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Badush Dam: Planned and Designed As a Protection Dam, Nw Iraq

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Badush Dam: Planned and Designed As a Protection Dam, Nw Iraq Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 23, No.2 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 31-39, 2020 (Special Issue) 3rd international conference on recent innovations in engineering (ICRIE) Duhok, September 9-10-2020 BADUSH DAM: PLANNED AND DESIGNED AS A PROTECTION DAM, NW IRAQ VAROOJAN K. SISSAKIAN1*, NASRAT ADAMO** and NADHIR AL-ANSARI*** *Dept. of Natural Resource Engineering and Management, School of Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, KRG, Kurdistan Region-Iraq **Consultant Engineer, Norrköping-Sweden, ***Dept. of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea-Sweden, (Accepted for Publication: December 8, 2020) ABSTRACT Badush Dam is uncompleted combined earthfill and concrete dam, it is located on the Tigris River. The dam is planned and designed to be a protection dam downstream of the already existing Mosul Dam to protect population and infrastructure downstream of Mosul Dam. Thisa is attributed to the safety concerns of Mosul Dam which suffers from severe karstification in its foundation due to the presence of thick gypsum beds. The safety of Mosul Dam is a matter of debate since its construction and commissioning in 1986. The construction of Badush Dam started in 1988 and suspended in 1991, although (30 – 40) % of the dam was already built. The geological setting of Badush Dam is almost similar to that of Mosul Dam. Therefore, the foundation of Badush Dam will suffer from the same problem which is karstification because they are located on gypsum beds which are the same rocks under the foundations of Mosul Dam. The thin inclined clay core and foundation treatment works indicate clearly that Badush Dam is designed to have temporary nature which is to contain the volume of Mosul Dam wave (11 × 11 km3) in case of collapse of Mosul Dam and to pass the wave downstream without flooding. KEYWORDS: Badush Dam; Mosul Dam; Karstification; Karstified Foundations; Flooding. 1. INTRODUCTION measure, and in these two cases from the dissolution of the karstified rocks (Thuro et al., adush Dam is uncompleted earthfill dam 2000; Johnson, 2008; Bonaci et al., 2009; B planned, designed and constructed on Milanović, 2011; Bonaci and Bonaci, 2013; the Tigris River as a protection dam to keep the Sissakian et al., 2014; Adamo et al., 2015 and safety of the community living downstream of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2017). the river and the present infrastructures if Mosul The aim of this article is to elucidate the Dam collapses. Mosul Dam is constructed on the status of Badush Dam (although not completed) Tigris River northwest of Badush Dam by about and to discuss whether it can perform as a 40 km, and Badush Dam itself is located 16 km protection dam in the case of failure of Mosul northwest of Mosul city (Fig. 1). Mosul Dam is Dam. Moreover, to suggest what should be done the largest dam in Iraq with capacity of to validate the aim of Badush Dam (in case it is 11.11km3, whose commissioning begun in 1986. decided to continue its construction) to fulfill its Since then and even before that, the foundations function as a protection dam. of the dam were suffering from active dissolution of karsts due to the presence of 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS gypsum rocks of the Fatha Formation which are the same rocks at the foundations of Badush For the purpose of the current study, we have Dam (Sissakian et al., 2018 a and b, and 2019). used the available geological and topographical Grouting was performed in Mosul Dam maps of different scales, satellite images of high foundation and was planned for the foundations resolution and tens of published articles as the of Badush Dam. Grouting generally is one of the subject of the study has required. All these treatment methods of foundations of dams materials were studied thoroughly and constructed in karst areas, which is performed to interpreted as an integrated study to achieve the protect these foundations as an anti-seepage aim of the current study. