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Patricia Kerndt Ahern a Thesis Subrritted To TEE FREE GERlv:Al'J YOUTH MOVEMENT 1900 1933 ~~ Patricia Kerndt Ahern A Thesis Subrritted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, }~'::'~"'Cluotte University, in Partial :?uli'illr,:,:mt of the r~equirements ::.'c1'" th8 Degree of Master 01 Arts !<Iihraukee, '~;L;(;o:1sin Septembc::", :"971 PREFACE The German Youth Movement arose at a particular historical moment in time) as a necessary protest of a young generation against the value system of . its day. Amidst all the turmoil and confusion of German his- tory in the twentieth century, the history of the youth movement appears minor and inconsequential. Yet in analyzing one aspect of Ge::Iilany 50- ciety -- the youth movement -- one sees the reflection of all the dominant issues of the age. In this sense then, the youth movement appears as a microcosm of modern Germany. In order to understand this movement , its· central ideas and. its cultural background) it is necessary to understand the spirit of the age that engendered its beginning. The youth movement was unique to Germany in that it grew out of a particular historical experience, one which pro- vided a unique framework for the rebellion of youth. Its origins lie in the historical condition of Germany at the turn of the century, and in its connecting roots to Germany's romantic past. To understand the youth movement is to understand this part of German history. There is a great deal of controversial historical material written on Germany of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It has been difficult to select one explanation or fuse together relevant parts of several explanations to form a coherent whole. I have attempted to seleot those ideas which were most representative, and in particular to discover that whioh is peouliarly German in modern Germany's cultural and political heritage. Although I have included two chapters that deal 1i specifically with German historical background, I presume my readers to be familiar with the sequence of situations and events of recent German history. The purpose of this thesis is essentially historical; first, to delineate the main ourrents in the development of the German Youth Moverr.ent, ai''ld to desoribe a partioular developmental process which sinoe 1900 has in­ nuenced and at oertain points helped shape German political, SOCial, and oultural life. Seoondly, rrry purpose is to trace the importanoe of the autonomous youth movement in shaping the outlook of the German middle olass. The <:> youth of middle olass origin were revolting against all that their liberal bourgeois sooiety stood for. In tracing the history of their revolt, I hope to unoover the primary reasons for the revolt within its unique forum, and in doing so better understand the Germany from which it arose. There was no one single German youth movement. Throughout Germa.."'lY I s history there were dozens of separate groups, each with their own struc­ ture, leaderShip, ideology, and activities. The primary subject of this thesis is the ~ autonomous youth movement, the group of young people whose purpose was solely their own, rather than that of any church a:tfil- iated group, politioal party, social welfare or other type of organization. In a thesis of this scope it would be impossible and unnecessary to discuss in detail all the ideas and implications of the vast number of other youth groups. I have chosen to oonoentrate on those autonomous groups which, for reasons given in each particular case, make them more pertinent in youth movement history. Some of the more important groups will be treated in detail, others only mentioned briefly for the sake of further clarification. Throughout its existenoe it remained surrounded iii by diverse historical situations. I will treat in detail only those situations which have a direct impact on the development of the youth movement. Much of the research material on the German youth movement was lost when the movement I s center disappeared at the end of the second World War. Previous to this the Nazis had burned huge quantities of pre­ Hitler youth publications in the years after 1933. The most complete collection of youth material remaining is in Burg Ludwigstein, Germany. I was able to research the youth movement periodicals only to the extent of their availability in this country. On the whole the periodicaJ.s ap- 0 peared infrequently, at irregular intervals, under a wide variety of titles, and often without proper documentation; all of which has lent difficulty to my study. iV . TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I. BACKGROUND: UlPERI1l.L GEPJ1ANY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 CHAPTER II. lvANDERVOOEL (1901-1913) ••••••••••••••• 6 () CF.APTE..~ III. FREIDEUTSCHE JUGEND: 1~-r IDEAS (1913-1919) • • • • 23 CHAPTER IV. BACKGROmm: WEIHA.tt. GERl1ANY • • • • • • • • • • • • • 36 CHAPTER V. FREIDElJTSCHE JlJGE1iJ): DISUNI'I'Y (1919-1925) ... .. .. 