DOCSLIB.ORG

Slovak Republic Cyber Readiness at a Glance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Slovak Republic Cyber Readiness at a Glance SLOVAK REPUBLIC CYBER READINESS AT A GLANCE Melissa Hathaway, Francesca Spidalieri and Anushka Kaushik April 2019 AC INST M IT O U T B T O E P F O G S E R I P D O U LICY ST Copyright © 2019, Cyber Readiness Index 2.0, All rights reserved. Published by Potomac Institute for Policy Studies Potomac Institute for Policy Studies 901 N. Stuart St, Suite 1200 Arlington, VA 22203 www.potomacinstitute.org Telephone: 703.525.0770; Fax: 703.525.0299 Email: [email protected] Follow us on Twitter: @CyberReadyIndex Cover Art by Alex Taliesen. Acknowledgements The Potomac Institute for Policy Studies and the authors would like to thank Alex Taliesen for cover art and Sherry Loveless for editorial and design work. SLOVAK REPUBLIC CYBER READINESS AT A GLANCE TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 2 1 . NATIONAL STRATEGY . .9 . 2 . INCIDENT RESPONSE . 16 . 3 . E-CRIME AND LAW ENFORCEMENT . 21. 4 . INFORMATION SHARING . 24 . 5 . INVESTMENT IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT . 26 6 . DIPLOMACY AND TRADE . 30 . 7 . DEFENSE AND CRISIS RESPONSE . 33 CRI 2 .0 BOTTOM LINE . .36 . ENDNOTES . 37. ABOUT THE AUTHORS . 47 . SLOVAK REPUBLIC CYBER READINESS AT A GLANCE Country Population 5,440 million Population Growth 0 .17% GDP at market prices (current $US) $95,769 billion (ranked 64th in 2017) GDP Growth 3 .4% Year Internet Introduced 1992 National Cyber Security Strategy 2008, 2015 Internet Domain(s) .cs and .sk Internet users per 100 users 81 .6 Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 users 25 .8 Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 users 130 .7 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Development and Connectivity Standing International Telecommunications World Economic Forum’s Union (ITU) 46 Networked Readiness Index (NRI) 47 ICT Development Index (IDI) Sources: World Bank (2017), ITU (2017), and NRI (2016). © 2019 Cyber Readiness Index 2.0, all rights reserved. 1 INTRODUCTION In 1918 – after World War I and a long history Telecommunications in Bratislava.1 However, of conflicts and occupations by neighbors, most central planners still did not consider including Austria, Hungary, and Germany telecom services to be a genuine form of – Czechoslovakia became an independent production and did not invest in the under- country. Czechoslovakia was comprised of lying communication infrastructure.2 Instead, the Czechs and the Slovaks, two distinct com- investment was targeted at primary forms munities with their respective languages, of production, such as industrial enterprises. religions, cultures, and economic sources Telephone services served as a stable source of income/growth. During World War II, of revenue that was channeled to help fund Czechoslovakia suffered significant loss of the more valued entities contributing to the life and infrastructural damage until the Soviet country’s economic wellbeing. In particular, Army liberated them in 1945. In 1946, the the telephone service was used to subsi- country held national elections that ceded dize postal services, which operated at a power to the Czech’s leading political party. loss. Telephone tariffs were not related to Simultaneously, Czechoslovakia became a the cost of providing service. Charges for client state of the Soviet Union. For the next domestic calls were fairly low and charges four decades, they were under a one-party for international calls were extremely high. system and the influence of the Soviet Union The central government in power at that time as part of the Warsaw Pact. also imposed substantial social restrictions and actively worked to make communication The Czech side of the country was highly among people difficult in order to promote industrialized (e.g., automotive, machin- political stability and quell the ability to con- ery, metallurgy, textiles, etc.) and provided spire against the Communist Party. much of the technical talent and educational capacity to the region, including three main Therefore, the first Internet pioneers in the universities focused on math, science, and country had to overcome several operational, engineering. Whereas on the Slovak side of technical, political, and social limitations. In the country, the main sectors of the economy 1976, Czechoslovakia sponsored a state project, were agriculture and mining of raw materials called “Computer Network,” to enable the (e.g., gold, silver, copper, iron, and salt). transfer of information from one computer