Gênero Dendrobium

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Gênero Dendrobium http://www.quintaldasorquideas.com.br/ GÊNERO DENDROBIUM Dendrobium (em português Dendróbio – mas como nome próprio não devemos traduzir, apenas como uma curiosidade e se caso alguém escrever desta forma) o gênero foi estabelecida em 1799. Dendrobium é um mega gênero da família Orchidaceae, com mais de 1200 espécies. É um dos gêneros mais numerosos e populares que encanta muitos orquidófilos como eu pela sua rusticidade, delicadeza, cores e formas de suas flores. Etimologia O nome deste gênero (Den.) deriva da união de duas palavras gregas: δένδρον (dendron), que significa "árvore", e βιος (bios), que significa "vida"; referindo-se à maneira como vivem as espécies deste gênero, ou seja a sua natureza epífita, embora existam espécies que vegetam de forma litofita, isto é nas fendas das rochas entre material orgânico rico em nutrientes. Nome popular: Orquídea olhos de boneca Habitat Originário da Ásia tropical e subtropical, estendendo-se por Nova Guiné, Bornéu, Filipinas, Austrália e Nova Zelândia. Descrição A maioria das espécies produz altos pseudobulbos roliços que lembram a cana-de-açúcar, com folhas por toda sua extensão, e florescem em cores variadas. As flores agrupam-se em talos curtos ao longo dos pseudobulbos por toda a primavera até o verão, dependendo da região geográfica onde se encontrar. Há mais de mil espécies de Dendrobiuns, todas epífitas (razão de seu nome) embora, ocasionalmente, possam ser encontradas sobre rochas ou no solo. A maioria dos Dendrobiuns apreciam regiões de clima tropical, e por esse motivo se adaptaram bem as condições brasileiras. As espécies mais conhecida que representa o genero no Brasil é o Dendrobium nobile, mais conhecido por "olho de boneca", por causa do tom das contrastantes do labelo em relação as pétalas e sépalas e pela diversidade de cores das flores. É uma planta que está perfeitamente adaptada as condições climáticas do Brasil em regiões que tem uma estação de frio, onde passam pela diferença térmica de temperatura do dia para a noite e experimentam um ar mais seco que causa um stress hídrico, fazendo com que a planta até perca as folhas, mas permitindo que ela floresça abundantemente para proliferar a espécie e formando belíssimos arranjos florais que perduram em média por 20 dias. Versão 0.01/2018 1 de 8 GENERO - DENDROBIUM http://www.quintaldasorquideas.com.br/ Taxonomia Até o final do século passado o gênero Dendrobium foi tratado como um gênero ao quais muitas espécies de difícil classificação entre os gêneros próximos eram subordinadas. Por este motivo chegou a conter mais de mil e cem espécies. Apesar de ainda não existir consenso entre os taxonomistas, com o advento da análise molecular, pôde-se entender melhor a evolução destas plantas e muitas propostas de divisão deste gênero têm sido apresentadas. Um dos trabalhos mais completos é o dos pesquisadores Mark Alwin Clements e David Lloyd Jones. Publicado em uma série de artigos que apareceram a partir de 2002, atende tanto a filogenia como a morfologia, e é o trabalho usado como referência na Wikipédia para classificação dessas espécies. Sabe-se hoje que o gênero Dendrobium divide-se em dois grandes grupos, um formado pelas plantas do continente asiático e outro pelas espécies provenientes das ilhas do sudeste asiático, sudoeste do Pacífico e Austrália. Ambos os grupos foram divididos em muitos gêneros mais manejáveis, com características morfológicas similares. Restam hoje em Dendrobium apenas cerca de 450 espécies, portanto ainda um grande gênero. Gêneros removidos de Dendrobium A classificação de Dendrobium tem sido complicada desde o inicio. O primeiro nome utilizado para as espécies deste gênero foi Callista, proposto pelo jesuíta e botânico português João de Loureiro, em 1790. Na mesma ocasião, Loureiro propôs o gênero Ceraia para algumas espécies morfologicamente diferentes. Somente em 1799, Olof Peter Swartz sugeriu o nome Dendrobium. Pelas regras de prioridade o primeiro gênero descrito por Loureiro deveria ter sido adotado para este gênero, mas excepcionalmente, optou-se por consolidar o nome de Swarts devido ao grande número de espécies logo descritas com base em sua proposta, então muito mais bem conhecida que a de Loureiro. Em 1825, o botânico Carl Ludwig Blume apresentou outros cinco novos gêneros, Aporum, Grastidium, Macrostomium, Onychium e Pedilonum para divisão destas espécies. Nos anos seguintes, tanto Loureiro como Blume, além de outros taxonomistas sugeriram mais alguns nomes, entre eles Constantine Samuel Rafinesque que, em 1837 e 1838, propôs seis novos gêneros. De 1850 até 1981, foram propostos outros nove gêneros, no entanto, até 1981, a tendência era de se classificar todas estas espécies como Dendrobium. Em 1981, Friedrich Gustav Brieger, de volta à Alemanha, após