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Macroinvertebrate and Crayfish Community Distribution in the Meramec River Drainage Basin: an Investigation at Multiple Spatial Scales

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Macroinvertebrate and Crayfish Community Distribution in the Meramec River Drainage Basin: an Investigation at Multiple Spatial Scales MACROINVERTEBRATE AND CRAYFISH COMMUNITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE MERAMEC RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN: AN INVESTIGATION AT MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES A thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by KRISTI WILLIAMS Dr. Charles Rabeni, Thesis Supervisor August 2006 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled MACROINVERTEBRATE AND CRAYFISH COMMUNITIES IN THE MERAMEC RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN: AN INVESTIGATION AT MULTIPLE SPATIAL SCALES Presented by Kristi Williams a candidate for the degree of Master of Science and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. ___________________________________________ Charles Rabeni ___________________________________________ Mark Ryan ___________________________________________ Mike Urban ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank everyone who contributed to this research and this undertaking. The US Geological Survey and Missouri Resource Assessment Partnership along with the Missouri Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit provided funding for this project. My advisor, Dr. Charlie Rabeni, secured funding long after the initial budget dried up and provided valuable feedback throughout my project. I thank my committee members, Dr. Mark Ryan and Dr. Mike Urban for all their advice and suggestions in writing this thesis. I can’t thank Kathy Doisy and Greg Wallace enough for all their help in the lab identifying insects. A huge “thank you” goes out to Jason Vokoun for countless pointers, suggestions, and overall invaluable mentoring throughout my entire graduate student career. Thanks to Bob DiStefano with the Missouri Department of Conservation for his help with crayfish and gear research; and thanks to Paul Horner for training me in and helping me with crayfish sampling. I would also like to thank Scott Sowa and Gust Annis with MoRAP for all their help with ArcView and GIS. Thanks to Del Lobb for helping me to get into the fisheries field and for all his support. I want to thank my technicians, Corey Courtwright and Bill Youmens for their hard work and long hours in the field. I would especially like to thank my family: my mom Nancy, my dad Marshall, and my brother Mark for all their patience, understanding, support and love. This thesis is dedicated to my Granny who passed away long before I ever made it to graduate school, but who continues to be my role model and guide through life. ii Lastly, and most importantly, I want to thank Hannah for all her unconditional love, support and encouragement. I could not have done this without you. You will never appreciate what you have meant to me throughout this long, strange trip. iii MACROINVERTEBRATE AND CRAYFISH COMMUNITY DISTRIBUTION OF THE MERAMEC RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN: AN INVESTIGATION AT MULTIPLE SPATIAL LEVELS Kristi Williams Dr. Charles Rabeni, Thesis Supervisor ABSTRACT Hierarchical classification systems have been widely used to delineate terrestrial ecounits at multiple spatial scales; however there has long been a need for an aquatic based classification system. A newly developed aquatic ecosystem classification system was tested using crayfish and macroinvertebrates at multiple spatial scales. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from twenty-seven sites from three Aquatic Ecological System (AES) Types in the fall of 2001. Macroinvertebrate (MI) assemblages were tested for within- and between-Type similarities. DCA ordinations and similarity analyses showed that MI assemblages were more similar within AES Types than between AES Types. Regression analyses indicated that assemblages were related to large scale factors indicative of AES Type boundaries. Crayfish were sampled from the same twenty-seven sites from four habitat units (riffles, runs, backwaters, and vegetation plots) in fall 2001. Crayfish communities were similar within run and riffle habitats of the same AES Type and were similar within backwater and vegetation plots of the same AES Type. Crayfish correspondence to Valley Segment Type (VST) was related to stream size. Crayfish were captured from run habitats within three stream size classes in three iv neighboring watersheds in the summer of 2002. O. luteus dominated small-rivers, O. punctimanus dominated headwaters, while O. medius dominated creeks. Longitudinal distribution of crayfish was examined in summer of 2002. Crayfish were sampled from four stream sizes from headwater to big-river. Mean density of crayfish was greater in headwater and creek streams than in small- and big-river sites. Mean YOY crayfish capture was greater than adults for all species in all stream sizes. Crayfish sampling gear was tested in the summer of 2002 and 2003 for adult and YOY crayfish age classes. The semi-quantitative kick seine used in this study was compared to a quantitative to quadrat sampler. The quadrat sampler consistently captured more individuals than the kick seine, but not in a predictable manner. Regression analyses showed high variability and low correlation between the quadrat and either seine method for both years and in all age classes. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………….………………………………………..ii ABSTRACT……………………………………….………………………………………iv LIST OF TABLES…………..……………………………………………………….....vii LIST OF FIGURES…………...……………………………………………………….....ix CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION, DESCRIPTION, AND STUDY AREA……..…..1 Classification System……………………………………………………………..1 Thesis Overview…………………………………………………………………..1 Study Area………………………………………………………………………...3 2. EVALUATION OF AN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM USING MACROINVERTEBRATE AND CRAYFISH COMMUNITIES…..…5 Introduction………………………………………………………………………6 Methods…………………………………………………………………………17 Results………………………………………………………………………..…34 Discussion…………………………………………………………………….…56 3. LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF CRAYFISH WITHIN THE MERAMEC RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN, MISSOURI…………………………………...…60 Introduction………………………………………………………………………61 Methods…………………………………………………………………….……64 Results………………………………………………………………………...…70 Discussion……………………………………………………………………..…80 4. COMPARING THE EFFICIENCY OF TWO CRAYFISH SAMPLING GEARS: A SEMI-QUANTITTIVE KICK-SEINE SAMPLING GEAR AND A QUANTITATIVE QUADRANT SAMPLING GEAR………………………….84 Introduction………………………...…………………………………………….85 Methods………………………………………………………………………..…89 Results……………………………………………………………………………97 Discussion …………………………………………………………………...…118 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………...……………………………….122 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Examples of seven digit codes for the Valley Segment Types………………11 2.2. Seven digit codes for the twenty-seven valley segment types used for Objective 1……………………………………………………………………19 2.3 Seven digit codes for the valley segment types used for Objective 1b……….22 2.4 Grade scales for substrate particle sizes……………………………………….24 2.5. Numbers of macroinvertebrates identified by AES Type and AES unit……….36 2.6. R2 and p-values for regressions performed for measured and calculated habitat variables vs. axis 1 and axis 2 DCA site scores for all twenty-seven sites in 2001…………………………………..…………………38 2.7 Discharge measured at each site for macroinvertebrates samples……………40 2.8 Percent Similarities between macroinvertebrate assemblages sampled in 2001…………………………………………………………………………42 2.9 Catch per unit area mean, minimum, and maximum crayfish capture data for objective 1.b………………………………………………………….45 2.10 P-values for significant differences found in crayfish capture per species for the variable gradient within stream sizes of like AES units using a one-way ANOVA……………………………………………….47 2.11 Size Class comparisons for crayfish capture for Objective 1b………………..48 2.12 Mean, minimum, and maximum values for physical habitat data for objective 1.b………………………………………………………………49 2.13 Results of one-way ANOVAs for habitat variables between AES units…….51 3.1. Seven digit codes for the valley segment types used for Objective Two……66 3.2 Mean, minimum, and maximum values of crayfish captured in the Meramec streams…………………………………………………………….71 vii Table Page 3.3 Summary of significant differences in density found for crayfish species between stream sizes…………………………………………………73 3.4 Two-tailed Spearman rank correlations between the habitat variables and crayfish species data……………………………………………………..74 3.5 Mean, minimum, and maximum values for habitat variables taken within Meramec streams……………………………………………………...76 3.6 R values for Spearman Correlations………………………………………….77 3.7 Summary of significant differences found for habitat variables between stream sizes……………………………………………………………………79 4.1 Mean, minimum, and maximum crayfish captured per stream by species and gear for the 2002 field season…………………………………………….98 4.2 Significant findings for the PROC MIXED statement used in SAS for O. medius capture data in 2002 and 2003……………………………………..99 4.3 Mean, minimum, and maximum crayfish captured per stream by species and gear for the 2003 field season…………………………………………….101 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Meramec River drainage basin…………………………………………….…..4 2.1 Example of a hierarchical framework…………………………………….……7 2.2. The Meramec EDU in east-central Missouri………………………………….16 2.3. Stream segments used for Objective 1a and 1c……………………………..….20 2.4. The three AES units used for Objective 1b……………………………………21 2.5 Illustration of the 1.5 m X 1.5 m kick seine used to capture crayfish…………26 2.6 Illustration of the grid and sub-sampler used to sort macroinvertebrates….…..29 2.7. Ordination of Macroinvertebrate Sample Sites for 2001………………….……37 2.8
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