STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

STED JOURNAL

Journal of Social and Technological Development

IZDAVAČ: UNIVERZITET PIM - BANJA LUKA PUBLISHER: UNIVERSITY PIM – BANJA LUKA

Banja Luka, May 2021.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ i UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)

STED JOURNAL Journal of Social and Technological Development - Časopis o društvenom i tehnološkom razvoju

Časopis je do 2019. godine izlazio pod naslovom „Anali poslovne ekonomije“

Izdavač - Publisher UNIVERZITET PIM, Banja Luka – UNIVERSITY PIM, Banja Luka

Za izdavača – For Publisher Dr Ilija Džombić, redovni profesor - Direktor

Glavni i odgovorni urednik – Editor in Chief Dr Dejan Kojić, docent

Međunarodni uređivački odbor – Internacional Editorial board Prof. dr Veselin Drašković, University of Montenegro, Maritime Faculty Kotor, Montenegro; Prof. dr Bagrat Yerzenkyan, Central Economics and Mathematics Institute, Russian Academy of Science/State University of Menagment Moscow, Russia; Prof. dr Jelena Pavličević, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Dr Milena Marinović-Cincović, University of Belgrade, The Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Dr Benea Marius Calin, Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Engineering Hunedoara, Romania; Assistant dr Isaac Lera, University of the Balearic Islands, Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science, Spain; Prof. dr Ayse Zehra Aroguz, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey; Dr Darina Duplakova, Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies with a seat in Presov, Institute of Advanced Technologies, Presov, Slovakia; Dr Yaroslov Kusyi, National University “Lviv Polytechnic”, Ukraine; Dr Milena Špírková, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic; Assistant dr Boris Dorbić, scientific-expert association “FUTURA”, Šibenik, Croatia; Prof. dr Bojana Ikonić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Prof. dr Mirjana Jovičić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Assistant dr Nikša Grgurević, Faculty of Management, Herceg Novi, Montenegro; Prof. dr Oskar Bera, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Assistant dr Ljiljana Tanasić, Academy of vocational studies in Šabac, Serbia; Assistant dr Nataša Lukić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia; Dr Hafiz Imtiaz Ahmad, vanredni profesor, Faculty of Business, Higher Colleges of Technology, Ali Alin, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Dr Yajnya Dutta Nayak, Assistant Professor, P.G. Dept. of Commerce, Khallikote Auto. College, Berhampur, Odisha, India; Dr Nevena VUKIĆ, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Technology in Čačak, Serbia; Emilija Friganović, mag. ing. preh. teh., scientific-expert association “FUTURA”, Šibenik, Croatia.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ ii UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)

Uređivački odbor iz BiH – Editorial Board from B&H Dr Dragan Đuranović, Univerzitet PIM, Banja Luka; Dr Ilija Džombić, Univerzitet PIM, Banja Luka; Dr Marijana Žiravac Mladenović, Univerzitet PIM, Ekonomski fakultet Banja Luka; Dr Mladen Ivić, Univerzitet PIM, Ekonomski fakultet, Banja Luka; Dr Nikola Vojvodić, ITEP visoka škola, Banja Luka; Dr Željko Grublješić, Univerzitet PIM, Ekonomski fakultet Banja Luka; Dr Dženan Berberović, Univerzitet PIM, Banja Luka; Dr Milica Delibašić, Univerzitet PIM, Ekonomski fakultet, Trebinje; Dr Dara Cvijetić, Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske, Trebinje; Dr Božana Odžaković, Univerzitet Banja Luka, Tehnološki fakultet, Banja Luka, BiH; Dr Branko Latinović, Panevropski univerzitet „APEIRON“, Banja Luka; Dr Saša Salapura, Univerzitet PIM, Fakultet računarskih nauka, Banja Luka; Dr Enes Sukić, Univerzitet PIM, Fakultet računarskih nauka, Banja Luka; Dr Predrag Raosavljević, Institucija ombudsmena za ljudska prava, Banja Luka; Dr Aleksandra Vuković, Univerzitet PIM, Pravni fakultet, Trebinje; Dr Veljko Vuković, Univerzitet PIM, Tehnički fakultet, Banja Luka; Prof. dr Vladan Mićić, University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Technology, Zvornik; Dr Jasna Bogdanović Čurić, Univerzitet u Istočnom Sarajevu, Akademija likovnih umjetnosti, Trebinje; Dr Snežana Samardžić, JZU Specijalna bolnica za psihijatriju, Sokolac.

