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Watershed Basics Outline Bottom Line: One-Page Summary Outline “A river is the report card for its watershed.” ‐ Alan Levere • Definition and examples of watersheds • Why watersheds are important; Watershed Basics Fundamental/Enduring understandings • How watersheds are affected by man/nature ADEQ SW Short Course • How to find watershed boundaries June 13, 2013 Phoenix, AZ ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 1 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 2 Bottom line: one‐page summary What comes to mind when you hear “Watershed”? The Continental Divide is a line that separates waters that flow into the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico from those that flow into the Pacific • Think “draining water” when you see/hear Ocean. It runs north‐south along the crest of the Rocky Mountains (in Mexico and Canada too) and is sometimes called The Great Divide. “watershed” • Importance: We all live in a watershed ‐ Watersheds aggregate upstream flows • Many events result in “flashier” post‐impact hydrographs • Use drainage networks or drainage divides to map a watershed ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 3 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 4 www.nationalatlas.gov/ condivm.html Major Rivers Watershed Definitions Major Western Rivers & River Basins in Arizona • The area that produces runoff to a downstream point (Handbook of Hydrology) Columbia Yellowstone • A region draining into a river or lake (Am. Heritage Dict) Snake Klamath Sacramento • The area contained within a Platte drainage divide above a San Joaquin specified point on a stream (Dict. Of Geologic Terms) • A drainage basin that divides the Rio Gila Grande landscape into hydrologically defined areas. (Environment Canada) WYN2K: WS are often named after rivers ag.arizona.edu/watershed/ ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 5 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 6 Drainage Divide Drainage Basin Valley •A region or area bounded by a drainage divide and occupied by a • An elongated lowland between drainage system; ranges of mountains, hills, or •Specifically, an area of land that other uplands, often having a gathers water that starts as river or stream running along precipitation, which then runs off the the bottom. land into a stream channel or system • An extensive area of land of channels, or to a lake, reservoir or other body of water. drained or irrigated by a river system. deutschverderber.wordpress.com •The original meaning of the term • A depression or hollow signifies a “water parting” or the line, resembling or suggesting a valley ridge, or summit of high ground valley, as the point at which separating two drainage basins. two slopes meet. Source: Glossary of Geology, 3rd Ed.,1987, AGI http://www.alpinezone.com/hiking/01images/older/KNIFEDGE.jpg ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 7 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 8 States’ contributing area to Watershed Colorado River flow Synonyms: Basin Upper Basin • CO Catchment • WY Catchment Area • NM Catchment Basin • UT Drainage Area Lower Basin USBR, 2000 Drainage Basin • AZ Watershed • NV • CA Valley Source: Glossary of Geology, 3rd Ed.,1987, American Geophysical Institute ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 9 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 10 Which of the following is the best Importance: We all live in a watershed description of a watershed? Watersheds are: A. protected upland areas that supply water to cities and towns. B. mountainous regions that receive snow, which melts into streams as temperatures warm. C. based on rivers and valleys. D. areas that produce runoff to a downstream point. Watershed Visualization: Module 2 web.sahra.arizona.edu/hwr203/wsviz ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 11 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 12 Watersheds –what you need to know Watersheds –what you need to know 1. Watershed: a region that drains into a river or lake, and is 2. Components and processes of a defined by high points in the watershed include: soil, topography surrounding the vegetation, topography, land area. cover, land use, partitioning of - Sub-watersheds are smaller precipitation betw. runoff and areas nested within a larger recharge, stream flow, flooding, watershed (or “basin”). atmospheric exchanges, drainage patterns, erosion, deposition, ecosystems/ biomes and settlement patterns. www.hydro.washington.edu/Lettenmaier/Models/VIC/index.shtml ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 13 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 14 Watersheds –what you need to know Watersheds –what you need to know 4. Watershed management is 3. Watershed management is complicated because of physically complex the many ways it affects because of the many each of us and interacts interactions of its different with culture, economics, systems, where a change in politics, social constructs, one part will affect the scientific studies and dynamics of the entire aesthetics. system. 