PROJECT DESCRIPTION Country Context Angola Has a Diversity Of

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

PROJECT DESCRIPTION Country Context Angola Has a Diversity Of Child Project Title: Strengthening Climate Resilience and Biodiversity Management in Angola’s Conservation Areas Country: Angola GEF Agency(ies): WB Total Project Cost (GEF $ 14,834,862 Grant) Estimated Co-financing $25,800,000 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Country Context Angola has a diversity of ecosystems and hosts some of the richest biodiversity in the continent, including several endangered species. The extent of protected areas has been increasing and now covers 13 percent of the country (equivalent to 156,909 km2). Wildlife and protected areas play an important role in Angola, although their contribution to the economy is not well documented. However, climate change poses a serious threat to Angola’s economy, its population and its ecosystems. Angola has warmed significantly in recent decades, mean annual rainfall has decreased, and long-term projections over the 21st century reveal these trends will continue, with a stronger impact in the southern part of the country. Climatic shocks such as droughts and floods have also become more frequent and are projected to intensify. Desertification is advancing, particularly in the Namib and Kalahari deserts in southern Angola. These effects pose serious threats to ecosystems and biodiversity – which are impacted by shifts in the habitat ranges of plants and animals, leading to species displacement and loss – as well as vulnerable communities and indigenous people, who depend on natural resources and agriculture for their livelihoods and food security. Poverty and a rapid growing population exacerbate the threats of climate change to the protection of wildlife and biodiversity in Angola. The country has one of the highest deforestation rates in the country. Further, the levels of poaching are high in comparison to other countries in southern Africa and illegal hunting occurs in most or all the protected areas. There is significant commercial poaching of elephants, which has led to a steady decrease of their population. Other endangered animal species include the cheetah, brown hyenas, African wild dog, mountain and plain zebras, giraffe and oryx, while Black rhinoceros may be already extinct. With the increased expansion of communities in protected areas, human-wildlife conflicts are common, mainly in areas where there is agriculture development and near water catchments. Climate change is also posing alterations to the geographical environment with species displacement and loss, also resulting in an increase in human-wildlife conflict where wildlife tends to move closer to human settlements due to the absence of food and water. Angola’s intended National Determined Contribution (iNDC) prioritizes ecosystems and biodiversity, and agriculture, among other sectors, as important for building resilience to climate change and improving livelihoods. Angola’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) highlights the vulnerability and impacts of climate change on biodiversity, forests, ecosystems and agriculture and foresees the inclusion 2 of 10 to 15% of species in the IUCN categories of species threatened with extinction by 2050, with an increase to 25 to 40% of species by 2080 (assuming there is no species migration). The National Strategy for Climate Change, on the other hand, highlights the risks to species displacement and loss and defines priority actions to address these, including improving and strengthening the capacity of forest and biodiversity monitoring at national and regional scale, and improving the management of protected areas. The institutions with a mandate over protected areas have limited capacity to address the degradation of the protected areas and wildlife loss. Law enforcement is weak as is the implementation of national conservation policies and priorities. Funding for protected area management and local development in surrounding areas is also limited. As multiple resource use areas, Angola’s Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) are inhabited by local communities and indigenous people who are among the poorest and most vulnerable in Angola and are highly exposed to climate change impacts, mostly to agriculture. Locally, there is little coordination between park management authorities and municipalities on local development and land use issues, often resulting in land use conflicts and further degradation of the environment and wildlife. The project is expected to generate global environmental benefits such as strengthened climate resilience of globally-significant important ecosystems, improved biodiversity conservation and strengthened resilience of local communities to climate change. Project Overview and Approach Provide a brief description of the geographical target(s), including details of systemic challenges, and the specific environmental threats and associated drivers that must be addressed The proposed project is expected to support the