Lektor - Copy editor Aleksandar Ivetić

Lektor za engleski jezik - Copy editor for English Snježana Milačak

Tehnička priprema – Technical prepress dipl. ing. Aleksandar Sofrić

Adresa redakcije - Address of Editorial Office Univerzitet PIM, Despota Stefana Lazarevića bb, 78000 Banja Luka Phone/Fax: +387 (0)51 378 300; e-mail: [email protected];

Štamparija - Printed by Vilux d.o.o. Banja Luka Tiraž: 200 primjeraka

Radovi su dostupni u vidu punog teksta na: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/

This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ iii UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)

Copyright © 2019 UNIVERSITY PIM, All Rights reserved Copyright license: All articles are licensed via Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ iv UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)

UVODNA RIJEČ UREDNIKA

Poštovane kolege autori, uvaženi čitaoci,

Pred vama je prva sveska naučnog časopisa STED Journal u 2021. godini koja obuhvata 9 radova. Svi objavljeni radovi su dobili pozitivnu ocjenu od strane dva nezavisna recenzenta. Recenzije su anonimne, odnosno, recenzentima se ne otkriva identitet autora i autorima se ne otkriva identitet recenzenata. Recenzenti su preporučili i razvrstavanje članaka u naučne, odnosno stručne radove. Recenzenti su svoju saglasnost za objavu rada utemeljili na ocjeni originalnosti rada, njegove aktuelnosti, ocjene primijenjene metodologije i korišćene literature. Svakom radu je od strane Narodne i univerzitetske biblioteke Republike Srpske dodijeljen COBISS, UDK i DOI broj. Časopis ima analitički obrađene članke koji se objavljuju u tekućoj nacionalnoj bibliografiji i uvršten je u centralni elektronski katalog. Svi članovi uredništva imaju naučna ili nastavna zvanja iz užih naučnih oblasti koje pokriva časopis. Časopis je uvršten u DOAJ, CEEOL, CiteFactor, INDEX COPERNICUS, EBSCO, ROAD, OAJI, i GOOGLE SCHOLAR citatne baze podataka. Na zadnjim stranama časopisa je i bibliografija radova objavljenih u drugoj svesci za 2020. godinu. Zahvaljujemo se recenzentima radova koji su svojom profesionalnošću i kritičkim pristupom u velikoj mjeri doprinjeli kvalitetu objavljenih radova.

S poštovanjem,

Dr Dejan Kojić, docent Glavni i odgovorni urednik

EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION

Dear fellow authors, distinguished readers, In the front of you is the first issue of the scientific Journal of Social and Technological Development - STED Journal in 2021, published by the University of Business Engineering and Management. The first issue in 2021 includes 9 papers. Published papers have got a positive review by two independent reviewers. Reviews are anonymous and reviewers do not know the authors identity. Reviewers have also suggested the sorting of papers into scientific and expert category. Reviewers have given their consent for publishing of paper based on their assessment of originality, novelty, used methodology and literature of paper. Each paper is assigned COBISS, UDC and DOI number by the National and University Library of the Republic of Srpska. The journal has its analytically revised articles which are published in the current national bibliography, and it is included in the central electronic catalogue. All members of the editorial board have scientific or educational titles from the narrow scientific fields covered by the journal. The journal is included in the DOAJ, CEEOL, CiteFactor, INDEX COPERNICUS, EBSCO, ROAD, OAJI, i GOOGLE SCHOLAR citation databases. On the last pages of the journal, there is also the bibliography of papers published in second issue in 2020. We thank the reviewers of papers whose professionalism and critical approach have greatly contributed to the quality of published papers.

