DESCENDANCY of THOMAS PETTY
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Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism
Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Robert Fredona Working Paper 18-021 Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert Harvard Business School Robert Fredona Harvard Business School Working Paper 18-021 Copyright © 2017 by Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Merchants and the Origins of Capitalism Sophus A. Reinert and Robert Fredona ABSTRACT: N.S.B. Gras, the father of Business History in the United States, argued that the era of mercantile capitalism was defined by the figure of the “sedentary merchant,” who managed his business from home, using correspondence and intermediaries, in contrast to the earlier “traveling merchant,” who accompanied his own goods to trade fairs. Taking this concept as its point of departure, this essay focuses on the predominantly Italian merchants who controlled the long‐distance East‐West trade of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Until the opening of the Atlantic trade, the Mediterranean was Europe’s most important commercial zone and its trade enriched European civilization and its merchants developed the most important premodern mercantile innovations, from maritime insurance contracts and partnership agreements to the bill of exchange and double‐entry bookkeeping. Emerging from literate and numerate cultures, these merchants left behind an abundance of records that allows us to understand how their companies, especially the largest of them, were organized and managed. -
Information to Users
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China, Das Chinesische Meer Und Nordostasien China, the East Asian Seas, and Northeast Asia
China, das Chinesische Meer und Nordostasien China, the East Asian Seas, and Northeast Asia Horses of the Xianbei, 300–600 AD: A Brief Survey Shing MÜLLER1 iNTRODUCTION The Chinese cavalry, though gaining great weight in warfare since Qin and Han times, remained lightly armed until the fourth century. The deployment of heavy armours of iron or leather for mounted warriors, especially for horses, seems to have been an innovation of the steppe peoples on the northern Chinese border since the third century, as indicated in literary sources and by archaeological excavations. Cavalry had become a major striking force of the steppe nomads since the fall of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, thus leading to the warfare being speedy and fierce. Ever since then, horses occupied a crucial role in war and in peace for all steppe riders on the northern borders of China. The horses were selectively bred, well fed, and drilled for war; horses of good breed symbolized high social status and prestige of their owners. Besides, horses had already been the most desired commodities of the Chinese. With superior cavalries, the steppe people intruded into North China from 300 AD onwards,2 and built one after another ephemeral non-Chinese kingdoms in this vast territory. In this age of disunity, known pain- fully by the Chinese as the age of Sixteen States (316–349 AD) and the age of Southern and Northern Dynas- ties (349–581 AD), many Chinese abandoned their homelands in the CentraL Plain and took flight to south of the Huai River, barricaded behind numerous rivers, lakes and hilly landscapes unfavourable for cavalries, until the North and the South reunited under the flag of the Sui (581–618 AD).3 Although warfare on horseback was practised among all northern steppe tribes, the Xianbei or Särbi, who originated from the southeastern quarters of modern Inner Mongolia and Manchuria, emerged as the major power during this period. -
A Theory of Property According to John Locke
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1960 A Theory of Property According to John Locke Joseph Andrew Bracken Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Bracken, Joseph Andrew, "A Theory of Property According to John Locke" (1960). Master's Theses. 1547. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1547 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1960 Joseph Andrew Bracken A THE0HY OF' PHOPERj.'Y ACC\)J\DIlm TO JOim LOCKE by Josoph A. Bracken, 3.J. A Thesis Submitted to the l"aculty of the Graduate School of Loyola Univors1ty in Partial ~1l1filment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts January 1960 Joseph Andrew Bracken, ~) .,r., was born in Chicar.;o, Illinois, on hmrch 22, 1930. He was gradua ted from St. Ignatius High School, Chicago, in June, 1948, and trom Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, with the degree of Bachelor at Literature in June, 1953. In the years between 1949 and 1953, he attended Loyola Uni versity 1n Chicago during the academic year of 1948-1949. In the fall of 1949, he entered the Society of Jesus at 1 ts novit1a te in Milford, Ohio. -
Germany Series 1, 1906–1925 Part 1: 1906–1919