Angolan component of two TFCAs, namely: the Luengue- Luiana National Park (part of the Kavango-Zambezi TFCA (KAZA), in the south-east) and Iona National Park (part of the Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCA, in the south-west). Luengue-Luiana covers an area of 4,581,800 ha while Iona covers 1,515,000 ha. The targeted TFCAs have exceptional biodiversity, but face significant threats, including from climate change vulnerability and exposure, environmental degradation, land encroachment, and poaching. Moreover, local communities and indigenous people living in the TFCAs are poor and highly vulnerable to climate change impacts and have few opportunities to derive significant benefits from wildlife yet can suffer from human-wildlife conflict and other direct costs. The Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCA hosts the most ancient and biodiverse desert in the world and has a wide range of desert and semi-desert ecosystems, including mobile dunes along the coast, calcrete plains, desert grasslands, open woodland, arid shrub land and savannah. It also hosts a rich endemic flora and fauna. The TFCA is also home to indigenous peoples, such as the Mucubal and Himba, as well as many Kimbundu groups. Most practice subsistence farming or are herders. About 3,300 people live inside the Iona National Park, who own 70,000 cattle. In Iona National Park, drought and irregular rainfall are affecting the agricultural productivity in the area, threatening food security. Calamities are frequent due to the desert, and often, the government supports the population by providing food. Due to an increase in the population living in the national, expansion of settlements and illegal camping there has been an increase in deforestation and overgrazing which is causing loss of wildlife and exacerbating land degradation and human-wildlife conflicts. 3 KAZA is estimated to be the ecosystem that sustains the world’s largest elephant population (of around 250,000). Angola occupies the largest portion of the park (approximately 17% of the total area). The Cuando Cubango province has the largest block of protected area and includes the Luengue-Luiana National Park and the Mavinga National Park. In Luengue-Luiana National Park, irregular rainfall and deforestation are threatening the ‘Water Towers’ of the Kavango watershed. Human wildlife conflicts and wildlife poaching is prevalent in both targeted TFCAs, where wildlife tends to move closer to human settlements due to absence of food and water. There is also inadequate law enforcement in the protected areas. In the KAZA TFCA particularly, there is persistent bushmeat hunting by local communities and intense elephant poaching, which has led to a steady decrease of their population. Government institutions responsible for conservation and climate change lack capacity and financing to address these issues, leading to a weak management of protected areas and lack of response to climate risks. These TFCAs are challenged by degraded infrastructure and weak management, which leads to an expansion of human settlements, and further environmental degradation and wildlife poaching. This is compounded by the fact these areas are significantly large, remote, and under significant threats in addition to being surrounded by significant poverty. Locally, lack of integration of climate-resilience, biodiversity conservation and local development considerations into planning and management leads to further degradation and conflicts in land use. Even though there is potential to develop nature-based tourism to generate revenues for the government and diversify the livelihoods of vulnerable communities, the target TFCAs lack basic infrastructure and services to develop an attractive offer. Describe the existing or planned baseline investments, including current institutional framework and processes for stakeholder engagement and gender integration; Angolan wildlife and protected areas are receiving increasing attention by the government of Angola to support people’s livelihoods and the diversification of economy through nature-based tourism. In recent years, the GoA has developed the policy and legal framework to rehabilitate the national system of protected areas and engaged in international agreements to foster regional collaboration on these issues. The Strategic Plan for the Protected Areas System (Plano Estratégico para o Sistema de Áreas Protegidas, PESAP, 2018) is the most recent policy document for protected areas. It strives to ensure their socioeconomic and financial sustainability and to mobilize investments to stimulate the local economy through activities that are compatible with the protection of natural resources, while improving
Recommended publications
  • Angola Country Profile Update 2019