longa estadia no Brasil. Dedicou-se à primeira grande revisão deste gênero. Além de organizar e dividir todas as espécies, então conhecidas por diversos gêneros propostos pelos seus antecessores, propôs catorze novos para a classificação de outros grupos. O trabalho de Brieger não foi inteiramente aceito pelos taxonomistas que alegavam problemas técnicos na descrição dos gêneros e posteriormente divergência de algumas de suas propostas com relação aos resultados moleculares. Versão 0.01/2018 2 de 8 GENERO - DENDROBIUM http://www.quintaldasorquideas.com.br/ Finalmente, a partir de 1998, mas principalmente em 2002, Clements e Jones, publicaram sua revisão completa deste gênero. Finalmente todos os gêneros anteriores assumiram claras delimitações; porém, vinte dois outros gêneros foram sugeridos. Cerca de 450 espécies permaneceram em Dendrobium. Enquanto o debate sobre a melhor maneira de classificar os Dendrobium prossegue, apresentamos os gêneros em que Dendrobium foi dividido, segundo Clements e Jones: Abaxianthus, Anisopetala, Aporum, Australorchis, Bolbidium, Bouletia, Cadetia, Callista, Cannaeorchis, Cepobaculum, Ceraia, Ceratobium, Chromatotriccum, Coelandria, Conostalix, Davejonesia, Dendrobates, Dichopus, Diplocaulobium, Distichorchis, Dockrillia, Durabaculum, Eleutheroglossum, Eriopexis, Euphlebium, Eurycaulis, Exochanthus, Flickingeria, Grastidium, Herpethophytum, Ichthyostomum, Inobulbum, Kinetochilus, Leioanthum, Maccraithea, Microphytanthe, Monanthos, Oxyglossellum, Pedilonum, Sarcocadetia, Sayeria, Stelbophyllum, Tetrabaculum, Tetrodon, Thelychiton, Thicuania, Trachyrhizum, Tropilis, Vappodes, e Winika. Cultivo Há espécies de climas quentes e moderados, florescendo até mesmo no inverno em algumas regiões. Podem ser amarradas em troncos de superfície irregular, onde podem se desenvolver até formar floradas imensas, com centenas de flores, quando bem tratadas. Em vasos, devem ser cultivadas em estufa com boa luminosidade; no inverno, só aguar se os pseudobulbos murcharem e recomeçar a regar depois que se formarem os botões de flor. Quando cultivado em casa o "olho de boneca" deve ser adaptado e seguir algumas dicas para que floresça abundantemente no outro ano. Os Dendrobiuns na sua grande maioria floresce apenas uma vez ao ano, mas tem a característica de florir mais de uma vez no mesmo bulbo por isso tem que caprichar no cultivo! Para lançar flores a espécie precisa de uma diminuição das regas depois de Abril e adubação com mais fósforo, pois a medida que os novos bulbos crescem eles acumulam energia para a floração que ocorre 60 dias depois que começa o inverno e para isso a rega que já tinha sido reduzida deve ser parada apenas borrifando (nevoa) nas folhas no final da tarde quando a temperatura cai fazendo a planta sentir a diferença térmica do dia para a noite de forma mais acentuada. O estresse hídrico e a diferença térmica fazem a planta emitir botões florais em abundância. As flores saem da lateral dos bulbos tipo cana através de gemas de brotação, que servem tanto para emitir flores, como também para brotação de "keikes"( em havaiano significa bebê). Caso a rega não seja suspensa ou chova muito no inverno o Dendrobium nobile emite keikes ao invés de flores, que poderão ser destacadas da planta mãe após estarem com pelo menos duas raízes de mais de 5cm para que as novas mudas se desenvolvam melhor no novo vaso. O replantio do Dendrobium também tem seus segredos. A espécie possui raízes finas e mais frágeis que quebram com facilidade, e por isso no replante a planta precisa ficar bem firme para Versão 0.01/2018 3 de 8 GENERO - DENDROBIUM http://www.quintaldasorquideas.com.br/ que continue o crescimento, caso ao contrario a planta para de se desenvolver. Nessa hora é necessário um pouco de pratica para deixar a planta firme. A mistura de carvão vegetal pedra pequena e casca de pinus é muito bem aceita pelos Dendrobiuns pois permite o arejamento no substrato. Essa mistura é indicada para o plantio em vaso plástico com dreno no fundo do vaso (pode ser isopor), pois permite uma umidade melhor com um substrato ventilado. A quantidade de luz que uma orquídea recebe acaba refletindo diretamente no crescimento e na floração, tanto o dendrobium nobile como quase todas as espécies de Dendrobium gostam da luz natural intensa para que possa se desenvolver de forma saudável sem pintas nas folhas. Algumas espécies requerem exposição maior ao sol, praticamente luz direta para florir. No caso do "olho de boneca" luz direta pela manhã ou luz filtrada evitando os raios diretos nos horários de maior intensidade e temperatura pois isso tende a queimar as folhas. Como o gênero Dendrobium é muito grande em numero de espécies e habitats, é recomendado pesquisar detalhes sobre a espécie de Dendrobium que se pretende adquirir antes
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