Confidential British Foreign Office Political Correspondence Germany Series 1, 1906–1925 Part 1: 1906–1919 Edited by Paul L. Kesaris Guide Compiled by Jan W. S. Spoor and Eric A. Warren A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road • Bethesda, MD 20814-6126 The data contained on the microfilm is British Crown copyright 1995. Published by permission of the Controller of Her Britannic Majesty’s Stationery Office. Copyright © 2005 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN 1-55655-530-X. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Scope and Content Note ........................................................................................................ v Source Note ............................................................................................................................. ix Editorial Note .......................................................................................................................... ix Reel Index FO 566 Registers of Diplomatic Correspondence Reel 1 1906–1907 ................................................................................................................... 1 1908–1909 ................................................................................................................... 1 Reel 2 1910–1911 ................................................................................................................... 1 1912–1916 ................................................................................................................... 1 Reel 3 1914–1916 .................................................................................................................. -
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DESCENDANCY of THOMAS RICARDS (B C1595) and ELIZABETH RUGELEY (B C1599)
“All-People” {Table of Contents} Page 11c- 1 DESCENDANCY of THOMAS RICARDS (b c1595) and ELIZABETH RUGELEY (b c1599) Note 1: material in smaller type is written by Barbara Ann Fisher (BFE), wife of Karl Frederick Edler Jr (KFE), while larger type material is primarily from our family history database maintained by KFE. Note 2: names of direct ancestors of KFE are underlined. Our Ricketts lineage is one of the most interesting we've studied. Efforts to reconstruct this ambitious English/Colonial family have been difficult and frustrating -- the early generations appear hopelessly tangled! But it's been more than worthwhile -- discovering that ancestors were in Jamaica has been a special delight for KFE's sister, Elizabeth Edler Wald. Having made many vacation trips there with her husband and children, she has long felt a strong Jamaican connection. We've become fascinated as well, trying to find as much as possible. Due to constraints of time and energy, we've had to use mostly secondary sources of information. Alas, there's great variation in what different authors allege; some documents are even inconsistent internally. Trips to Jamaica and other relevant places have been intriguing, but have sometimes resulted in more questions than answers. Trying to "sanity test" the data, we've eliminated some impossible assertions. As examples, we just can't believe a son was born only seven years after his father, and we think it most unlikely that an English person was born in Jamaica over twenty years before the Anglo-Spanish War. Because of our concerns, we urge you to read this page and the next several pages for interest only. -
Saint Benedict Catholic Church
Saint Benedict Catholic Church 20370 Smith Road Office: 985-892-5202 Email: [email protected] Covington, LA 70435 Fax: 985-892-4211 Website: stbenedictchurchcovington.com Social Assistance Requests: 985-214-6237 Facebook www.facebook.com/stbencov Pastor EUCHARIST: Rev. Fr. Charles J. Benoit, O.S.B., J.C.L. CHURCH OFFICE HOURS: Saturday Vigil: 5:30 p.m. ([email protected]) Monday through Friday Sunday: 8 a.m. & 10:30 a.m. Deacons 8:45 a.m. – 4 p.m. Tuesday – Friday: 8 a.m. Rev. Mr. Daniel Musso ([email protected]) RECONCILIATION: Wednesday: 5 p.m. – 6 p.m. Rev. Mr. Ellis Iverson ([email protected]) MASS INTENTIONS Saturday: 4 p.m. - 5 p.m. Parish Secretary Tuesday, January 22 (8 a.m.) First Friday: Mrs. Channon Horner ([email protected]) +Charmaine Hebert Adoration: 8:30 a.m. - noon Parish Catechetical Leader (PCL) Wednesday, January 23 (8 a.m.) Holy Hour: 7 p.m. - 8 p.m. Mrs. Lisa Johnsen ([email protected]) +Charmaine Hebert Third Thursday: Youth Minister Thursday, January 24 (8 a.m.) Rosary for Peace: 7 p.m. Mr. Bobby Thomas (985-373-5198) Marcella Strecker Friday, January 25 (8 a.m.) MARRIAGE: RCIA +Gino Gambacorta Please contact the church Deacon Ellis Iverson ([email protected]) Saturday, January 26 (5:30 p.m.) office at least six (6) months +Ann Lavedan, +Anna Balogh, prior to the desired date of Lunch Ministry +Rosella Margeson, +Rod Rotolo the wedding. Mrs. Janie Ellis ([email protected]) Mrs. Anna Bienvenu +George & Lavergne Novak, SACRAMENT OF THE SICK: ([email protected]) +Bob & Jane Ayerst, +Ed Laraja, Jodie Doucet, +Henry Edler, Any Catholic who is in Communion Ministers +Ashley Edler, +Nancy Williamson, danger due to age or health, Mrs. -
Land Enclosure and Bavarian State Centralization (1779-1835)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 7-1-2020 Reshaping an Earthly Paradise: Land Enclosure and Bavarian State Centralization (1779-1835) Gregory DeVoe Tomlinson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the European History Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Tomlinson, Gregory DeVoe, "Reshaping an Earthly Paradise: Land Enclosure and Bavarian State Centralization (1779-1835)" (2020). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 5308. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/5308 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. RESHAPING AN EARTHLY PARADISE: LAND ENCLOSURE AND BAVARIAN STATE CENTRALIZATION (1779-1835) A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Gregory DeVoe Tomlinson B.A., San José State University, 2009 M.A., San José State University, 2012 August 2020 Acknowledgments The Central European History Society (CEHS) funded a visit to the Bayerisches Haupstaatsarchiv and Staatsarchiv München in the summer of 2016. Further support came from the LSU history department and the generous contributions of members of the LSU Osher Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) for a subsequent visit in the summer of 2018. The staffs of the Bayerisches Haupstaatsarchiv and Staatsarchiv München are extremely dedicated, professional, and were more than helpful with their assistance. -
