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Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Robert Fredona Working Paper 18-021 Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Robert Fredona Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-021 Copyright © 2017 by Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona ABSTRACT: N.S.B. Gras, the father of Business History in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier “traveling merchant,” who accompanied his own goods to trade fairs. Taking this concept as its point of departure, this essay focuses on the predominantly Italian merchants who controlled the long‐distance East‐West trade of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Until the opening of the Atlantic trade, the Mediterranean was Europe’s most important commercial zone and its trade enriched European civilization and its merchants developed the most important premodern mercantile innovations, from maritime insurance contracts and partnership agreements to the bill of exchange and double‐entry bookkeeping. Emerging from literate and numerate cultures, these merchants left behind an abundance of records that allows us to understand how their companies, especially the largest of them, were organized and managed. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced frommicrofilm the master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from aity type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and in^roper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wiH indicate the deletioiL Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overl^s. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for aity photographs or illustrations sqypearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313.'761-4700 800.'521-0600 FEMINIST RECONSTRUCTIONS OF IDENTITY IN A SELF-HELP PROGRAM: A STUDY OF TWO SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS FOR INCEST SURVIVORS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andre' Arianrhodd Levi, B.A., M.A. -
DESCENDANCY of THOMAS PETTY
"All-People" -- Section 3a {Table of Contents} page 3a- 1 DESCENDANCY of THOMAS PETTY (c1683) and CATHERINE GARTON (c1678) Thomas' parents were Hubert Patey and Rebecca [Patey] Catherine's parents were John Garton and Martha [Garton] Note 1: material in smaller type is written by Barbara Ann Fisher (BFE), wife of Karl Frederick Edler Jr (KFE), while larger type material is primarily from our family history database maintained by KFE. Note 2: names of direct ancestors of BFE are underlined. Note 3: much of the information in this Section is from Irene Petty Watt, "Pettys in America".3 Some information is from other sources, please see the Endnotes. Note 4: we are not certain of the birthdates of some of the children and later descendants of Thomas and Catherine, so the birth order in the families may not always be correct. I. Thomas 1 Petty 2,6,18,22 was probably born about 1683 Essex Co VA. In court documents during his lifetime, his name was variously spelled Patey, Patty, and Petty. He married Catherine Garton 19 6 Mar 1701 Richmond Co VA; at least ten children, probably all born Richmond Co. Born about 1678, Catherine died 3 Jan 1748 Orange Co VA, age probably about 69.15 Thomas probably died early 1750, age probably about 67. His will, dated 31 Jan 1748/49, was probated 24 May 1750 Orange Co, with George Petty as executor and Martha Petty as executrix. It names:6 son John, 1 shilling son Thomas, 1 shilling son James, 1 shilling son William, 1 shilling son Christopher, 1 shilling dau Mary Knight, 1 shilling dau Rebecca, 1 shilling son George and daughter Martha, all my estate, equally divided.. -
China, Das Chinesische Meer Und Nordostasien China, the East Asian Seas, and Northeast Asia