With best wishes, Dr Dejan Kojić, docent Editor-in-Chief

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ v UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)

SADRŽAJ – TABLE OF CONTENTS

PORODIČNO AFEKTIVNO VEZIVANJE I AGRESIVNOST KOD NEPSIHOTIČNIH POČINILACA NASILNIH KRIVIČNIH DELA ...... 1-11 FAMILY AFFECTIVE ATTACHMENT AND AGRESSIVENESS AT NON-PSYCHOTIC OFFENDERS OF VIOLENT CRIMES Snežana Samardžić

AFEKTIVNA VEZANOST U DJETINJSTVU KAO PREDIKTOR STRESA, ANKSIOZNOSTI, DEPRESIVNOSTI I ADVERZIVNIH ISKUSTAVA KOD MLADIH...... 12-20 AFFECTIVE ATTACHMENT IN CHILDHOOD AS A PREDICTOR OF STRESS, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND ADVERSIVE EXPERIENCES IN YOUNG PEOPLE Elvir Ibeljić, Miroslav Đurić

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP AS A FACTOR OF JOB SATISAFACTION...... 21-29 Branka Zolak Poljašević, Dragana Došenović, Marija Todorović

REGIONAL COOPERATION OF DEVELOPMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT (CASE IN THE PROVINCE OF EAST JAVA, INDONESIA) ...... 30-38 Ardhana Januar Mahardhani, Sri Suwitri, Soesilo Zauhar, Hartuti Purnaweni

УПОТРЕБА ИНТЕРНЕТА У ПРЕДУЗЕЋИМА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ ЗА ВРЕМЕ ПАНДЕМИЈЕ COVID-19 ...... 39-46 INTERNET USE IN ENTERPRISES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC Милан Дајић

SELECTION OF THE MOST ACCEPTABLE TOOL FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE FOR WORK IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ...... 47-56 Jefto Džino, Branko Latinović, Živan Đuračković, Stefan Džino

CONFLICT OF A MEMORY CULTURE IN WESTERN BALKANS ...... 57-68 Đorđe Vuković

NAJBOLJI INTERES DJETETA U POSTUPKU SMJEŠTAJA DJECE U DOM ZA DJECU BEZ RODITELJSKOG STARANJA ...... 69-84 THE BEST INTEREST OF A CHILD IN THE PROCEDURE OF PLACEMENT OF CHILDREN IN A HOME FOR CHILDREN WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE Ljubinka Lazić

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ vi UDK 330.11 ISSN 2637-2150 (print) ISSN 2637-2614 (online)

SPECIAL FORMS OF CONTROL OF STATE ADMINISTRATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA ...... 85-96 Filip Novaković

GUIDELINES TO AUTHORS FOR WRITING PAPERS ...... 97-104 Dejan Kojić, Marijana Žiravac Mladenović, Jelena Pavličević

BIBLIOGRAFIJA – STED JOURNAL 3(1), maj 2021 ...... 105-107 BIBLIOGRAPHY – STED JOURNAL 3(1), may 2021

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ vii STED Journal 3(1). May 2021.

PORODIČNO AFEKTIVNO VEZIVANJE I AGRESIVNOST KOD NEPSIHOTIČNIH POČINILACA NASILNIH KRIVIČNIH DELA

Snežana Samardžić

JZU Specijalna bolnica za psihijatriju, Podromanija bb, 71350 Sokolac, Bosna i Hercegovina, [email protected]

