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Modernización Y Espacio Urbano: El Protagonismo De La Ciudad En La Literatura Latinoamericana De Fin De Siglo (1880-1920)

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Modernización Y Espacio Urbano: El Protagonismo De La Ciudad En La Literatura Latinoamericana De Fin De Siglo (1880-1920) Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-4-2020 Modernización y espacio urbano: el protagonismo de la ciudad en la literatura latinoamericana de fin de siglo (1880-1920) Gabriela Carolina Escobar Rodríguez Florida International University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, Latin American Literature Commons, and the Modern Literature Commons Recommended Citation Escobar Rodríguez, Gabriela Carolina, "Modernización y espacio urbano: el protagonismo de la ciudad en la literatura latinoamericana de fin de siglo (1880-1920)" (2020). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4579. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/4579 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida MODERNIZACIÓN Y ESPACIO URBANO: EL PROTAGONISMO DE LA CIUDAD EN LA LITERATURA LATINOAMERICANA DE FIN DE SIGLO (1880-1920) A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR IN PHILOSOPHY in SPANISH by Gabriela Carolina Escobar Rodríguez 2020 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven F. Green School of International and Public Affairs This dissertation, written by Gabriela Carolina Escobar Rodríguez, and entitled Modernización y espacio urbano: el protagonismo de la ciudad en la literatura latinoamericana de fin de siglo (1880-1920), having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgement. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. ---------------------------------------------- Astrid Arrarás ---------------------------------------------- Nicola Gavioli ---------------------------------------------- Andrea Fanta --------------------------------------------- Maida Watson, Major Professor Date of defense: November 4, 2020 The dissertation of Gabriela Carolina Escobar Rodríguez is approved. --------------------------------------------- Dean John F. Stack, Jr. Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs ------------------------------------------- Andrés G. Gil Vice President for Research and Economic Development and Dean of the University Graduate School Florida International University, 2020 ii © Copyright 2020 by Gabriela Carolina Escobar Rodríguez All rights reserved. iii DEDICATORIA A los cinco incondicionales que han estado siempre a mi lado y que han hecho tanto posible: mi mamá, mi papá, mi hermano, mi esposo y mi tío Elle. iv AGRADECIMIENTOS En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a los miembros de mi comité de tesis. A la Dra. Astrid Arrarás por sus amables palabras de ánimo; a la Dra. Andrea Fanta por su paciencia, por su tiempo, por compartir sus libros conmigo y por sus consejos siempre acertados y al Dr. Nicola Gavioli por creer en este proyecto y unirse a él cuando ya estaba comenzado. También me gustaría agradecer al Dr. Joan Torres-Pou, quien formó parte de este comité en las etapas iniciales de este estudio, y que siempre fue generoso con su tiempo y con sus conocimientos. Finalmente, quiero mostrar mi infinito agradecimiento a la directora de esta tesis, la Dra. Maida Watson, quien me ha apoyado de forma continua e incondicional desde mi llegada a Estados Unidos. Asimismo, doy las gracias a Jaqueline Dipp y a la Dra. María Asunción Gómez, quienes me ayudaron incansablemente, y a pesar de los muchos tropiezos, a concretar mi entrada el programa de español. También agradezco al Departamento de Lenguas Modernas y a la Escuela de Postgrado de Florida International University (FIU) por el otorgamiento de las siguientes becas y apoyos que me permitieron completar esta investigación e, incluso, compartir parte de ella en conferencias nacionales e internacionales: Doctor Year Fellowship (DYF), Doctoral Evidence Acquisition Fellowsip (DEA) y Anita Broad Research Fellowship Award. Por último, mi agradecimiento va a las personas que han estado a mi lado en distintas etapas de mi vida y que me han traído hasta donde estoy ahora. A mis compañeros de diferentes ciclos académicos, los de aquí y los de allá, los de FIU, las del Mater y los de la UCAB, gracias por compartir conmigo el camino, las penas y las alegrías, el tiempo, los apuntes, la información, los libros y tantos momentos. A los pilares de mi vida, mi mamá, v mi papá, mi hermano, mi esposo y mi tío José Ángel (quien además leyó y corrigió este texto, y tantos otros, desde el comienzo), gracias por la presencia incondicional, la paciencia ilimitada y el cariño desmedido. Sin ustedes no hubiese llegado hasta aquí y este proyecto no se hubiese materializado. Al resto de mi familia y a mi círculo de amistades, gracias por los buenos deseos y por estar presentes. A todos, de corazón, gracias. