zeliangrong culture marked as the beginning. According to the Pushed thus to the territorial as well as social margins, the Rongmei oral tradition, Zeme, Liangmei and Rongmei and Rongmei are fighting for survival as an ethnic groups as well including Inpuimei scattered from Makuilongdi to different as cultural groups. Comparatively, they are considered direction. The Zeme to the far west upto Assam, the Liangmei backward in almost all walks of life. They are considered to be in the Northern, and the Rongmei to the South, till Lushai on lower stage of development. They have generally been Hills in Mizoram. treated and regarded as belonging to the lower position ritually According to the tradition, during its glory days by the majority group of population. Most of the tribal Makuilongdi had a total of 7777 households. Makuilongdi characteristics and similar assimilation of such communities as became the frame of Zeliangrong culture. It became quite are called plains tribal is continuing. This brought to the fore prosperous with enough land for agriculture. They developed the threat to the indigenous Rongmei identity. After migration shifting cultivation and harvest plentiful in the village and had of Rongmei into Valley they remain the same as a result they surplus in food production. According to the tradition say that found it hard to reproduce and perpetuate their traditions, in a single year thirty ceremonies of Taraang Kai (ornamented religion and culture. ritual house) was performed at Makuilongdi. The village was under the leadership of a Chieftainship. It was a continuation from Chawang Phungning. The Rongmei migrants towards the III. LOSS OF TRADITIONAL OCCUPATION south settled down at Kajinglong village for many generations. Far and wide the Rongmei Naga tribe is now dispersed in Migration was the natural phenomena of people from one different part of North Eastern region of India such as place to another, from time to time in order to search a safety Manipur, Nagaland and Assam. This group is believed to be place for settlement as well as the purpose of their cultivation. more scattered yet they are most adventurous. The Rongmei In the same way the ancient forefather of Rongmei too are popularly known for their rich cultural tradition, which is perhaps went to different places in group to find of vacant land associated with each and every activity. Their cultural or forest lands in the mountain ranges occupied by none, as a practices, ritual, rites performance, religious practices, socio- practice the group of people who first occupied the fallow land economic, polity etc. their cultural identity and the cultural became the master of the land. The traditional occupation of practices of the Rongmei are immensely influenced by the the Rongmei Naga has been agriculture in their original social contexts found in places where they settle and the way habitat in Manipur. The tribes of North East India depend they live. mainly on cultivation. The method of cultivation is based on The Rongmei settlement in the valley had been slow but the old age system of slash and burn cultivation; this continuous in three successive periods of the history of cultivation method is called shifting or Jhum. Manipur pre-history period, British period (colonial period) In the earlier stages of evolution people did not develop and post British period. Manipur valley is mainly populated by close attachment to their habitat and therefore, they were in the Meiteis who are mostly Vaishnavites, to be specific. They the habit of migrating from one place to another. The Rongmei are more advanced than the other communities of Manipur. migrated to Imphal Valley many centuries back through many Then there are other sizable communities like the Muslims reasons in order to search for a safety place for settlement as who are referred to as „Pangans‟ Mayangs (outsiders, non- well as for the many causes. The traditional method of Meiteis) and the tribes like the Rongmeis. The entire state has occupation of the Rongmei was the primitive and superficial an area of about 8,629sq.miles of which the valley has only shifting cultivation, known as Jhumming, (slash and burn) 700sq.miles and the rest belongs to the hills. In the Imphal burning the forest and sowing their seeds in the fertile ashes. Valley, they are found in many settlements. There are more For which they did not required plough animals until fairly than seventy settlements of the Rongmei Naga in the Valley. recent times. The common tradition agricultural implements They have a great respect for their traditions handed down used by Rongmei are daos, spears, sickle etc. They used stick through the ages. only for digging purpose. The method of cultivation involved cutting down of the jungle of a particular plot of land and cut down trees and other vegetation to dry in the subsequent three II. UNDERSTANDING THE PROBLEM to four dry months. In the jhum lands they cultivated mixed crops. Besides paddy they also raised, maize, millets, sesame, Although the Rongmei had a long relationship with the ginger, brinjal etc. In the past, method of wet cultivation was plains people and a relationship of amity, mutual exchanges totally not known by the Rongmei as a result they generated and peaceful co-existence was a historical tradition, settlement their resources exclusively from shifting cultivation. In the in the Valley posed some serious challenges to them.
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