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Underwater Inspection Criteria

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Underwater Inspection Criteria NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING SERVICE CENTER Port Hueneme, California 93043-4370 UNDERWATER INSPECTION CRITERIA By Shawn W. Kelly Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center 1100 23rd Avenue Port Hueneme, California 93043-4370 March 1999 Prepared for: California State Lands Commission Marine Facilities Division 330 Golden Shore, Suite 210 Long Beach, California 90802-4246 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Marine Facilities Division (MFD) of the California State Lands Commission (CSLC) is in the process of reviewing and formulating various design and inspection criteria for waterfront facilities. The MFD has a regulatory requirement to require a thorough examination of each marine terminal in the State to determine whether the structural integrity of the terminal, the oil transfer operations system, and the safety equipment are designed and being maintained in a safe working condition. To meet this regulatory objective the CSLC has developed a procedure for performing an in-depth structural and safety system audit of existing marine loading and discharge terminals located onshore, near-shore, and offshore California. These procedures apply to pier and wharf terminals, and offshore multi-point mooring marine terminals. The Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) has been tasked to provide input to the review and formulation of design and inspection criteria for waterfront facilities, based on the Navy’s extensive experience and expertise in this area. This document addresses the underwater inspection component of the overall effort. This underwater inspection criteria is intended to provide guidance to the CSLC on the inspection of the underwater components of a marine oil terminal facility with the intent on identifying structural damage or weaknesses that might affect the continued fitness-for-purpose of the terminal. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 2.0 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................................2 3.0 SCOPE OF UNDERWATER INSPECTIONS.............................................................3 4.0 INTRODUCTION TO WATERFRONT FACILITIES..............................................4 4.1 Berthing Facilities......................................................................................................4 4.1.1 Piers.................................................................................................................5 4.1.2 Piling ...............................................................................................................6 4.1.3 Wharves and Quaywalls..................................................................................7 4.1.4 Fender Systems................................................................................................8 4.1.5 Dolphins ..........................................................................................................9 4.2 Coastal Protection Structures.....................................................................................9 5.0 GENERAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES.................................................................11 5.1 Levels of Inspection...................................................................................................12 5.2 Planning for Inspection ..............................................................................................15 5.3 Inspection Frequency .................................................................................................17 5.4 Documentation of Inspection.....................................................................................18 5.5 Equipment and Tools.................................................................................................22 5.5.1 Surface Cleaning Tools ...................................................................................23 5.5.2 Inspection Tools ..............................................................................................23 5.5.3 Recording Tools ..............................................................................................23 6.0 STEEL STRUCTURES ..................................................................................................23 6.1 Types of Steel Structures ...........................................................................................23 6.2 Deterioration of Steel Structures................................................................................24 6.2.1 Corrosion.........................................................................................................24 6.2.2 Abrasion ..........................................................................................................26 6.2.3 Structural Connection Loosening....................................................................27 6.2.4 Fatigue Failure.................................................................................................27 6.2.5 Overloading.....................................................................................................27 6.2.6 Foundation Deterioration.................................................................................28 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 6.3 Typical Inspection Procedure.....................................................................................29 6.3.1 Surface.............................................................................................................29 6.3.2 Underwater ......................................................................................................29 6.4 Equipment and Tools Required .................................................................................30 6.4.1 Ultrasonic Inspection.......................................................................................31 6.4.2 Underwater Magnetic Particle Testing............................................................31 7.0 COMPLIANT MOORINGS...........................................................................................34 7.1 Types of Compliant Moorings ...................................................................................34 7.2 Compliant Mooring Anchors .....................................................................................35 7.3 Deterioration of Fleet Moorings ................................................................................36 7.3.1 Chain-Link Measurements ..............................................................................36 7.4 Typical Inspection Procedure.....................................................................................37 7.4.1 Inspection Checklist ........................................................................................37 7.4.2 Cathodic Protection Inspection........................................................................48 7.5 Equipment and Tools Required .................................................................................48 8.0 CONCRETE STRUCTURES ........................................................................................49 8.1 Types of Marine Concrete Structures ........................................................................49 8.2 Deterioration of Marine Concrete Structures.............................................................49 8.2.1 Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel........................................................................50 8.2.2 Freeze/Thaw Deterioration..............................................................................51 8.2.3 Abrasion Wear.................................................................................................52 8.2.4 Chemical Deterioration ...................................................................................53 8.2.5 Axial Overloading ...........................................................................................53 8.2.6 Shrinkage.........................................................................................................53 8.2.7 Swelling...........................................................................................................54 8.2.8 Other Deterioration Factors.............................................................................54 8.3 Concrete Inspection Procedure..........................................................................................54 8.3.1 Surface.............................................................................................................54 8.3.2 Underwater ......................................................................................................55 8.3.2.1 Visual Inspection................................................................................55 8.3.2.2 Level III Nondestructive Inspection of Concrete...............................56 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page 8.4 Equipment and Tools Required .................................................................................57 8.4.1 Magnetic Rebar Locator..................................................................................57 8.4.2 Rebound Hammer............................................................................................58 8.4.3 Ultrasonic System............................................................................................58 9.0 TIMBER STRUCTURES...............................................................................................60 9.1 Types of Timber Structures........................................................................................60
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