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Afghanistan Environmental Overview 190306

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Afghanistan Environmental Overview 190306 Sida’s Helpdesk for Environment and Climate Change Afghanistan 2019-03-06 Anja-Christina Beier Front page: KFW Entwicklungsbank https://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/International-financing/KfW-Development- Bank/Local-presence/Asia/Afghanistan/ Innehåll 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Key environmental and climate challenge aspects in Afghanistan ................................................ 2 2.1 The natural environment and climate in Afghanistan............................................................. 2 2.2 Major environmental challenges in Afghanistan .................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Impacts of Climate Change .............................................................................................. 6 2.2.2 Natural hazards ............................................................................................................... 7 2.2.3 Lack of water and sanitation ........................................................................................... 8 2.2.4 Challenges in water resource management and transboundary water management . 10 2.2.5 Degradation of soil, land and rangeland ....................................................................... 11 2.2.6 Desertification ............................................................................................................... 12 2.2.7 Loss of ecosystem services and biodiversity ................................................................. 13 2.2.8 Deforestation ................................................................................................................. 13 2.2.9 Impacts from war .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.10 Waste ............................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.11 Air Pollution ................................................................................................................... 16 3. Linkages between the environment and climate change context and the MDPA ....................... 16 3.1 The Resource dimension of poverty ...................................................................................... 17 3.2 The Opportunities and Choice dimension of poverty ........................................................... 19 3.3 Power and Voice .................................................................................................................... 20 3.4 The Human Security dimension of poverty ........................................................................... 21 4. Policy and strategic framework for managing environmental challenges and climate change ... 23 4.1 Brief overview of the institutional framework for environment and climate issues ............ 23 4.1.1 National Environmental Protection Agency .................................................................. 23 4.1.2 Environmental Law of Afghanistan ............................................................................... 23 4.1.3 Other key environmental governmental bodies and implementation of law .............. 24 4.1.4 EIA regulations under the ELA ....................................................................................... 24 4.2 Mainstreaming of environment and climate change in the legal framework ...................... 25 4.3 National Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Policies and Plans .............................. 26 Annex 1 Brief overview of main international actors ........................................................................... 28 Multilateral actors ............................................................................................................................. 28 Bilateral actors .................................................................................................................................. 32 Major NGOs active in Afghanistan .................................................................................................... 34 2 Annex 2 Literature list ........................................................................................................................... 36 Annex 3 Population of Afghanistan ....................................................................................................... 45 Annex 4 Data gathering challenges ....................................................................................................... 47 Annex 5 International obligations by Afghanistan ................................................................................ 50 Annex 6 Terms of Reference ................................................................................................................. 51 Annex 7 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 53 3 1. Introduction This Environment and Climate Change Brief, presenting an overview of current environment and climate change issues in Afghanistan, has been written to assist the Afghanistan unit at Sida and the Development Cooperation Section at the Swedish Embassy in Kabul in preparing a basis for a new strategy. The purpose of this overview is to briefly present key environmental challenges and opportunities in Afghanistan and to facilitate integration of environmental aspects into the MPDA for Afghanistan that will be updated as part of the preparations for a new strategy.1 The Swedish Government has identified environment and climate change as one of five perspectives to permeate Sida’s activities. This is reinforced in Sida’s Environmental Policy2 which states that the “bio-physical environment with well-functioning ecosystems and a stable climate is the foundation for development and all human life. Sustainable management of the earth’s resources is therefore a prerequisite for reduced poverty and sustainable societies – for current and future generations.” The Environmental Policy further requires that environmental aspects are systematically integrated into all Sida’s operations and sectors. All people interact with environment and the changing climate. People living in poverty, whether they live in rural or urban areas are often extra vulnerable by being directly exposed to natural disasters and dependent on natural resources for their livelihood. The conceptual framework for multidimensional poverty acknowledges how environment and climate change relate to people living in poverty. Afghanistan, being a warn-torn country, is struggling with a lack of data and gaps in information. The difficulty of conducting analysis in Afghanistan is illustrated by the absence of basic statistics such as population size and aggregated data. Affected by physical insecurity and weak state capacity, data collection and management continues to be a constant challenge in the post-international intervention period. The data used for this report is as far as possible based on formal and acknowledged sources. Some of the data may not fully correspond to approved and well-cited sources as information is simply lacking. Some of the guiding questions asked in the MDPA may not be answered, or shouldn’t be answered referring to possibly faulty data. If at all, very few areas where there are statistics have gender disaggregated data. For more information see annex 3. In this report a high variety of data is being used for the aim of cross-checking, therefore included in the literature list, annex 2. 1 This Environmental Policy Brief was written by Anja-Christina Beier at Sida’s Helpdesk for Environment and Climate Change, at the request of Karin Kronlid, Afghanistan unit. The views expressed in this Environmental Policy Brief are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Sida. 2 Sida’s Environmental Policy (2017) 1 2. Key environmental and climate challenge aspects in Afghanistan Afghanistan is a landlocked, mountainous and very dry country with an area of 652,230 square kilometres3 located in South and Central Asia with a population of about 26 million4. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. The Hindu Kush Mountains is a range of high mountains that transcends Afghanistan’s geography in a northeast-to-southwest direction from the Pamir Mountains in the north, see fig 1. The country’s major rivers originate from the mountain range. Fig 1: The Pamir, Hindu Kush and Kuh-e-Baba Mountains in Afghanistan (https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistans_geografi) 2.1 The natural environment and climate in Afghanistan Climate: Afghanistan has an arid and semi-arid continental climate with cold winters and hot summers. The climate varies substantially from one region to another due to dramatic changes in topography. The wet season generally runs from winter through early spring but the country on the whole is dry. The climate classification of Afghanistan is desert or desert steppe climate. Temperatures often range greatly within the country. Mean annual temperatures show generally warm lowlands surrounding the central highland with cooler temperatures. Variations in temperature during one day may range from freezing conditions at dawn (as low as -20 °C in the mountain areas) to upper 35 °C at mid-day (mainly in southern lowlands).5
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