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION MODERNIZACIÓN Y ESPACIO URBANO: EL PROTAGONISMO DE LA CIUDAD EN LA LITERATURA LATINOAMERICANA DE FIN DE SIGLO (1880-1920) by Gabriela Carolina Escobar Rodríguez Florida International University, 2020 Miami, Florida Professor Maida Watson, Major Professor Urban space has played a prominent role in late nineteenth century and early twentieth century Latin American literature and culture due to the historical and political importance that cities have had and to the relevant role they played in the passage of Latin- American to modernity at the end of the nineteenth century. As Christopher Conway points out: "Nineteenth-century Spanish American cultural and political history was defined by the desire to become modern, we could argue that cities embodied modernization better than any other idea or place" (23). In spite of this, the fin de siècle´s city novels have not received the attention they deserve. They have often been misclassified (the Latin American urban novel has been studied almost exclusively as a phenomenon of the second half of the 20th century) and/or ignored even though they could provide crucial information about the modernization of Latin American capitals and the development of national identity in the region, as well as on the birth of urban literature in Latin America. Through the physical image of the city, liberal politicians and intellectuals of the 19th century tried to restructure the national identity using idealized European models that often clashed with the traditional aspects considered by a sector of society as the true Latin vii American traits. This tense situation was further complicated by the complex relationship that the newly founded republics had with the indigenous cultures of each area. The urban novel of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries questioned or rejected the proposed idea of modernity and nation and tried, in some cases, to negotiate new possibilities of identity. In this dissertation I analyze the literary representation of the Latin American city in six urban novels from Mexico, Argentina and Venezuela published between 1880 and 1920 with the purpose of identifying the tensions that the modernizing process produced in the urban space, its inhabitants (and their way of life) and the concept of nation of each country. viii ÍNDICE CAPÍTULO PÁGINA INTRODUCCIÓN………………………………………………………………………1 1. Literatura y ciudad …………………………………………………………..….1 2. Hipótesis y consideraciones a modo de preámbulo…………………………..…6 3. Estado de la cuestión y objetivos de la investigación………………………..….9 4. Fuentes teóricas y metodología……………………………………………..…..12 5. División del trabajo y resumen de contenidos……………………………….....14 6. Breves consideraciones acerca del contexto social y literario……………….....17 CAPÍTULO I: La ciudad como espacio evaluado y evaluador en el cuadro de costumbres latinoamericano…………………………………………………………….25 1. El vacío de la civilización…………………………………………………...….29 2. “El emporio de las letras”: la ciudad como paradigma de la civilización……....37 3. Ciudad, tradición y modernidad……………………………………………...…46 4. Conclusión: la dimensión literaria de la experiencia urbana………………...….59 CAPÍTULO II: Entre la ansiedad y el cuestionamiento: cambios urbanos, nueva fauna citadina y crisis de valores en La gran aldea de Lucio Vicente López y Todo un pueblo de Miguel Eduardo Pardo………………………………………….…63 1. La gran aldea: la ciudad y la novela de costumbres………………………...…64 2. Todo un pueblo: la novela de ciudad naturalista…………………………...…..80 3. Conclusión: La superficialidad de la modernidad y la ciudad a través de un personaje…………………………………………………………………….....98 CAPÍTULO III: La urbe, los ciudadanos y las novelas de (de)formación: el caso de Ídolos rotos de Manuel Díaz Rodríguez y Santa de Federico Gamboa……………….102 1. Ídolos rotos: el Künstlerroman urbano y el fracaso del artista…………….......105 2. Santa: ¿Novela de (de)formación o Bildungsroman fracasado?........................123 3. Conclusión: Las contradicciones de la modernidad a través de la experiencia urbana del individuo y su devenir como ciudadano moderno……………...….145 . CAPÍTULO IV: Delincuencia y criminales: la ciudad subalterna y la otredad urbana en La rumba de Ángel de Campo y El conventillo de Luis Pascarella………...……....149 1. La rumba: la urbe y el discurso criminológico……………………………...…153 2. El conventillo: ciudad e inmigración…………………………………………..167 3. Conclusión: el orden urbano y el sistema punitivo…………………………….186
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