ORIGINALAN NAUČNI RAD nasilja sa različitim obrascima porodične afektivne vezanosti u odnosu na vrstu i nivo ISSN 2637-2150 agresivnosti. Ispitivanje je provedeno na e-ISSN 2637-2614 uzorku od 62 ispitanika muškog pola, sa UDK 343.54/.55-055.2:159.942 istorijom počinjenja nekog nasilnog DOI 10.7251/STED2101001S krivičnog dela. U ispitivanju usvojenih obrazaca porodične afektivne vezanosti Primljen rad: 28.03.2021. (PAV) korišćen je modifikovani Brenanov Prihvaćen rad: 07.05.2021. upitnik za procenjivanje PAV, dok su nivo i Publikovan rad: 28.05.2021. struktura agresivnosti ispitivani pomoću http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com skale agresivnosti BPAG. Rezultati su pokazali da sigurno vezani ispitanici imaju najniži nivo agresivnosti po svim Autor za prepisku: modalitetima koje meri korišćena skala u Snežana Samardžić, JZU Specijalna odnosu na ispitanike sa nesigurnim bolnica za psihijatriju, Podromanija bb, vezivanjem. Takođe, ispitanici sa 71350 Sokolac, Bosna i Hercegovina, okupiranim obrascem vezivanja pokazuju [email protected] značajno veći nivo hostilnosti, a plašljivo vezani pokazuju značajno veći nivo besa, Copyright © 2020 Snežana hostilnosti i ukupne agresivnosti. Između Samardžić; published by UNIVERSITY sigurno i odbacujuće vezanih nije nađena PIM. This work licensed under the Creative statistički značajna razlika. Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- Ključne reči: afektivno vezivanje, NoDerivs 4. agresivnost, nasilna krivična dela.

APSTRAKT UVOD Problem agresije i agresivnosti veoma Ljudsko društvo se od svog nastanka je aktuelan u naše vreme. Sama agresija nije suočava sa agresivnim ponašanjem nasilje, ali to postaje kada se ispolji kao pojedinaca ili pak grupa, što je uslovilo da kriminalni akt. Dosadašnja teoretska se agresivnost, kao pojava, proučava od sagledavanja i konkretna istraživanja davnina. Tako, o zločinu kao društvenom prirode nasilnog ponašanja bar u određenoj fenomenu pronalaze pisani tragovi još iz meri impliciraju da su mnogi poremećaji u vremena antičke Grčke i starog Rima. strukturi ponašanja (između ostalog i Sam pojam „agresija“ je ambivalentan nasilno, kriminalno ponašanje) jednim i upotrebljava se najčešće za označavanje delom uslovljeni i poremećenim neke destruktivne aktivnosti, pri čemu porodičnim odnosima. akcija sa napadačkim ciljem može biti Aktuelno istraživanje, oslanjajući se usmerena prema drugoj osobi (kada na teoriju afektivnog vezivanja, imalo je za govorimo o homicidalnom ponašanju) ili cilj da ispita da li postoje neke razlike prema samom sebi (što podrazumeva unutar grupe nepsihotičnih počinilaca suicidalno ponašanje). Milovanović D. i