to another – effectively, trying to implement an During the communist period, Czechoslo- ARPANET (the experimental computer net- vakia’s telecommunications network was work that became the basis for the Internet). neglected. By 1960, the Soviets had cen- A group of researchers at the Institute of tralized the postal, telecommunication, and Applied Cybernetics (UAK) in Bratislava began transport bodies into a single Ministry of working on a number of related initiatives.3 Transport and Communications. The merger By 1986, the first intra-network became oper- was dysfunctional. In 1969, two ministries ational using 16-bit mini computers4 sold by were set up – the Ministry of Post Offices Digital Equipment Corporation. UAK was and Telecommunications in Prague and able to transfer data between three nodes the Ministry of Transport, Post Offices and in Bratislava and one in the city of Prague. © 2019 Cyber Readiness Index 2.0, all rights reserved. 2 Later, researchers at UAK started experi- similar node. In 1990, UAK transitioned its menting with email services that used the node to the Comenius University in Bratislava Unix to Unix Copy (UUCP) protocol, but and became part of the European computer the network still had both operational and network (EUnet). Export restrictions on wide technical limitations. At that time, bandwidth area network (WAN) products were gradu- was still limited (only 10 telephone lines ally reduced, allowing the existing nodes in per every 100 people). This network was Bratislava and Prague to be connected to principally used for research and did not international networks.8 In the early 1990s, allow communication between individuals nearly every European country had a tele- or businesses.5 communications monopoly and in Czecho- slovakia it was SPT Praha (Sprava post a In November 1989, a series of demonstrations telekomunikaci Praha) under the Ministry of across the country, known by the Czechs as Posts and Telecommunications. The mar- the Velvet Revolution and by the Slovaks ket was still closed to other commercial and as the Gentle Revolution,6 showed peo- non-commercial telecommunications services. ple’s desire to end the one-party rule and But the European Community’s (EC) industrial embrace a market economy. Eventually, policy advocated for the diversification of the this led to the election of Czechoslovakia’s market from U.S.-dominated products and first multi-party government in June 1990. services and promoted the development of next-generation European network technol- During the period between 1989 and the ogies and protocols as well as incubating peaceful separation of Czechoslovakia into national “research” network operators (e.g., two independent countries in 1993, the SURFnet and DFN). adoption of ICTs and the development of commercial networks and email commu- Several academic institutions in Czecho- nication started increasing. In 1989, UAK slovakia started receiving financial support had established one of the primary Internet and technical know-how from foreign part- nodes (Iac.cs) using BITNET (a computer ners. This was facilitated by the EU-funded network of universities, colleges, and other project, Trans-European Mobility Scheme academic institutions that was a predeces- for University Studies (TEMPUS), launched sor to the Internet) to enable email com- in 1991 with the goal of providing connec- munications.7 The University of Chemical tions between universities in the region. The Technology in Prague had established a project involved the sharing of expertise with universities in the hill town of Banska Bystrica in Central Slovakia and partners like UNI-C Lyngby in Denmark, the National Institute for In 1989, the Institute of Nuclear and High-Energy Physics (NIKHEF) Applied Cybernetics (UAK) in in Amsterdam, the National Technical Uni- Bratislava established one of versity in Athens, and the National Science Slovakia’s first Internet nodes. Foundation (NSF) in Washington D.C. The NSF, in particular, promoted connectivity among academic institutions to ARPANET. © 2019 Cyber Readiness Index 2.0, all rights reserved. 3 In 1991, the Slovak Academic Network (SANET) The second challenge was supporting additional was established to formalize the coopera- projects to build networks in each country. tion among experts and scientists from UAK Despite sharing the same Internet history and EUnet, as well as users of those services and network development process up to that and representatives from a host of technical point, the Czech Republic was more success- universities in Bratislava, Zilina, and Banska ful in building on the work of its academics Bystrica. Their main goal was to create and and convincing its Ministry of Education to operate a backbone network for the Slovak allocate funding through large-scale govern- academic community, support its scientific, ment projects. Slovakia was much slower in technical, and organizational needs, and adopt implementing similar Internet connectivity international standards and rules consistent projects and less successful in obtaining gov- with the EC industrial policy goals. SANET ernment funds right
