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Harvard University Graduate School of Design Center for Urban Development Studies Historic Center of Mexico City DIAGNOSTIC SUMMARY * ANNEXES * CD-ROM June 2003 STUDY TEAM François Vigier, Director Liz Meléndez San Miguel, Research Associate Luis Valenzuela, Research Assistant Elda Solloso, Research Assistant The Center for Urban Development Studies’ research on the Historic Center of Mexico City was prepared with financial support from the Historic Center Foundation and was undertaken in collaboration with: Adrian Pandal, Director, Historic Center Foundation Enrique Martín Moreno, Research Affiliate Front Cover Image: World Heritage in Mexico. Fondo Editorial de la Plastica Mexicana, Mexico D.F., 1998. Historic Center Mexico City Harvard University Center for Urban Development Studies DEVELOPING A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY 2 HISTORICAL SUMMARY 10 GOVERNMENT STRUCTURES 15 FEDERAL DISTRICT OF MEXICO CITY 15 CUAUTÉHMOC DELEGATION 21 VENUSTIANO CARRANZA DELEGATION 22 OTHER GOVERNMENTAL INSTITUTIONS AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 23 PLANS AND PROGRAMS 26 KEY ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HISTORIC CENTER 28 REGIONAL ISSUES – FEDERAL DISTRICT 28 INTERMEDIATE ISSUES – CUAUTÉHMOC AND VENUSTIANO CARRANZA 30 LOCAL ISSUES – HISTORIC CENTER 30 ENDNOTES 39 ANNEXES 40 ANNEX I: NUMERICAL DATA 41 CENSUS DATA 41 ECONOMIC AND EMPLOYMENT DATA 46 TRANSPORT DATA 46 OTHER RELEVANT DATA ON THE HISTORIC CENTER 47 ANNEX II: NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 48 ANNEX III: LAND USE MAPS 51 REFERENCES 55 CD-ROM Back Cover 1 Historic Center Mexico City Harvard University Center for Urban Development Studies Developing a Comprehensive Strategy Background As Mexico City continues to grow, the social and economic issues facing planners and city officials will become increasingly complex to negotiate and resolve. For those working to rehabilitate the Historic Center, the greatest challenge is the elaboration of a comprehensive development strategy that will promote local growth objectives in light of its physical, social, political and economic characteristics. A strategy to re-establish the Center’s position in the mega-city needs to address its changing role and the multiple concerns and objectives of the Center’s residents and its business and commercial community. The preservation and rehabilitation of the area can only be conceived within the broader context of factors that have affected the area, transforming its economic base and contributing to the progressive deterioration of its social and built environment: • The massive loss of residents experienced between 1970 and 1995; • The relocation of important business and cultural activities traditionally housed in the area to new suburban nodes of development; • The consequent deterioration of the built environment, also due to disinvestments and absentee owners; • The loss of employment in the formal sector that fostered the rapid development of the informal commercial sector; • A drastic reduction in housing availability as buildings were rapidly being transformed into commercial, warehouse and business uses; • An increase in lower income and socially vulnerable groups living in unsanitary conditions and high-risk housing; • An increase in vehicular traffic, in part due to inadequate public transportation and; • The rapid deterioration of the historic fabric. A Comprehensive Strategy Throughout the decade of the 90’s numerous institutions were created and plans developed to foster a process of recuperation for the area. The Strategic Plan for the Regeneration and Integral Development of the Historic Center, prepared by the Historic Center Trusteeship was an integrated plan based on four strategies targeted to respond to the core issues that affect the area through: (a) the reestablishment of centrality; (b) the regeneration of housing; (c) economic development and; (d) social development. Although these strategies and their corresponding lines of action presented a strong comprehensive approach, the plan lacked institutional continuity due to the reorganization of the Trusteeship, and supporting programs and projects were never implemented. Nevertheless, the strategies and lines of action presented in the plan are still relevant to the current situation of the Historic Center and could very well serve as the basis for a 2 Historic Center Mexico City Harvard University Center for Urban Development Studies development strategy for the area. A comprehensive strategy however, needs to focus not only on the identification of the core issues upon which the sustainable and continued growth and development of the area can be based but also on the development of economically and financially feasible projects and programs that can ensure its success by: • Promoting the development of the sectors that can give the Historic Center a competitive advantage over other commercial, business and residential centers in the City; • Creating a favorable environment for business and commercial development, offering transparent incentives to attract private investors; • Providing the infrastructure needed to promote and sustain growth in the area while considering alternative ways of dealing with the precarious nature of the site; • Developing a land management strategy that can respond effectively to the dynamics of development within the broader urban agglomeration; • Developing an appropriate housing strategy to respond effectively to the current needs of the community as well as the demand for new housing; • Defining an institutional structure and regulatory framework that can deal comprehensively and effectively with the specific issues that affect