43 CHAPTER VI. BUNDISCHE JUGEND (1925-1933) • • • • • • • • • • • •• 54 CONCLUSION ••• • • • • •.• • • • •.• •• •••••••• • 70 BIBLIOORAPHY • • • • • • • • •• •• •••••••••••• 74 v INTRODUCTION On November 4, 1901 a group of young boys met in the Ratskeller in Steglitz, a suburb of Berlin, and founded the Handervogel, Ausschuss fur SchUlerfahrten, as a hiking association for schoolboys. In doing so they were proclaiming the official beginning of the German youth movement. It arose as a revolt of discontented middle class youth against the liberal bqurgeois society of late nineteenth century Germany. It remained through- () out, a movement of the minority. Though its numbers were never large, its impact and its ideas were significant. Even after its dissolution ma.:w- of its ideas and activities were adopted by the Hitler youth, and later by the Free Youth of East Germany. The autonomous youth movement believed that if there was to be a moverr~nt of youth, it must be organized and maintained by youth ttemselves. It is this autonomous movement that we shall trace in subsequent chapters. The movement is divided into three distinct phases: the Hander- vogel phase (1901-1913), the Freid0utsche Ju~end (Free Youth) phase (1913- 1925), and the Bundische Jugend phase (1925-1933). In its first phase the movement was non political, isolationist, and secessionist. Youth of the \,[ar;.dervccfel made no attempt to establish a culture of their own wit:hi:: the f~~~work of their own society. They merely wished to escape fro~ their dacadent world and immerse themselves in the triumphs and glories of Germany I S past. The second phase, the Freic2,Y:::'sche youth, represented the time of growth and divergence, new ideas and prominent leaders, disillusion and vi disuni ty. Vlorld \'lar I led to the dissolution of previous structures and the creation of new ones. All of these factors helped draw the ~­ deutsche into the dominant issues of the day. The Bundische phase is the stor.y of more turmoil and confusion re­ sulting from further unions, splits, and reunions. It would be an impos­ sible task to trace in detail the developments of the many youth organi­ zations that existed in this period. LikeloTise it would be urJI"..ecessary in a treatise of this kind to characterize each one individually. Therefore the histor.y of the BUnde appears loose and diSjointed. Yet by looking at a few of the more important g-roups and at a number of Significant trends () which characterize the movement, one is able to gain insight into the form, style, ar~ composition of the B~~de. vii CHAPTER I BACKGROmw: DiP:m.IAL GERHANY Germany at the turn of the century was in a transitional state. The values of the past seemed outmoded, and those of the future still yet undefined. Germany was in the process of changing from a small-village agricultural country. to a highly industrialized urban nation. 1 Between 1870 a..'1d 1900 Germany had experienced unprecedented industrial a.11d tech- o nological progress. The political unity achieved in 1871 produced sig- nificant effects which encouraged economic expansion. By the turn of the century Germany had become the leading manufacturing state on the contin- ent, competing successfully in overseas markets with Britain, where the industrial revolution had previously begun. By the fall of Bismark in 1890, the greater part of the German colonial empire had been acquired. Rapid overseas expanSion in this period had enabled Germany to consolidate her position as a world power a.'1.d significantly improve economic conditions wi thin the German nation. These changes in industry, agriculture, and colonial expansion in turn influenced the growth of Germany I s population. After 1860 urban population centers such as Cologne, Munich, Essen, Dusseldorf and o~hers increased significantly in numbers. A high birth rate accounted for a r.eu age-group composition showing that C-ermany was a country of young lIn 1800 four out of five Germans were involved in agricultural p~oduction. By 1900 the ratio was revo~sed, and four out of five were involved in employment other than agricultural. Howard Becher, German Yoath: :Bond or Free (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), p. 43. --- 1 people.2 This growth in population provided the manpovler necessary for the expanding industries and an increase in the size of the ho:r.a market for manufactured goods. With a new onslaught of materialism which accompanied the techno­ logical and industrial changes, the values and goals of the Imperial regime were lost in transition. What was to follow was a breaking up of fundamental values in various areas of life -- education, religion, poli- tics, culture, and family life. Technical schools such as the Fachsch~len and Realschulen replaced the number of students who previously attended the old GymnaSia, further indicating the entrenchment of the new technol- () ogy and materialism in German life. Consequently the standards and aesthetic values of Ger-.nan life before 1870 were lost.
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