    Country Profile Republic of Angola Giraffe Conservation Status Report February 2019 General statistics Size of country: 1,246,700 km² Size of protected areas / percentage protected area coverage: 6.97% Species and subspecies In 2016 the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) completed the first detailed assessment of the conservation status of giraffe, revealing that their numbers are in peril. This was further emphasised when the majority of the IUCN recognised subspecies where assessed in 2018 – some as Critically Endangered. While this update further confirms the real threat to one of Africa’s most charismatic megafauna, it also highlights a rather confusing aspect of giraffe conservation: how many species/subspecies of giraffe are there? The IUCN currently recognises one species (Giraffa camelopardalis) and nine subspecies of giraffe (Muller et al. 2016) historically based on outdated assessments of their morphological features and geographic ranges. The subspecies are thus divided: Angolan giraffe (G. c. angolensis), Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum), Masai giraffe (G. c. tippleskirchi), Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis), reticulated giraffe (G. c. reticulata), Rothschild’s giraffe (G. c. rothschildi), South African giraffe (G. c. giraffa), Thornicroft’s giraffe (G. c. thornicrofti) and West African giraffe (G. c. peralta). However, over the past decade GCF together with their partner Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) have performed the first-ever comprehensive DNA sampling and analysis (genomic, nuclear and mitochondrial) from all major natural populations of giraffe throughout their range in Africa. As a result, an update to the traditional taxonomy now exists. This study revealed that there are four distinct species of giraffe and likely five subspecies (Fennessy et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report: Southern Africa Regional Environmental Program
    SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM FINAL REPORT DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. FINAL REPORT SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM Contract No. 674-C-00-10-00030-00 Cover illustration and all one-page illustrations: Credit: Fernando Hugo Fernandes DISCLAIMER The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States government. CONTENTS Acronyms ................................................................................................................ ii Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 1 Project Context ...................................................................................................... 4 Strategic Approach and Program Management .............................................. 10 Strategic Thrust of the Program ...............................................................................................10 Project Implementation and Key Partners .............................................................................12 Major Program Elements: SAREP Highlights and Achievements .................. 14 Summary of Key Technical Results and Achievements .......................................................14 Improving the Cooperative Management of the River
    [Show full text]
  • Skeleton Coast National Park 2013
    Management Plan Skeleton Coast National Park September 2013 Republic of Namibia Ministry of Environment and Tourism Author: MET Ministry of Environment and Tourism Troskie House, Uhland Street P/Bag 13346, Windhoek Tel: (+264 61) 284 2111 Directorate of Regional Services and Park Management PZN Building, Northern Industria P/Bag 13306, Windhoek Tel: (+264 61) 284 2518 © MET 2013 Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-cormmercial purposes without prior permission from the copyright holder is authorized, provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes without prior written permission of the copyright holder is prohibited. Cover Photo: FOREWORD National parks are a vital tool for conserving Namibia’s essential biodiversity. By managing parks, their irreplaceable assets and unlimited potential will be conserved for future generations. In addition, every year Namibia’s National Parks draw large numbers of tourists, generating employment and stimulating development nationwide. National Parks also provide unique opportunities to benefit local communities through rural development while providing research, education and recreation opportunities. One of the protected areas in Namibia is the Skeleton Coast National Park. The name Skeleton Coast suggests a dramatic history and difficult conditions for human survival. These qualities make the park an attractive destination for eco-tourists. Similarly, its fine angling reputation attracts large numbers of fishermen from southern Africa and elsewhere. Altogether it is an area of international significance, set within a larger transboundary landscape that covers the length of the Namib Desert. This management plan sets out the objectives and guidelines for the management and development of the Skeleton Coast National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventário Florestal Nacional, Guia De Campo Para Recolha De Dados