the Historic Center as a whole - Perimeters “A” and “B” - by supporting and coordinating the actions of the two delegations with jurisdiction, Cuautéhmoc and Venustiano Carranza; • Identifying the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in the implementation of the strategies; • Developing a participatory program that will promote community involvement in the development of strategies, programs and actions, keeping the residents and businesses involved in the decision making process; • Recommending priority interventions to be undertaken and; • Developing appropriate indicators to measure the effectiveness of these interventions and their impact on the community. Planning Framework The challenges faced in the rehabilitation of the Historic Center are not unique; however, the magnitude of the issues is compounded by the size of the area, the exceedingly rapid growth of Mexico City and the precarious nature of the site. Pragmatic approaches and flexible mechanisms are needed to create opportunities for the development of growth sectors capable of driving the area’s economy, in order to attract new investment and ensure that the benefits of growth are equitably distributed. A planning framework based on instruments such as those presented below can be used in the formulation of a strategy and an action plan for the preservation and revitalization of the Historic Center: 1. Development of a strategy for the revitalization and preservation of the Historic Center A priority when formulating an operational strategy for the revitalization of the 3 Historic Center Mexico City Harvard University Center for Urban Development Studies Historic Center is to ensure its integration and coordination with the current plans, projects and programs organized and managed by the different levels of governments and NGOs. Integration is imperative in order to coordinate proposals and avoid conflicting actions among the different parties involved. Reaching a broad consensus among all parties at the federal, district, delegation and community levels is critical in ensuring the implementation of the strategy and in reestablishing the position of the district within its context. Therefore the new plan shall focus not only on the Historic core itself but also on the surrounding impact zone and the major links to other important development nodes in the city. An effective revitalization strategy will result in greater benefits from current investments in infrastructure and housing, opening up new employment opportunities in the area. 2. Development of a master plan for Perimeters “A” and “B” A significant step in the revitalization of the area is the preparation and implementation of a spatial development plan that stems from the revitalization strategy and reexamines and redefines the existing perimeters for action. Specific intervention strategies and the establishment of strategic nodes for action shall recognize and attend to the development of incentives necessary to attract private investment. 3. Focusing on infrastructure, safety and public space to be the catalysts for upgrading and revitalizing the built environment Public investment in infrastructure, safety and public space act as incentives to foster private investment in the process of revitalization of the degraded built environment. Projects like the current infrastructure and façade improvements led by the Trusteeship foster and encourage private investment initiatives in housing, office and commercial buildings. The development of infrastructure projects in the area needs to be comprehensively linked to the spatial development plan and the strategic nodes identified as catalysts in the recuperation process. 4. Devising a concise regulatory framework for new construction and the rehabilitation of existing structures A critical objective of a concise regulatory framework is to develop simple and effective controls that local authorities
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  • Mexico City: the Greening of Mexico’S Distrito Federal | Americas Quarterly

    Mexico City: the Greening of Mexico’S Distrito Federal | Americas Quarterly

    5/4/14 From “Make-Sicko” back to Mexico City: The Greening of Mexico’s Distrito Federal | Americas Quarterly ENTER ZIP CODE SEARCH OUR SITE Subscribe About Blog News Contact Advertise Archive Partners From “Make-Sicko” back to Mexico City: The Greening of Mexico’s Distrito Federal BY Marcelo Ebrard A former mayor chronicles the greening of Mexico's Distrito Federal. Read a sidebar on transportation. www.americasquarterly.org/content/make-sicko-back-mexico-city-greening-mexicos-distrito-federal 1/13 5/4/14 From “Make-Sicko” back to Mexico City: The Greening of Mexico’s Distrito Federal | Americas Quarterly Mexico City has one of the world’s most complex concentrations of people. In the early sixteenth century, Mexico City already had 200,000 inhabitants, and the Valley of Mexico almost half a million—which is to say, it has always been one of the world’s largest cities. Due to its longstanding position as Mexico’s capital city, industrial development in the twentieth century, and particularly the rapid demographic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, the city’s air quality was suffering by the early 1990s. Mexico City became known internationally as the most polluted city in the world. In the past 20 years, the federal, state and city governments have carried out an ambitious program to improve air quality in the Valley of Mexico. The effort was one of the most efficient public policies ever developed in our country, where public policy planning, follow-up across different levels of government in different administrations, and critical and science-based policy evaluation are not very common.