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Including the Dossier of Documents Transmitted to the Court Pursuant To
    Tous droits réservés par la Cour internationale de Justice Al1 rights reserved by the Intcrnstional Court of Justice NO de vente : Sales number INTERPR~TATIONDES TRAIT% DE PAIX CO-JCLUS AVEC LA BULGARIE, LA HONGRIE ET LA ROUMANIE INTERPRETATION OF PEACE TREATIES WITH BULGARIA, HUNGARY AKD ROMANIA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE M~MOZRES.PLAIDOIRIES ET DOCUMENTS INTERPRÉTATION DES TRAITÉS DE PAIX CONCLUS AVEC LA BULGARIE, LA HONGRIE ET LA ROUMANIE AVIS COXSULTATIFS DES 30 MARS ET 18 JUII-LET 1950 PLEADINGS, ORAL ARGUMENTS, DOCUMENTS INTERPRETATION OF PEACE TREATIES WITH BULGARIA, HUNGARY AND ROMANIA ADVISORY OFI.1'IOSS OF RIAIlCH 30th AXI) JULY 18th, 1950 SECTION A.-REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION 1.-LETTER FROBI THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE INTER- NATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE, THE HAGUE 31 October 1949. Sir, I have the honour to inform you that the General Assernbly of the United Nations, by a Resolution adopted at its Swo hundred and thirty-fifth Plenarp Meeting held on 22 October 1949, in con- nexion with the question of "Observance in Bulgaria, Hungary and Komania of human rights and fundamental freedoms", decided to submit the following questions to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion : "1. Do the diplomatic exchanges between Bulgaria, Hungary and Roniania on the one hand and certain Allied and Associated Powers signatories to the Treaties of Peace on the other, concerning the implementation of Article 2 of the Treaties with Bulgaria and Hungary and Article 3 of the Treaty with Romania, disclose disputes subject to the provisions for the settlement of disputes con- tained in Article 36 of the Treaty of Peace with Bulgaria, Article 40 of the Treaty of Peace with Hungary, and Article 38 of the Treaty of Peace with Romania ?" In the event of an affirmative reply to question I : "II.
    [Show full text]
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Talent in Insurance 2015 Czech Republic in Focus
    Talent in Insurance 2015 Czech Republic in Focus UK Financial Services Insight Report contents Czech Republic in Focus • Macroeconomic and industry context • Survey findings 2 © 2015 Deloitte LLP. All rights reserved. Macroeconomic and industry context 3 © 2015 Deloitte LLP. All rights reserved. Youth unemployment almost doubled in the Czech Republic, to reach a post-crisis peak of 19.5 per cent in 2012, but fell to 15.8 per cent in 2014 Overall and youth unemployment, Czech Republic, 2008-2014 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Overall Youth (Aged 15-24) 4 Source: OECD © 2015 Deloitte LLP. All rights reserved. Average wages in the Czech Republic have fallen every year since 2011, and were almost 10 per cent lower than 2008 levels as late as 2014 Growth in average real wages (US$), Czech Republic, 2008-2014 $1,600 30.0% $1,400 25.0% 20.0% $1,200 15.0% $1,000 10.0% $800 5.0% $600 0.0% $400 -5.0% $200 -10.0% $0 -15.0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Average wages (monthly, US$) Growth in average wages (US$; % annual) Note: Average wages (monthly): average gross earnings per worker per month Growth in average wages (annual): percentage change in hourly wages in US$ over previous period Figures are converted to US$ using an average exchange rate 5 Source: Economist Intelligence Unit © 2015 Deloitte LLP. All rights reserved. The Czech total GWP remained broadly stable between 2008 and 2013; 2014 saw marginal growth in GWP in Czech koruna1 Total gross written premiums in millions US$ and as % of real GDP, Czech Republic, 2008-2013 $10,000 3.5% $9,000 3.0% $8,000 $7,000 2.5% $6,000 2.0% $5,000 1.5% $4,000 $3,000 1.0% $2,000 0.5% $1,000 $0 0.0% 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Gross Written Premium (millions US$) Gross Written Premium as a % of real GDP Note: 2014 data is not available Source: OECD 6 © 2015 Deloitte LLP.