China, das Chinesische Meer und Nordostasien China, the East Asian Seas, and Northeast Asia Horses of the Xianbei, 300–600 AD: A Brief Survey Shing MÜLLER1 iNTRODUCTION The Chinese cavalry, though gaining great weight in warfare since Qin and Han times, remained lightly armed until the fourth century. The deployment of heavy armours of iron or leather for mounted warriors, especially for horses, seems to have been an innovation of the steppe peoples on the northern Chinese border since the third century, as indicated in literary sources and by archaeological excavations. Cavalry had become a major striking force of the steppe nomads since the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, thus leading to the warfare being speedy and fierce. Ever since then, horses occupied a crucial role in war and in peace for all steppe riders on the northern borders of China. The horses were selectively bred, well fed, and drilled for war; horses of good breed symbolized high social status and prestige of their owners. Besides, horses had already been the most desired commodities of the Chinese. With superior cavalries, the steppe people intruded into North China from 300 AD onwards,2 and built one after another ephemeral non-Chinese kingdoms in this vast territory. In this age of disunity, known pain- fully by the Chinese as the age of Sixteen States (316–349 AD) and the age of Southern and Northern Dynas- ties (349–581 AD), many Chinese abandoned their homelands in the CentraL Plain and took flight to south of the Huai River, barricaded behind numerous rivers, lakes and hilly landscapes unfavourable for cavalries, until the North and the South reunited under the flag of the Sui (581–618 AD).3 Although warfare on horseback was practised among all northern steppe tribes, the Xianbei or Särbi, who originated from the southeastern quarters of modern Inner Mongolia and Manchuria, emerged as the major power during this period. -
A Theory of Property According to John Locke
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1960 A Theory of Property According to John Locke Joseph Andrew Bracken Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Bracken, Joseph Andrew, "A Theory of Property According to John Locke" (1960). Master's Theses. 1547. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1547 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1960 Joseph Andrew Bracken A THE0HY OF' PHOPERj.'Y ACC\)J\DIlm TO JOim LOCKE by Josoph A. Bracken, 3.J. A Thesis Submitted to the l"aculty of the Graduate School of Loyola Univors1ty in Partial ~1l1filment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts January 1960 Joseph Andrew Bracken, ~) .,r., was born in Chicar.;o, Illinois, on hmrch 22, 1930. He was gradua ted from St. Ignatius High School, Chicago, in June, 1948, and trom Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, with the degree of Bachelor at Literature in June, 1953. In the years between 1949 and 1953, he attended Loyola Uni versity 1n Chicago during the academic year of 1948-1949. In the fall of 1949, he entered the Society of Jesus at 1 ts novit1a te in Milford, Ohio. -
Germany Series 1, 1906–1925 Part 1: 1906–1919
Confidential British Foreign Office Political Correspondence Germany Series 1, 1906–1925 Part 1: 1906–1919 Edited by Paul L. Kesaris Guide Compiled by Jan W. S. Spoor and Eric A. Warren A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road • Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 The data contained on the microfilm is British Crown copyright 1995. Published by permission of the Controller of Her Britannic Majesty’s Stationery Office. Copyright © 2005 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-530-X. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Scope and Content Note ........................................................................................................ v Source Note ............................................................................................................................. ix Editorial Note .......................................................................................................................... ix Reel Index FO 566 Registers of Diplomatic Correspondence Reel 1 1906–1907 ................................................................................................................... 1 1908–1909 ................................................................................................................... 1 Reel 2 1910–1911 ................................................................................................................... 1 1912–1916 ................................................................................................................... 1 Reel 3 1914–1916 .................................................................................................................. -
Official U.S. Bulletin