DESCENDANCY of Col HENRY DUKE Esq (B C1641)
“All-People” {Table of Contents} Page 15- 1 DESCENDANCY of Col HENRY DUKE Esq (b c1641) and ELIZABETH SOANE (b c1649) Henry's parents were Thomas Duke and Mary Barham Elizabeth’s parents were Henry Soane and Judith Fuller Note 1: Material in larger type is from our family history database maintained by KFE (Karl Frederick Edler Jr), while additional material in smaller type is written by BFE (Barbara Ann Fisher), wife of KFE. Note 2: A great deal of the 17th and 18th century information in this Section is from Joseph W Lineberger of Lake Park GA, a tenth generation Duke descendant. He generously shared material from his extensive research. Note 3: We originally based our 19th and 20th century information on family correspondence and interviews, which we began collecting in 1947. Later we supplemented that with personal recollections and research in other sources. More recently, we received additional information from our cousins, Edith Anne Duke Kautsky and Frank Henry Kautsky III, of Gulfport FL. Note 4: Names of direct ancestors of the children of Edith and Frank are underlined. I. Col Henry 1 Duke I Esq was born about 1641 James City Co VA. His parents were Thomas Duke, born about 1600 Kent, England, and Mary Barham , born about 1602 Kent. We don’t know when they immigrated to America. Henry I married Elizabeth Soane (Section 4a); at least one child. She was born about 1649. Her parents were Henry Soane and Judith Fuller . Henry I died about 1714, age about 73. Elizabeth died about 1724, age about 75. -
Tornado Destroys a Village
Che U. S. 10. SUGAR. 96 Test Centrifugals, 4.49c; WEATHER BUEEAU, MAY Last 24 hours' rainfall -. Per Ton, $89.80. 88 is-- - fJ .06. Temperature, Max. 80; Min. 67. Weather, Fair Analysis Beets, 12s 3d; Per Ton, $93. to Variable. ESTABLISHED JULY 2 1854- - VOL. XLX, NO. 7100. HONOLULU. HAWAII TERRITORY. THURSDAY MAY ,r Ty,3 PRICE FIVX wmiT"" nam. EVANGELISTS TORNADO DESTROYS A mm VILLAGE HOLD SERVICE o FOR SAILORS FivejHundred Killed and Wounded. A Catastrophe on the Pennsyl- if Men of Cruiser Boston Welcome Dr. Ostrom vania Railroad. and Singers Busy Day for theJCampaign-er-s (ASSOCIATED -- Responses Last Night. PRESS CABLEGRAMS.) OKLAHOMA CITY, May u. The entire town of Snyder ha been destroyed by a tornado. It is estimated that five hundred Yesterday .was a busy day for the revival campaigners and a day of great people were killed or wounded. .results. There were four meetings held and Dr. Ostrom spoke at all of them, TERRIBLE RAILWAY while Messrs. Butler and liillis sang at all of them. The meetings were largely ACCIDENT. j attended. There were much larger congregations than at any corresponding HARRISBURG, May it. An express train on the Pennsyl meeting during the campaign, and everyone agreed that the meetings them-selve- s railroad dynamite-lade- n were better than any of the meetings yet held. There was great spirit- vania collided last night with a freight ual earnestness and a genuine interest shown. ! train. Three explosions followed and the wreckage caught fire. It The day 's work opened with a noon meeting at the Y. -
Jan Županič Re–Ennoblement and Nobility Issues at the Dawn of the Austro–Hungarian Empire
Jan Županič Re–ennoblement and nobility issues at the dawn of the Austro–Hungarian Empire Przegląd Historyczny 100/1, 1-13 2009 ROZPRAWY JAN ŻUPANIC Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozoficka fakulta Ustav svétovych dejin Re-ennoblement and nobility issues at the dawn of the Austro-Hungarian Empire* Irrespective of the fact that there lived very affluent and influential nobility in the Crown Lands of Bohemia even in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the majority of the Czech nation was in fact plebeian. Unlike the Poles and the Hungarians, the Czechs could not boast a truly numerous noble elite, and this fact had some fascinating consequences. It was the nobility from the period prior to the battle at White Mountain (Bila hora), allegedly considered purely Czech from the ethnic and language point of view that was gradually becoming more glorified than the cosmopolitan Austrian aristocracy. It was, however, the rejection of nobility as such, a phenomenon that emerged significantly for the first time in 1848 that proved to have much greater meaning. Here we need to point out that this was not a purely Czech phenomenon but rather a phenomenon that was closely linked to democratization and liberalization trends in the then society. In Austria or Austro-Hungarian Empire this trend could be attributed to other causes than just the national fragmentation of the monarchy. Throughout the ages, the nobility had become a special caste significantly differing from the rest of the population. It had a number of privileges, some of which managed to outlive 1848. One of such privileges was the right to bear coats of arms.