    [Show full text]
  • State of Populism in Europe
    2018 State of Populism in Europe The past few years have seen a surge in the public support of populist, Eurosceptical and radical parties throughout almost the entire European Union. In several countries, their popularity matches or even exceeds the level of public support of the centre-left. Even though the centre-left parties, think tanks and researchers are aware of this challenge, there is still more OF POPULISM IN EUROPE – 2018 STATE that could be done in this fi eld. There is occasional research on individual populist parties in some countries, but there is no regular overview – updated every year – how the popularity of populist parties changes in the EU Member States, where new parties appear and old ones disappear. That is the reason why FEPS and Policy Solutions have launched this series of yearbooks, entitled “State of Populism in Europe”. *** FEPS is the fi rst progressive political foundation established at the European level. Created in 2007 and co-fi nanced by the European Parliament, it aims at establishing an intellectual crossroad between social democracy and the European project. Policy Solutions is a progressive political research institute based in Budapest. Among the pre-eminent areas of its research are the investigation of how the quality of democracy evolves, the analysis of factors driving populism, and election research. Contributors : Tamás BOROS, Maria FREITAS, Gergely LAKI, Ernst STETTER STATE OF POPULISM Tamás BOROS IN EUROPE Maria FREITAS • This book is edited by FEPS with the fi nancial support of the European
    [Show full text]
  • Review of European and National Election Results 2014-2019 Mid-Term January 2017
    Review of European and National Election Results 2014-2019 Mid-term January 2017 STUDY Public Opinion Monitoring Series Directorate-General for Communication Published by EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Author: Jacques Nancy, Public Opinion Monitoring Unit PE 599.242 Directorate-General for Communication Public Opinion Monitoring Unit REVIEW EE2014 Edition Spéciale Mi-Législature Special Edition on Mid-term Legislature LES ÉLECTIONS EUROPÉENNES ET NATIONALES EN CHIFFRES EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL ELECTIONS RESULTS TABLES Mise à jour – 20 janvier 2017 Update – 20th January 2017 8éme Législature 8th Parliamentary Term DANS CETTE EDITION Page IN THIS EDITION Page EDITORIAL11 EDITORIAL I.COMPOSITION DU PARLEMENT EUROPÉEN 6 I. COMPOSITION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 6 A.REPARTITION DES SIEGES 7 A.DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS 7 B.COMPOSITION DU PARLEMENT 8 B.COMPOSITION OF THE PARLIAMENT 8 -9-9AU 01/07/2014 ON THE 01/07/2014 -10-10AU 20/01/2017 ON THE 20/01/2017 C.SESSIONS CONSTITUTIVES ET PARLEMENT 11 C.CONSTITUTIVE SESSIONS AND OUTGOING EP 11 SORTANT DEPUIS 1979 SINCE 1979 D.REPARTITION FEMMES - HOMMES 29 D.PROPORTION OF WOMEN AND MEN 29 AU 20/01/2017 ON 20/01/2017 -30-30PAR GROUPE POLITIQUE AU 20/01/2017 IN THE POLITICAL GROUPS ON 20/01/2017 ET DEPUIS 1979 AND SINCE 1979 E.PARLEMENTAIRES RÉÉLUS 33 E.RE-ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT 33 II.NOMBRE DE PARTIS NATIONAUX AU PARLEMENT 35 II.NUMBER OF NATIONAL PARTIES IN THE EUROPEAN 35 EUROPEEN AU 20/01/2017 PARLIAMENT ON 20/01/2017 III.TAUX DE PARTICIPATION 37 III. TURNOUT 37 -38-38TAUX DE PARTICIPATION
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER of Political Organizations and Parties
    VOLUME 30 ISSUE 3 VOX POP Spring 2012 NEWSLETTER of Political Organizations and Parties An Official section of the American Political Science Association Produced by the Ray C. Bliss Institute of Applied Politics, The University of Akron FROM HEADQUARTERS Political Organizations and Parties 2012 Annual APSA Meeting Program Business Meeting 35-1 Political Parties in the U.S. Congress Friday, August 31, 12:15-1:15pm Friday, August 31 4:15 – 6:00 p.m. 35-2 Lobbying, the Revolving Door, and Congress Thursday, Aug 30 8:00 – 9:45 a.m. 35-3 Interest Group Politics in Cities Friday, Aug 31 8:00 – 9:45 a.m. 35-4 How’s and Why’s of Party Manifestos VOX POP is now available online at the Ray C. Bliss Saturday, Sept 1 2:00 – 3:45 p.m. Institute of Applied Politics website only. Copies will not be 35-5 Personalistic Leadership, Party Politics and the Quality of printed any longer. The VOX POP website can be found Democracy at: https://www.uakron.edu/bliss/about-us/vox-pop.dot Thursday, Aug 30 10:15 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. 35-6 Interest Groups and Party Position Change Thursday, Aug 30 2:00 – 3:45 p.m. 35-7 Parties, Interest Groups and Policy-Making in the Era of Obama and the Tea Party Political Organizations and Parties Executive Saturday, Sept 1 10:15 a.m. – 12:00 p.m. Council Meeting 35-8 Parties and Interest Groups in the States Thursday, August 30, 12:15-1:15pm Thursday, Aug 30 4:15 – 6:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Slovak Republic
    Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights SLOVAK REPUBLIC PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 16 March 2019 ODIHR NEEDS ASSESSMENT MISSION REPORT 3-5 December 2018 Warsaw 22 January 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 1 III. FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................................. 3 A. BACKGROUND AND POLITICAL CONTEXT .................................................................................................. 3 B. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM ........................................................................................ 4 C. ELECTION ADMINISTRATION ..................................................................................................................... 4 D. VOTER REGISTRATION............................................................................................................................... 5 E. CANDIDATE REGISTRATION ....................................................................................................................... 5 F. ELECTION CAMPAIGN ................................................................................................................................ 6 G. CAMPAIGN FINANCE .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cyprus Crisis (8)” of the Kissinger- Scowcroft West Wing Office Files at the Gerald R
    The original documents are located in Box 7, folder “Cyprus Crisis (8)” of the Kissinger- Scowcroft West Wing Office Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Copyright Notice The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Gerald Ford donated to the United States of America his copyrights in all of his unpublished writings in National Archives collections. Works prepared by U.S. Government employees as part of their official duties are in the public domain. The copyrights to materials written by other individuals or organizations are presumed to remain with them. If you think any of the information displayed in the PDF is subject to a valid copyright claim, please contact the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Digitized from Box 7 of The Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library Gerald R. Ford Library 1000 Beat ~v.enue . Ann Arbor. Ml 48109-2114 · ·· www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov Withdrawal Sheet for Documents Declassified in Part This.-folder contains a document or documents declassified in part under the Remote Archive Capture (RAC) program. Procedures for Initiating a Mandatory Declassification Review (MDR) Request The still classified portions of these RAC documents are eligible for MDR. To file a request follow these steps: 1. Obtain the Presidential Libraries Mandatory Review Request Form (NA Form 14020). 2. Complete Sections I, II , and Ill of NA Form 14020. 3. In Section Ill, for each document requested, simply provide the Executive Standard Document Number (ESDN) in the Document Subject!Title or Correspondents column.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Programme (All Meetings and Venues Are to Be Confirmed)
    Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) Mission to Slovakia and Malta 17-20 September 2018 Draft Programme (all meetings and venues are to be confirmed) Monday, 17 September 2018 Approx. 11:30 Arrival EP Information Office, Palisády 29, SK-811 06 Bratislava Possible sandwich lunch (individual payment) 12:00 - 13:30 Round table of discussion with NGOs active in the fight against corruption (tcb) VIA IURIS - Civil society organisation in the field of justice, rule of law and democracy https://viaiuris.sk/en/ Fair Play Alliance, Civil society organisation in the area of transparency and anti-corruption http://fair-play.sk/abouts Transparency International Slovakia http://transparency.sk/sk/ Slovak Governance Institute on Good Governance and Public Policy http://www.governance.sk/about-us/ Bring to a Halt of Corruption – Foundation in the field of fight against corruption https://zastavmekorupciu.sk/ Venue : EP Information Office, Palisády 29, Bratislava 13:30– 15:00 Meeting with journalists (tbc) Olga Bakova, former employee RTVS Pavla Holcova, journalist (tbc) Mr Attila Lovász, Vice General Director of RTVS - Radio and Television of Slovakia Xénia Makarová, TREND magazine Peter Bárdy, Editor-in-chief, Aktuality SK Peter Demecs, journalist, Új Szó Matúš Kostolný, Editor-in-chief , Denník N 1 Beata Balogová, Editor-in-chief of SME Vladimír Amrich, Hospodárske noviny Venue: EP Information Office, Palisády 29, Bratislava 15:30 – 16:30 Meeting with Andrej KISKA, President of the Slovak Republic Venue: Presidential