. PUBLISHED DMILY under order of THE PRESIDENT of THE UNITED STJITES by COMMITTEE on PUBLIC INFORMATION GEORGE CREEL. Chairman -k -k -k COMPLETE Record of U. S. GOVERNMENT Activltiea '' VOL. 3 WASHINGTO>f, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY G, 1919. No. 531 WILL RELEASE CHARTERED Archangel Medical Corps RESIGNATION OF MEMBERS KCRWEGIAN, SWEDISH, AND Giving Excellent Service OF PRICE-FIXING COMMITTEE > To the American Troops : DANiSHSHlPS,EXCEPTTHOSE ACCEPTED BY PRESIDENT British Officer Reports L NEEDED FOR CERTAIN USES TO TAKE EFFECT MARCH 1 The War Department au- thorizes the pul)lication of the AVAILABLE TO OWNERS following cablegram from the APPRECIATION OF TBEIR . AT END OF VOYAGES commantling general, Archangel, SERVICES EXPRESSED to the British War Office: Shipping Board Announces “ I have made a jiersonal in- Request for Final Release its Readiness to Give Up spection of all the hospitals and from Its Duties on March dressing stations in this coun- Vessels, Except Those Re- First and Appreciation of j try; and I find that the medical quired for Relief Purposes arrangements are first class. Confidence Shown by Mr, i or Use of Governments Among the American troops Wilson in the Committee ; there less than per cent in are Correspond* Associated With United hospitals from all causes, show- Contained in States in the War, ing that the health of the troops ence Made Public Here. is good. In this climate, the The Shippins Bosinl announces that evacuation of casualties over The following correspondence has been duo to the cliansctl conditions resultiu!' made pnhiic: 120 miles of road by sledge has ; from the cessation of hostilities the Gov- AitEurcAN Commission ernmeijts of Norway, been carried out efficiently and ; Sweden, and Den- TO Negotiate Peace. -
“Grippe Caught Us Quicker Than the U-Boats:” the Lingering Sickness of War and the Pandemic of 1918-1920
“Grippe Caught us Quicker than the U-Boats:” The Lingering Sickness of War and the Pandemic of 1918-1920 David Kohnen with Nicholas Jellicoe and Nathaniel Sims, M.D. Made possible through the generosity of the Naval War College Foundation and the Pritzker Military Museum & Library Happy Sailors and the big guns of Texas Despite the cheerful scene on topside decks, conditions below became foul with influenza while awaiting the final conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles. Although many sailors died during the epidemic, no references to influenza deaths appeared in the logbooks of the battleship Texas. “Grippe Caught us Quicker than the U-Boats:” The Lingering Sickness of War and the Pandemic of 1918-1920 “Grippe Caught us Quicker than the U-Boats:” The Lingering Sickness of War and the Pandemic of 1918-1920 mericans paraded in celebration after the war to Scapa Flow. Influenza earlier struck undetected on the end all wars, having weathered the chemically European front, seeping under the cover of gas and Acharged storms of steel on the European front and biological weapons. Although the exact origins of the in the contested waters of the global maritime arena. influenza remained shrouded in mystery, commanders When the guns went silent on 11 November 1918, the at the front recognized the persistent presence of Imperial German High Seas Fleet steamed slowly on sickness within ranks. “I hope you have quite recovered,” the short voyage to Scottish waters. Sailing above the Admiral of the Fleet Sir David Beatty wrote a friend, “I graveyard of ships lost during the epic Battle of Jutland, presume it was the flue (sic).” Commanding the Grand the German warships formed in line, with flags flying Fleet, Beatty reported that the British and American from the highest mastheads, and paraded into the Royal sailors at Scapa Flow “are suffering considerably from Navy anchorage at Scapa Flow. -
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DESCENDANCY of THOMAS RICARDS (B C1595) and ELIZABETH RUGELEY (B C1599)