    Monitorização e Avaliação de Recursos Florestais Nacionais de Angola Inventário Florestal Nacional Guia de campo para recolha de dados . NFMA Working Paper No 41/P– Rome, Luanda 2009 Monitorização e Avaliação de Recursos Florestais Nacionais As florestas são essenciais para o bem-estar da humanidade. Constitui as fundações para a vida sobre a terra através de funções ecológicas, a regulação do clima e recursos hídricos e servem como habitat para plantas e animais. As florestas também fornecem uma vasta gama de bens essenciais, tais como madeira, comida, forragem, medicamentos e também, oportunidades para lazer, renovação espiritual e outros serviços. Hoje em dia, as florestas sofrem pressões devido ao aumento de procura de produtos e serviços com base na terra, o que resulta frequentemente na degradação ou transformação da floresta em formas insustentáveis de utilização da terra. Quando as florestas são perdidas ou severamente degradadas. A sua capacidade de funcionar como reguladores do ambiente também se perde. O resultado é o aumento de perigo de inundações e erosão, a redução na fertilidade do solo e o desaparecimento de plantas e animais. Como resultado, o fornecimento sustentável de bens e serviços das florestas é posto em perigo. Como resposta do aumento de procura de informações fiáveis sobre os recursos de florestas e árvores tanto ao nível nacional como Internacional l, a FAO iniciou uma actividade para dar apoio à monitorização e avaliação de recursos florestais nationais (MANF). O apoio à MANF inclui uma abordagem harmonizada da MANF, a gestão de informação, sistemas de notificação de dados e o apoio à análise do impacto das políticas no processo nacional de tomada de decisão.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the Cubango Okavango
    Transboundary Cooperation for Protecting the Cubango- Okavango River Basin and Improving the Integrity of the Okavango Delta World Heritage Property Overview of the Cubango-Okavango River Basin in Angola: Challenges and Perspectives Maun, 3-4 June 2019 Botswana National Development Plan (2018-2022) The National Development Plan 6 Axis provides framework for the development of infrastructure, 25 Policies environmental sustainability and land and territorial planning. 83 Programs Cubango-Okavango River Basin Key Challenges To develop better conditions for the economic development of the region. To foster sustainable development considering technical, socio- economic and environmental aspects. To combat poverty and increase the opportunities of equitable socioeconomic benefits. Key Considerations 1. Inventory of the water needs and uses. 2. Assessment of the water balance between needs and availability. 3. Water quality. 4. Risk management and valorization of the water resources. Some of the Main Needs Water Institutional Monitoring Capacity Network Decision- Participatory making Management Supporting Systems Adequate Funding Master Plans for Cubango Zambezi and Basins Cubango/ Approved in 6 main Up to 2030 Okavango 2016 programs Final Draft 9 main Zambezi Up to 2035 2018 programs Cubango/Okavango Basin Master Plan Main Programs Rehabilitation of degraded areas. Maintaining the natural connectivity between rivers and river corridors. Implementing water monitoring network. Managing the fishery activity and water use. Biodiversity conservation. Capacity building and governance. Zambezi Basin Master Plan Main Programs Water supply for communities and economic activities. Sewage and water pollution control. Economic and social valorisation of water resources. Protection of ecosystems. Risk management. Economic sustainability of the water resources. Institutional and legal framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15 the Mammals of Angola
    Chapter 15 The Mammals of Angola Pedro Beja, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Luís Veríssimo, Elena Bersacola, Ezequiel Fabiano, Jorge M. Palmeirim, Ara Monadjem, Pedro Monterroso, Magdalena S. Svensson, and Peter John Taylor Abstract Scientific investigations on the mammals of Angola started over 150 years ago, but information remains scarce and scattered, with only one recent published account. Here we provide a synthesis of the mammals of Angola based on a thorough survey of primary and grey literature, as well as recent unpublished records. We present a short history of mammal research, and provide brief information on each species known to occur in the country. Particular attention is given to endemic and near endemic species. We also provide a zoogeographic outline and information on the conservation of Angolan mammals. We found confirmed records for 291 native species, most of which from the orders Rodentia (85), Chiroptera (73), Carnivora (39), and Cetartiodactyla (33). There is a large number of endemic and near endemic species, most of which are rodents or bats. The large diversity of species is favoured by the wide P. Beja (*) CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal CEABN-InBio, Centro de Ecologia Aplicada “Professor Baeta Neves”, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] P. Vaz Pinto Fundação Kissama, Luanda, Angola CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] L. Veríssimo Fundação Kissama, Luanda, Angola e-mail: [email protected] E.