5. Some water users or stakeholders within a watershed include urban, rural, agricultural, forestry, business & industry, energy, recreation, fish and http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lubell/Teaching/WaterPolicy/WatershedScoping_files/image002.gif wildlife and earth systems. ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 15 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 16 Watersheds –what you need to know Watersheds –what you need to know 6. Watersheds provide valuable 7. Watersheds change over time ecosystem services, such as: water both naturally (e.g. flooding, storage & purification, flood fire) and because of mitigation, habitat, climate anthropogenic (human) causes regulation, carbon cycling, timber (e.g. damming a river, water products and recreation. rights, water withdrawals). Ecosystem Services www.prescottcreeks.org ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 17 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 18 Which of the following is the best How are Watersheds Affected by… reason to foster watershed protection? Natural impacts A. Watersheds are interconnected systems that funnel upstream impacts toward • Fire downstream users. – following slides B. Watersheds provide many ecosystem • Drought services that are easily degraded. – decreases runoff – increases susceptibility C. We all live in a watershed. to invasives and pests D. All of the above • Bark beetle John McColgan (USFWS, 2000) – increases above impacts ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 19 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 20 Simple WS Model Components • Interception • Photosynthesis • Radiation Effects ‐ shading • Evapo‐Transpiration (ET) • Infiltration • Soil Moisture (SM) Storage • Decomposition • Soil formation • Deep recharge • Surface flow / runoff (erosion/deposition) • Land surface / topography • Land cover / Land use • Habitat / Biomes ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 21 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 22 Slide: Youberg/Deb Martin, USGS Post‐fire Runoff Runoff Magnitude and Timing Garden variety storms can Hyetograph produce post‐fire Stalagtite--Stalagmite debris flows. slide LOSS OF Rainfall peak COVER Time lag Runoff Peaks for Unburned and Burned Hydrograph from Hydrograph from RAIN SPLASH burned watershed unburned watershed IMPACT & “flashy” SURFACE SEALING WATER REPELLENCY & INCREASED CONNECTIVITY ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 23 Rainfall Rate of Runoff or ADEQ SW Short CourseTime The University of Arizona © 2013 24 Slide: Youberg/S. Cannon & D. Martin Slide: Youberg/Deb Martin, USGS Miller Canyon, Post‐Aspen Fire Flood in Romero Canyon 10 July 2011 Post‐fire debris • Hydrologic Modelling debris flows initiate scour to in channels on bedrock in flows: steep, severely larger • intense runoff – Largest Predicted Qp100 (COT) 6,500 cfs burned hillslopes channels • channel bank • Aerially reduced 100‐yr, 1‐hr rainfall depth = failure 2.53 “/hr (M. Zeller) • channel scour – Indirect Discharge Estimates deposit coarse boulder fans • HEC‐RAS from 5 surveyed cross‐sections • Qp 8,000‐10,000 cfs Since 1977, the main channel reloaded enough to produce sediment for debris flows in 2011. Modified from House, P. K . , and Baker, V.R., 2001, Paleohydrology of flash floods in small desert watersheds Slide: A. Youberg, AZGS in western Arizona: Water Resources Research, v. 37, p. 1825‐1839. ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 25 Wildfire Effects on Aquatic Environments How are Watersheds Affected … ‐increased solar radiation Anthropogenic impacts • Logging ‐increased water temperatures – loss of canopy = heating – loss of interception ‐change in water chemistry including – greater erosion ASH • Urbanization ‐increased erosion and – less infiltration sedimentation – faster peak flow • ‐ increased water yields Mining – water quality impacts – suspended sediment Example from the 1996 Buffalo Creek Fire – air quality impacts Slide from Bob Gresswell, USGS ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 28 Urbanization ‐ Tucson How are Watersheds Affected … Climate Change • warming, drier • greater ablation –less snowpack • earlier runoff –before greatest need • lower runoff –water Impact: supply disruptions • greater water demand • increased RO • less hydro power • WQ degradation McCabe and Wolock, Geophysical Research Letters, 2007 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 29 ADEQ SW Short Course The University of Arizona © 2013 30 Gallo,
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