“All-People” {Table of Contents} Page 11c- 1 DESCENDANCY of THOMAS RICARDS (b c1595) and ELIZABETH RUGELEY (b c1599) Note 1: material in smaller type is written by Barbara Ann Fisher (BFE), wife of Karl Frederick Edler Jr (KFE), while larger type material is primarily from our family history database maintained by KFE. Note 2: names of direct ancestors of KFE are underlined. Our Ricketts lineage is one of the most interesting we've studied. Efforts to reconstruct this ambitious English/Colonial family have been difficult and frustrating -- the early generations appear hopelessly tangled! But it's been more than worthwhile -- discovering that ancestors were in Jamaica has been a special delight for KFE's sister, Elizabeth Edler Wald. Having made many vacation trips there with her husband and children, she has long felt a strong Jamaican connection. We've become fascinated as well, trying to find as much as possible. Due to constraints of time and energy, we've had to use mostly secondary sources of information. Alas, there's great variation in what different authors allege; some documents are even inconsistent internally. Trips to Jamaica and other relevant places have been intriguing, but have sometimes resulted in more questions than answers. Trying to "sanity test" the data, we've eliminated some impossible assertions. As examples, we just can't believe a son was born only seven years after his father, and we think it most unlikely that an English person was born in Jamaica over twenty years before the Anglo-Spanish War. Because of our concerns, we urge you to read this page and the next several pages for interest only. -
Saint Benedict Catholic Church
Saint Benedict Catholic Church 20370 Smith Road Office: 985-892-5202 Email: [email protected] Covington, LA 70435 Fax: 985-892-4211 Website: stbenedictchurchcovington.com Social Assistance Requests: 985-214-6237 Facebook www.facebook.com/stbencov Pastor EUCHARIST: Rev. Fr. Charles J. Benoit, O.S.B., J.C.L. CHURCH OFFICE HOURS: Saturday Vigil: 5:30 p.m. ([email protected]) Monday through Friday Sunday: 8 a.m. & 10:30 a.m. Deacons 8:45 a.m. – 4 p.m. Tuesday – Friday: 8 a.m. Rev. Mr. Daniel Musso ([email protected]) RECONCILIATION: Wednesday: 5 p.m. – 6 p.m. Rev. Mr. Ellis Iverson ([email protected]) MASS INTENTIONS Saturday: 4 p.m. - 5 p.m. Parish Secretary Tuesday, January 22 (8 a.m.) First Friday: Mrs. Channon Horner ([email protected]) +Charmaine Hebert Adoration: 8:30 a.m. - noon Parish Catechetical Leader (PCL) Wednesday, January 23 (8 a.m.) Holy Hour: 7 p.m. - 8 p.m. Mrs. Lisa Johnsen ([email protected]) +Charmaine Hebert Third Thursday: Youth Minister Thursday, January 24 (8 a.m.) Rosary for Peace: 7 p.m. Mr. Bobby Thomas (985-373-5198) Marcella Strecker Friday, January 25 (8 a.m.) MARRIAGE: RCIA +Gino Gambacorta Please contact the church Deacon Ellis Iverson ([email protected]) Saturday, January 26 (5:30 p.m.) office at least six (6) months +Ann Lavedan, +Anna Balogh, prior to the desired date of Lunch Ministry +Rosella Margeson, +Rod Rotolo the wedding. Mrs. Janie Ellis ([email protected]) Mrs. Anna Bienvenu +George & Lavergne Novak, SACRAMENT OF THE SICK: ([email protected]) +Bob & Jane Ayerst, +Ed Laraja, Jodie Doucet, +Henry Edler, Any Catholic who is in Communion Ministers +Ashley Edler, +Nancy Williamson, danger due to age or health, Mrs. -
Us Navy Dreadnoughts 1914–45
US NAVY DREADNOUGHTS 1914–45 RYAN K. NOPPEN ILLUSTRATED BY PAUL WRIGHT © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com NEW VANGUARD 208 US NAVY DREADNOUGHTS 1914–45 RYAN K. NOPPEN © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 THE SOUTH CAROLINA CLASS 7 t South Carolina Class Specifications THE DELAWARE AND FLORIDA CLASSES 10 t Delaware Class Specifications t Florida Class Specifications WYOMING CLASS 15 t Wyoming Class Specifications NEW YORK CLASS 18 t New York Class Specifications US DREADNOUGHT BATTLESHIP OPERATIONS 1914–18 20 t The Veracruz Occupation t World War I INTERWAR SCRAPPING, DISARMAMENT AND MODERNIZATION 34 US DREADNOUGHT BATTLESHIP OPERATIONS 1939–45 35 t Neutrality Patrols t Actions in the European Theater t Actions in the Pacific Theater CONCLUSION 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY 46 INDEX 48 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com US NAVY DREADNOUGHTS 1914–45 INTRODUCTION The United States was the second of the great naval powers to embrace the concept of the all-big-gun dreadnought battleship in the early 20th century. The US Navy was seen as an upstart by much of the international community, after it experienced a rapid increase in strength in the wake of the Spanish- American War. American naval expansion paralleled that of another upstart naval power, Germany, whose navy also saw meteoric growth in this period. What is little known is that a tacit naval arms race developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries between these two powers, due primarily to soured foreign relations caused by a rivalry over colonial territory in the Pacific and an economic rivalry in Latin America.