    [Show full text]
  • Namibia Giraffe Conservation Programme
    Namibia Giraffe Conservation Programme QUARTERLY UPDATE May – July 2018 At our home base in Namibia, the Giraffe Conservation Foundation (GCF) runs a comprehensive programme across the country with a focus on giraffe conservation research and environmental education. While this report focuses on the conservation side, you can read more about the environmental education programme in the regular KEEP Update reports online at https://giraffeconservation.org/programmes/keep/. The past few months have seen some exciting developments in our Northwest Namibia Programme, as well as a continuation of our countrywide giraffe assessments. If you follow our updates regularly, you might want to skip forward to the brand-new updates and give the background information a miss, but you might also find some interesting information that you were not aware of. Background In partnership with University College Cork (UCD, Ireland) and the Namibian University of Science and Technology (NUST), GCF’s Northwest Namibia Programme focuses on monitoring and supporting the long-term conservation and research of Namibia’s desert-dwelling giraffe. These giraffe roam throughout the northern Namib Desert in the country’s northwest. Our work has focused on the ephemeral Hoanib and Hoarusib Rivers, covering an area of approx. 4,500km2, but is slowly expanding north to include a total area of >10,000km2. The area extends across communal conservancies in the east (which support both wildlife and domestic livestock) into the Skeleton Coast National Park bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west. With only a few millimetres of annual rainfall, the programme area is arid to hyper-arid and the wildlife is well adapted to this harsh environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Mensagem Sobre O Estado Da Nação, De Sua Excelência João Lourenço, Presidente Da República De Angola Luanda, 15 De Outubro
    1 Mensagem sobre o Estado da Nação, de Sua Excelência João Lourenço, Presidente da República de Angola Luanda, 15 de Outubro de 2019 -Sua Excelência Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, Presidente da Assembleia Nacional, -Sua Excelência Bornito de Sousa, Vice-Presidente da República, -Excelentíssimos Senhores Deputados, -Venerandos Juízes Presidentes dos Tribunais Constitucional e Supremo, -Prezados Membros do Executivo, -Distintos Membros do Corpo Diplomático, -Ilustres Convidados, -Caros Compatriotas, Permitam-me a partir desta tribuna dirigir uma especial saudação a todo o povo angolano e aos dignos Deputados que o representam nesta Casa da Democracia. Cumpriram-se no passado mês de Setembro dois anos do mandato que me foi conferido nas urnas, e embora tenha empenhado o melhor dos meus esforços na aplicação do programa de governação que mereceu a confiança da maioria dos eleitores, estou consciente de que muito ainda há por realizar para satisfação das grandes necessidades que o povo enfrenta. 1 2 O nosso foco continua a ser a boa governação, a defesa do rigor e da transparência em todos os actos públicos, a luta contra a corrupção e a impunidade, a reanimação e diversificação da economia, o resgate dos valores da cidadania e a moralização da sociedade no seu todo, bases indispensáveis para se garantir o progresso social e o desenvolvimento sustentável do país. Na nossa acção governativa consideramos fundamental a instauração em Angola de um verdadeiro Estado Democrático de Direito e a construção de uma economia de mercado que seja capaz de diversificar efectivamente a economia nacional e alterar em termos definitivos a estrutura económica de Angola, hoje muito dependente do sector público e das receitas da exportação do petróleo bruto.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Angola Ministry of Environment FRAMEOWRK
    Republic of Angola Ministry of Environment FRAMEOWRK REPORT ON ANGOLA’S BIODIVERSITY By: SOKI KUEDIKUENDA AND MIGUEL. N.G. XAVIER LUANDA, 2009 TECHINCAL TEAM: Copyright 2009 Ministry of Environment Street Frederic Engles Nº 98 Postal box 83 Luanda, Angola This report was compiled by Soki Kuedikuenda and Miguel Neto Gonçalves Xavier in order to be presented to the Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The presentation benefited from inputs by: • Nkosi Luyeye, Deputy director of the national Institute on Fisheries Research (INIP), Ministry of Fisheries; • Vangajala Soqui, head of department of Biology, Sciences Faculty, Agostinho Neto University; • Elisabeth Matos, Director of National Centre for Phito-genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture; • António Alcochete, Director of Centre for Scientific Research, Ministry of Sciences and Technology; • Maria Sardinha, Researcher of the National Institute for Fisheries Research. • Silvy Nsiangangu, Researcher of the National Institute for Fisheries Research. • Kavungu Paulo Marlon, National Director for Minerals, Ministry of geology and Mines; • Esperança Costa, Coordinator of the Botanical Centre, Science Faculty, Agostinho Neto University. The information contained in this publication may reproduced since the source is quoted. Legal deposit Number of copies Printing and finishing: Ponto Um. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Angola’s biological diversity is one of the richest ones in Africa; this is due to various factors, whereby the main ones are: the country’s surface; geographical location; ecosystem diversity (land, marine and coastal) and the fact that Angola has been a refugee zone over the last glacial period. The land ecosystems are represented by four biomes. The most important one in terms of surface is the Zambezian biomes, which covers more than 85% of the national territory surface, while the Guinea-Congolese, though it represents only 10.7%, it contains the major wealth of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity Resources and Protected Areas