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 1 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. Milovanović S. ukazuju da je agresivnost, potencijalu) pripada grupi poremećaja kao entitet, prisutna u svim vidovima ličnosti (Fazel, Grann, 2004). interpersonalne komunikacije i to kao Mišljenja o povezanosti kriminalnog element ljubavi, mržnje i bolesti ponašanja i zavisnosti od alkohola i droga (Milovanović i Milovanović, 2000). Prema su podeljena: neki istraživači podržavaju Ćiriću, agresivnost označava trajnu osobinu tezu o njihovoj povezanosti, dok drugi stoje ili stanje ličnosti, odnosno skup oblika na stanovištu da ove dve pojave nisu ni u ponašanja i tendenci, koje su relativno kakvoj kauzalnoj vezi. U nekim postojane i među sobom su u značajnom istraživanjima se alkohol pojavljuje kao stepenu korelacije (Ćirić, 1998; Ćirić, značajan faktor u vezi sa kriminalitetom i 2001). nasilnim ponašanjem (Draganić, Kovačević, Na pitanje da li su mentalni Mužinić i Sušac, 2016; Dundović, 2008). poremećaji sami po sebi nosioci agresivnih Neka laboratorijska istraživanja podržavaju potencijala ili je u pitanju delovanje i ideju da je nivo alkoholom podstaknute drugih činilaca, danas ne postoji jedinstven agresivnosti povezan sa osobom koja se u odgovor. Nas je u ovom radu interesovala prošlosti ponašala agresivno (Giancola & agresivnost nepsihotične psihijatrijske Zeicher, 1995, Bailey & Taylor, 1991, populacije: poremećaja ličnosti i zavisnika Moeller & Dougherty 2001, prema od psihoaktivnih supstanci. Iz kliničke Žarković-Palijan, 2005). prakse sa ovim pacijentima možemo reći da Mnoge studije ukazuju da je i uživanje je agresivnost karakteristična za obe droge faktor koji dovodi do kriminaliteta. kategorije. Dosadašnja istraživanja su Neki istraživači posmatraju drogu samo kao ukazala da su poremećaji ličnosti povezani okidač za oslobađanje agresivnih i sa kriminalitetom. U sklopu interesovanja sadističkih impulsa, koji već postoje u za agresivnost osoba sa poremećajem ličnosti, dok drugi smatraju da je ličnosti de Baros i de Padua su poredili kriminalno ponašanje u okviru narkomanije antisocijalni poremećaj ličnosti sa »iznuđeni oblik« delinkventnog ponašanja, borderline poremećajem i to u odnosu na koje je diktirano narkomanijom kao bolešću vrstu agresivnosti i krivično delo protiv a ne predispozicijama ličnosti. Kostić je imovine (de Baros & de Padua, 2008). poredio grupu narkomana-delinkvenata i Zaključili su da različiti poremećaji ličnosti nedelinkvenata sa grupom normalnih vode ka različitim vrstama krivičnih dela i ispitanika, našavši pri tom da je u odnosu agresivnosti: ličnosti sa antisocijalnim na normalnu populaciju, kod delinkventih poremećajem su hladne i češće počine narkomana najizrazitije prisutna crta zločine koji zahtevaju detaljnije planiranje, agresivnosti (Kostić, 1996). dok su borderline pacijenti impulsivni i U ovom radu za teorijski koncept eksplozivni. U longitudinalnoj studiji prihvaćena je Bowlbyjevu teoriju o Newhillove i saradnika sa uzorkom iz više afektivnom vezivanju. Istraživanjem na regiona, ispitivao se stepen agresivnosti kod uzorku dece sklone delinkvenciji, Bowlby borderline poremećaja (Newhill, Eack & je počeo da uobličava ideju o nepovoljnim Mulvey, 2009). Nalazi su pokazali da je ranim okolnostima, kao uzroku kasnije 73% subjekata sa borderline poremećajem psihopatologije ličnosti (Bowlby, 1969). ličnosti povezano sa agresivnošću. Fazel i Teorija afektivnog vezivanja naglašava Grann su ispitivali psihijatrijski morbiditet i značaj ranih interpersonalnih interakcija homicid u Švedskoj za period 1981-2001. deteta, preko kojih se uspostavljaju različiti godine na uzorku od N=2005 ispitanika, a obrasci afektivnih veza, ali koje takođe njihovi rezultati su pokazali da 90% utiču i na osetljivost ličnosti za razvoj ispitivanog uzorka ima psihijatrijsku psihopatoloških odgovora na životne dijagnozu; od ispitanika sa psihijatrijskom okolnosti (Stefanović-Stanojević, 2005). To dijagnozom 54% počinitelja homicida (što bi bili sledeći obrasci: svedoči o njihovom agresivnom 1. Sigurni obrazac afektivnog vezivanja (pozitivni model sebe i