    [Show full text]
  • New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain • Carsten Jacob Humlebæk and Antonia María Ruiz Jiménez New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain
    New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain in Nationalism on Perspectives New • Carsten Humlebæk Jacob and Antonia María Jiménez Ruiz New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain Edited by Carsten Jacob Humlebæk and Antonia María Ruiz Jiménez Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Genealogy www.mdpi.com/journal/genealogy New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain Editors Carsten Humlebæk Antonia Mar´ıaRuiz Jim´enez MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editors Carsten Humlebæk Antonia Mar´ıa Ruiz Jimenez´ Copenhagen Business School Universidad Pablo de Olavide Denmark Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Genealogy (ISSN 2313-5778) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/genealogy/special issues/perspective). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-082-6 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-083-3 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligence Community Classification Guidance Findings and Recommendations Report
    UNCLASSIFIED The Office of the Director of National Intelligence Associate Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY CLASSIFICATION GUIDANCE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REPORT January 2008 Prepared by The Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer, Intelligence Community Technology Governance UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Table of Contents FOREWORD...............................................................................................................................IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................V PURPOSE...................................................................................................................................... 6 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 6 Basis for Classifying Information.................................................................................................6 Levels of Classification ..................................................................................................................7 Relationship of Information Classification to Information Sharing .........................................8 Déjà Vu: Call for Change in Classification Practices................................................................9 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • SECURITY PROCEDURES Committee on Armed Services U.S
    SECURITY PROCEDURES Committee on Armed Services U.S. House of Representatives 116th Congress (Effective January 24, 2019) In accordance with committee and House rules, the following procedures are established by the Committee on Armed Services to ensure protection of classified and other sensitive national security information in the possession of the committee. The following committee and House rules apply to classified information: COMMITTEE RULE 9(c) “… with the approval of the Chairman, each member of the Committee may designate by letter to the Chairman, one member of that member's personal staff, and an alternate, which may include fellows, with Top Secret security clearance to attend hearings of the Committee, or that member's subcommittee(s), panel(s), or task force(s) (excluding briefings or meetings held under the provisions of committee rule 9(a)), which have been closed under the provisions of rule 9(a) above for national security purposes for the taking of testimony. The attendance of such a staff member or fellow at such hearings is subject to the approval of the Committee, subcommittee, panel, or task force as dictated by national security requirements at that time. The attainment of any required security clearances is the responsibility of individual members of the Committee.” RULE 20. PROTECTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND OTHER INFORMATION (a) Except as provided in clause 2(g) of rule XI of the Rules of the House of Representatives, all national security information bearing a classification of Confidential or higher which has been received by the Committee or a subcommittee shall be deemed to have been received in executive session and shall be given appropriate safekeeping.
    [Show full text]