    About Tutorial Glossary Documents Images Maps Google Earth Please provide feedback! Click for details The River Basin You are here: Home>The River Basin >Ecology & Biodiversity >Biodiversity > Biodiversity Resources & Protected Areas Introduction Geography Climate and Weather Hydrology Biodiversity Resources and Protected Water Quality Ecology & Biodiversity Areas Ecology Aquatic Ecology Wetlands The driving force of life is fresh water, especially in the parched landscapes and Biodiversity deserts of the lower Kunene. Here, the river is a lifeline for animals and plants. The Biodiversity in the Basin isolation of important Wetlands such as the Etosha pan, and the Kunene River mouth, Eco- regions & Hotspots which is about 700 km away from the nearest permanent wetland makes them Biodiversity Resources & important staging areas for birds and mammals. Explore the sub- basins of the Protected Areas Kunene River Human Impacts Important protected areas of the basin are presented in this section under the titles: Watersheds References Challenges for Biodiversity Protection; Description of Protected Areas in the Basin. Video Interviews about the integrated and transboundary management of the Kunene River basin Explore the interactions of living organisms in aquatic Protected areas in the Kunene River basin. environments Source: AHT GROUP AG 2010, after Atlas of Namibia Project 2002 ( click to enlarge ) Challenges for Biodiversity Protection Protected areas have been designated to preserve the biodiversity and to support sustainable livelihoods of the people living in, and around the parks (see section on Ecotourism). The Skeleton Coast National Park and the Etosha National Park in Namibia are the most precious resources. They draw tourists and generate benefits for the protection of biodiversity and the support of local communities.
    [Show full text]
  • S Angola on Their Way South
    Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – Angola ■ ANGOLA W. R. J. DEAN Dickinson’s Kestrel Falco dickinsoni. (ILLUSTRATION: PETE LEONARD) GENERAL INTRODUCTION December to March. A short dry period during the rains, in January or February, occurs in the north-west. The People’s Republic of Angola has a land-surface area of The cold, upwelling Benguela current system influences the 1,246,700 km², and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, climate along the south-western coast, and this region is arid in the Republic of Congo to the north-west, the Democratic Republic of south to semi-arid in the north (at about Benguela). Mean annual Congo (the former Zaïre) to the north, north-east, and east, Zambia temperatures in the region, and on the plateau above 1,600 m, are to the south-east, and Namibia to the south. It is divided into 18 below 19°C. Areas with mean annual temperatures exceeding 25°C (formerly 16) administrative provinces, including the Cabinda occur on the inner margin of the Coast Belt north of the Queve enclave (formerly known as Portuguese Congo) that is separated river and in the Congo Basin (Huntley 1974a). The hottest months from the remainder of the country by a narrow strip of the on the coast are March and April, during the period of heaviest Democratic Republic of Congo and the Congo river. rains, but the hottest months in the interior, September and October, The population density is low, c.8.5 people/km², with a total precede the heaviest rains (Huntley 1974a).
    [Show full text]
  • An Aerial Photographic Wildlife Survey of the Iona National Park, Angola November 2016 to February 2017
    An aerial photographic wildlife survey of the Iona National Park, Angola November 2016 to February 2017 Table of contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Study rationale ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Study area ................................................................................................................................ 4 2. Methodology .................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Aerial photography ................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Geo-referencing of wildlife sightings ..................................................................................... 8 2.3 Identification of wildlife species ............................................................................................. 9 2.4 Determination of wildlife estimates ...................................................................................... 10 2.5 Spatial analysis ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.5.1 Species distribution and density heat-maps .................................................................. 10 2.5.2 Graze and browse biomass estimates for terrestrial
    [Show full text]