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 2 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. pozitivni model drugih) u vezi je partnerskim odnosima, gde često adekvatnim i uzajamno ispoljavanju teškoće u kontrolisanju funkcionalnim interakcijama deteta besa; kao i preokupirane osobe, sa majkom, koje mu omogućavaju zavisne su od tuđeg prihvatanja i da gradi predstavu o sebi kao osobi potvrde, međutim, zbog negativnog koja zavređuje ljubav i pažnju, očekivanja od drugih, teško realizuju istovremeno gradeći i pozitivnu bliskost iako teže za njom, visoko su sliku o drugim ljudima. Na taj način, anksiozni i skloni pogrešnom ono internalizuje osećaj sopstvene interpretiranju emocionalno vrednosti, gradi samopouzdanja i obojenih signala i poruka. poverenje u odnosima sa drugima i U kontekstu ove teme, proučavano je razvija osećaj prijatnosti u bliskim, u kakvoj je vezi agresivnost nepsihotičnih intimnim odnosima. počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela sa ranim 2. Okupirani obrazac (negativni porodičnim afektivnim vezivanjem. model sebe i pozitivni model drugih) se stvara iz iskustva majčine Neka dosadašnja istraživanja nedoslednosti u reagovanju na U studiji koju je provela Kõiva iz detetove potrebe, usled čega dete 2016. godine procenjivana je veza između bira strategiju intenzivnog vezivanja obrazaca afektivne vazanosti i činjenja za majku, čija je funkcija nasilnih krivičnih prestupa kod odraslih kontrolisanje i obezbeđivanje muškaraca u Estoniji (Kõiva, 2016). Ona je, majčine prisutnosti. Ove osobe na uzorku od 110 ispitanika (od čega je 47 negativno procenjuju sebe i nastoje bilo nasilnih, a 63 nenasilna počinioca da pridobiju od drugih bezuslovno krivičnih dela) pokazala da je kod ispitanika prihvatanje, verujući da bi mogle da koji su počinili nasilna krivična dela bio se osećaju sigurno i bezbedno samo značajno više prisutan anksiozno- kada bi navele druge da na pravi ambivalentni obrazac vezivanja u odnosu na način odgovore na njihove potrebe. nenasilne počinioce krivičnih dela. 3. Odbacujući stil afektivnog Karantzas i saradnici su pokušali da na vezivanja (pozitivni model sebe i osnovu pregleda ranijih istraživanja naprave negativni model drugih) se razvija uvid u povezanost obrazaca afektivne ukoliko je dete tokom razvoja vezanosti i lakših oblika seksualnih delikata suočeno sa iskustvom majčinog Karantzas, et al., 2016). Pokazalo se da je kontinuiranog i doslednog anksiozno (preokupirano) vezivanje nereagovanja na njegove potrebe. U doslednije povezano sa žrtvom seksualne tom slučaju ono postepeno formira prinude od izbegavajuće (odbacujuće) sliku o sebi kao nekom ko ne vezanosti, dok je, u pogledu izvršenja, zavređuje ljubav i sliku o drugima izbegavajuća vezanost doslednije povezana kao osobama koje ga odbacuju. sa seksualnom prinudom. Odbacujuće osobe izbegavaju Slično, i Velotti i saradnici su se bavili bliskost zbog negativnih očekivanja analizom studija koje su istraživale od drugih, ali uspevaju da održe attachment i nasilje u intimnim partnerskim osećanje sopstvene vrednosti vezama, ali su njihovi rezultati bili odbrambenim poricanjem vrednosti drugačiji: naime, oni su izneli zaključak da bliskih odnosa i vezivanja. postoji veliki broj ovih studija, koje nisu 4. Plašljivi obrazac (negativni model i uspele da pronađu značajne veze između sebe i drugih) stvaraju deca koja su nesigurne vezanosti i vršenja partnerskog odrastala uz duševno obolele nasilja (Velotti, Beomonte Zobel, Rogier, & roditelje, ili deca koja su bila fizički Tambelli, 2018). Kada je reč o nasilju u zlostavljana. Karakteriše ih intimnim vezama, interesantno je ambivalentan odnos prema istraživanje McClure-a i Parmenter-a, koje vezivanju, koji zadržavaju i u je povezalo vršenje navedenog nasilja sa