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 1Corresponding author: University of Kurdistan Hewler 31 Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 23, No.2 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 31-39, 2020 (Special Issue) 3rd international conference on recent innovations in engineering (ICRIE) Duhok, September 9-10-2020 Fig. (1): Location map of Badush Dam 3. GEOLOGICAL SETTING on field reports of Hagopian and Valupec (1977); Muhi Adeen et al. (1977); Yacoub et al. The geological setting of Badush Dam site (2012); Fouad (2012); Fouad et al. (2003) and and surroundings is briefed using available data, Sissakian et al. (2013). The geologic map of including: Geomorphology, Tectonics and Badush Dam site and near surrounding is Structural Geology, and Stratigraphy depending presented in Fig. (2). Fig. (2): Geological map of Badush and Mosul dams’ sites (After Sissakian et al. 2013). [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 32 1Corresponding author: University of Kurdistan Hewler Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 23, No.2 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 31-39, 2020 (Special Issue) 3rd international conference on recent innovations in engineering (ICRIE) Duhok, September 9-10-2020 3.1. Geomorphology - Solution Units: Sinkholes of different shapes, The main geomorphological units at the dam sizes and activities are well developed in both site and near surrounding are briefed hereinafter. the Euphrates and Fatha formations. The gypsum - Units of Alluvial Origin: Flood plain and river and limestone beds of the Fatha Formation on terraces are well developed at the dam site and which the foundations of the dam are located along both banks of the Tigris River. The suffer from very active karstification, which has sediments of both units are used in the dissolved the beds of the Fatha Formation. construction of different parts of the dam. According to Sissakian and Abdul Jab’bar - Units of Structural – Denudational Origin: (2005) these karstified beds exhibit false dipping The depositional and erosional glacis are rich in towards the karst forms; due to collapse of the gypsiferous cement. Also, anticlinal ridges and beds towards the existing caves and fractures flat irons are well developed in the Fatha beneath them (Fig. 3). Formation. Fig. (3): Left) False dipping of limestone and gypsum beds due to underneath karstification, Right) An open site showing the karstified gypsum and limestone beds, note the sinkholes in the floor of the site which is about 20 km south of Badush Dam and within the same geological formation on which Badush Dam was planned to be constructed. 3.2. Tectonics and Structural Geology plunging anticline with almost E – W trend; the Badush Dam is located on Allan anticline axis of the dam is located along the axis of the which is located in the Low Folded Zone of the anticline (Fig. 4). The southern limb is steeper, Outer Platform, which belongs to the Arabian and the eastern plunge is east of the Tigris River, Plate (Fouad, 2012). Allan anticline is a double i.e. east of Badush Dam (Fig. 2). Fig. (4): Satellite image showing Allan anticline and the constructed part of Badush Dam [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 1Corresponding author: University of Kurdistan Hewler 33 Journal of University of Duhok, Vol. 23, No.2 (Pure and Eng. Sciences), Pp 31-39, 2020 (Special Issue) 3rd international conference on recent innovations in engineering (ICRIE) Duhok, September 9-10-2020 3.3. Stratigraphy quantities of the flood plain sediments were used The exposed geological formations at Badush as construction material (aggregate) in different Dam site and the reservoir area with the main parts of Badush Dam. The thickness ranges from Quaternary sediments are briefly mentioned (2 – 5) m. hereinafter and presented in Figure (2). - Euphrates Formation (Lower Miocene): The 4. BADUSH DAM formation is exposed at the core of Allan 4.1. General anticline; it consists of well bedded, hard Badush Dam is an earthfill- buttress concrete limestone and marly limestone. The rocks are dam located on the Tigris River. Construction of highly karstified. The thickness of the formation this dam was proposed as a protection dam to ranges from (26 – 50) m. contain Mosul Dam flood wave if this dam - Fatha Formation (Middle Miocene): The would fail. The decision to build the dam was formation is widely exposed at Allan anticline taken in 1987 after having problems in and surrounding areas; it is divided into Lower completing the grout curtain of Mosul dam. A and Upper Members. Both members consist of previous study in 1984 and many others have cyclic sediments of green marl, limestone and shown the great dimensions of catastrophe if gypsum. The gypsum and limestone beds are Mosul Dam failed (Swiss Consultant highly karstified (Fig. 3). The thickness of the Consortium, 1985; Al-Ansari et al., 2015; formation ranges from 117 m at the left bank to Adamo et al., 2015 a and 2017). Construction of 300 m at the right bank. the dam was abandoned in 1991 due to the - River Terraces (Pleistocene): The terraces are economic embargo on Iraq after the first Gulf accumulated at different parts, along the Tigris War and was not resumed ever since. This dam River. Three levels are developed. The pebbles would act as flood retaining structure to protect of the terraces are cemented by gypsiferous and from the resulting flood wave of 11 × 11 km3 of sandy cement which cause severe problems water in case of Mosul Dam failure which will when they are used in concrete if they are used form a maximum probable flood (Mosul Dam) without proper washing.
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