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cause many problems for the new settlers. new the for problems many cause parallel ran! This was to to was This ran! parallel knew where the 45 the where knew La mesure d’un continent. 2007 continent. d’un mesure La th parallel. However no one one no However parallel. was to be the 45 the be to was 1795, in R. Litalien, J.F. Palomino & D. Vaugeois, Vaugeois, D. & Palomino J.F. Litalien, R. in 1795, th the new United States and the British territory territory British the and States United new the Detail of Lower Canada map by Samuel Gale, Gale, Samuel by map Canada Lower of Detail restricted to the aristocracy. aristocracy. the to restricted border, rumor had it that the border between between border the that it had rumor border, the Legislative and Executive Councils was was Councils Executive and Legislative the rivers or mountain ranges to delineate the the delineate to ranges mountain or rivers King’s representative and membership on on membership and representative King’s were no natural physical features such as as such features physical natural no were as in England, with the Governor being the the being Governor the with England, in as the border issue came to be settled. As there there As settled. be to came issue border the were to be organized in a similar fashion fashion similar a in organized be to were become the United States of America when when America of States United the become made for a stable society. The colonies colonies The society. stable a for made lay, unbeknownst to them, in what was to to was what in them, to unbeknownst lay, had a place in the political system, which which system, political the in place a had St. Armand Seigneury, of which two thirds thirds two which of Seigneury, Armand St. which was based on the idea that every one one every that idea the on based was which Champlain. They were promised land in the the in land promised were They Champlain. century, century, constitutional theory of the 18 the of theory constitutional around Missisquoi Bay, at the end of Lake Lake of end the at Bay, Missisquoi around th System, it is important to consider British British consider to important is it System, Some moved to the rich fertile farmland farmland fertile rich the to moved Some To understand the Leader and Associate Associate and Leader the understand To into Canada, which was under British rule. rule. British under was which Canada, into Saratoga, many Loyalist moved north north moved Loyalist many Saratoga, The Leader and Associate System Associate and Leader The After General Burgoyne was defeated at at defeated was Burgoyne General After came to be settled. be to came the Revolution. Revolution. the System under which the Eastern Townships Townships Eastern the which under System them for hardship they had endured during during endured had they hardship for them who introduced the Leader and Associate Associate and Leader the introduced who they looked to the British Crown to reward reward to Crown British the to looked they Constitutional Act of 1791, and William Smith, Smith, William and 1791, of Act Constitutional looking for new land on which to settle and and settle to which on land new for looking for the political reforms instituted in the the in instituted reforms political the for Patriots won, these Loyalists found themselves themselves found Loyalists these won, Patriots Carlton, who was responsible responsible was who Carlton, Guy figures: and their properties were seized. When the the When seized. were properties their and stand out at this time as important political political important as time this at out stand as traitors and sometimes were persecuted persecuted were sometimes and traitors as and Lake Memphremagog. Two individuals individuals Two Memphremagog. Lake and the British Crown, the Loyalists, were seen seen were Loyalists, the Crown, British the Armand Seigneury Seigneury Armand St. the between area entire and friends. Those who stayed loyal to to loyal stayed who Those friends. and unsuccessful in their petition to grant them the the them grant to petition their in unsuccessful to fight on, which in effect divided families families divided effect in which on, fight to return of their provisions. They were, however, however, were, They provisions. their of return and many people had to choose which side side which choose to had people many and settlement. Petitioners had to prove that they they that prove to had Petitioners settlement. successfully petitioned his successor for the the for successor his petitioned successfully wholeheartedly in favour of the Revolution, Revolution, the of favour in wholeheartedly officially opened the Eastern Townships for for Townships Eastern the opened officially Townships, and the Missisquoi Loyalist settlers settlers Loyalist Missisquoi the and Townships, in the colonies. Not all colonials were were colonials all Not colonies. the in of Government of Lower Canada in 1792, 1792, in Canada Lower of Government of with regard to the opening of the Eastern Eastern the of opening the to regard with Crown had a devastating effect on life life on effect devastating a had Crown to create an aristocracy”. The Proclamation Proclamation The aristocracy”. an create to to England in 1785, British policy shifted shifted policy British 1785, in England to colonial Americans against the British British the against Americans colonial system would “generate the surplus necessary necessary surplus the “generate would system After Governor Haldimand was recalled recalled was Haldimand Governor After The American Revolution, which pitted pitted which Revolution, American The Canada from the United States, and this this and States, United the from Canada thousands of settlers waiting to pour into into pour to waiting settlers of thousands though their provisions were cut off. cut were provisions their though Impact of the American Revolution American the of Impact Magistrate, was convinced that there were were there that convinced was Magistrate, people defiantly refused to leave, even even leave, to refused defiantly people 75 elite. William Smith, Lower Canada’s Chief Chief Canada’s Lower Smith, William elite. and the Gaspé peninsula. Nonetheless some some Nonetheless peninsula. Gaspé the and Legislative and Executive Councils. Executive and Legislative over to the Leader, creating a propertied propertied a creating Leader, the to over these Loyalist families to Cataraqui (Kingston) (Kingston) Cataraqui to families Loyalist these landowners would hold control of the the of control hold would landowners of which 1,000 acres had to be handed handed be to had acres 1,000 which of 1784, the British forcibly moved many of of many moved forcibly British the 1784, in British government to ensure that large large that ensure to government British the leader would be granted 1,200 acres acres 1,200 granted be would leader the started to clear land and build farms. And so, so, And farms. build and land clear to started system, the scheme was conceived by the the by conceived was scheme the system, roads etc. Each Associate who came with with came who Associate Each etc. roads terrible blow to them as many had had many as them to blow terrible a area, Quebec. Known as the Leader and Associate Associate and Leader the as Known Quebec. deeds, surveying and agents’ fees, laying laying fees, agents’ and surveying deeds, the border between the United States and and States United the between border the barred from putting down roots in this this in roots down putting from barred the expenses related to the registration of of registration the to related expenses the the English-speaking merchant class along along class merchant English-speaking the between them. Thus the Loyalists were were Loyalists the Thus them. between the land but he would be expected to bear bear to expected be would he but land the that would counteract the rising power of of power rising the counteract would that concerned that there would also be conflicts conflicts be also would there that concerned Leader would not be required to purchase purchase to required be not would Leader social order, including a landed aristocracy, aristocracy, landed a including order, social and their former compatriots. He was also also was He compatriots. former their and granted very large holdings of land. The The land. of holdings large very granted British government precisely to create a new new a create to precisely government British along the new border between the Loyalists Loyalists the between border new the along a propertied and privileged elite would be be would elite privileged and propertied a Bolton township was formulated by the the by formulated was township Bolton border which would reduce the smuggling smuggling the reduce would which border the Leader and Associate system, whereby whereby system, Associate and Leader the Yet the scheme under which he settled settled he which under scheme the Yet by French settlers who had no ties across the the across ties no had who settlers French by Canada. This was to be achieved through through achieved be to was This Canada. came to be called the Eastern Townships. Townships. Eastern the called be to came conceived a plan for the area to be occupied occupied be to area the for plan a conceived of establishing a hereditary aristocracy in in aristocracy hereditary a establishing of aristocracy in the 1790s wilderness of what what of wilderness 1790s the in aristocracy be settled by former Americans. He had had He Americans. former by settled be colonies, the British supported the idea idea the supported British the colonies, Hampshire, seemed an unlikely candidate for for candidate unlikely an seemed Hampshire, Quebec, did not want the border area to to area border the want not did Quebec, legislative bodies, as it had in the American American the in had it as bodies, legislative Nicholas Austin, a Quaker from New New from Quaker a Austin, Nicholas government.

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