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 3 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. emocionalnim i fizičkim zlostavljanjem i unutar grupe kriminogene populacije sa zanemarivanjem u detinjstvu, i sa različitim obrascima porodične afektivne anksioznim (okupiranim) stilom vezivanja vezanosti (PAV) u odnosu na vrstu i nivo (McClure, & Parmenter, 2017). agresivnosti. Rezultati studije koju su proveli Schimmenti i saradnici, sugerišu da Hipoteze istraživanje prošlih i sadašnjih odnosa U skladu sa Bowlby-jevom teorijom vezanosti može biti presudno za afektivnog vezivanja, očekivano je da će razumevanje nasilnog ponašanja istraživanje pokazati značajne razlike u vrsti (Schimmenti, et al., 2014). Oni su otkrili da i nivou agresivnosti između sigurno i se preko stavki Upitnika za procenu nesigurno vezanih počinilaca nasilnih psihopatije (PCL-R), koje se odnose na krivičnih dela, i to tako da će sigurno vezani devalvaciju afektivne vezanosti, mogu počinioci ispoljiti niži nivo agresivnosti u predvideti rezultati, odnosno – pokazali su odnosu na ostala tri obrasca nesigurne da je većina učesnika, koji su dobili najviše vezanosti (okupirani, odbacujući i plašljivi). rezultate na upitniku PCL-R, takođe prijavilo ozbiljno zlostavljanje tokom svog Uzorak i procedura detinjstva, što je rezultiralo pojavom Uzorak je činilo 62 ispitanika muškog dezorganizovane (plašljive) vezanosti. pola, prosečne starosne dobi od 37,92 Brodie i saradnici navode da je godina, koji su počinili neko nasilno nesigurno vezivanje povezano sa krivično delo. Najveći broj ispitanika potiče disfunkcionalnim strategijama za regulaciju iz gradske sredine (58%), srednjoškolskog emocija, što dovodi do nefleksibilnog ili je obrazovanja (66%) i oženjen (45%). neprilagođenog reagovanja (Brodie, Uglavnom potiču iz potpune, funkcionalne Goodall, Darling, & McVittie, 2018). porodice (68%), u kojoj nije bilo Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da oni sa visokim alkoholizma. Najveći broj njih je počinio anksioznim vezivanjem slabo regulišu krvni delikt (44%) i razbojništvo sa druge negativne emocije, ali da ipak da ove napadom na osobu (31%), a žrtve su osobe mogu primeniti strategiju suzbijanja najčešće bile muškog pola (58%) i kada se suoče sa iskustvom besa. nepoznate počiniocu (55%). Prema nalazima Amanija, sigurno Istraživanje je provedeno u zatvorskim vezivanje majke i deteta imalo je značajnu jedinicama Foča i Istočno Sarajevo, a negativnu korelaciju sa agresijom, uključeni su ispitanici sa dijagnozom ambivalentno vezivanje je imalo značajnu poremećaja ličnosti i bolesti zavisnosti, koji pozitivnu korelaciju sa agresijom, dok su se u trenutku provođenja istraživačkog izbegavajući obrazac vezivanja nije imao postupka nalazili na izdržavanju kazne zbog značajnu korelaciju sa agresijom (Amani, počinjenih nasilnih krivičnih dela, u koja 2016). Prema rezultatima ove studije, su, u ovom istraživanju, svrstani krvni sigurno vezivanje majke i bebe moglo bi da delikti, seksualni delikti, nasilje u porodici, smanji agresiju tokom odraslog doba, dok razbojništvo i napad na službena ili druga bi, s druge strane, ambivalentna vezanost lica. Ispitivanje je provedeno grupno, a između majke i deteta mogla očigledno da učestvovanje u istraživanju bilo je poveća rizik od agresije. dobrovoljno. Svim ispitanicima je ukratko objašnjena svrha istraživanja. METOD Problem i cilj istraživanja Instrumenti Problem ovog rada bio je da se ispita Za ispitivanje usvojenih obrazaca kakav je uticaj ranog nepovoljnog porodične afektivne vezanosti koristili smo emocionalnog iskustva na agresivnost modifikovani Brennanov Upitnik za nepsihotičnih počinilaca krivičnih dela procenjivanje PAV (Brenan, Clark & nasilja. U tom kontekstu, cilj istraživanja Shaver, 1995, preuzeto iz Stefanović- bio je da se utvrdi da li postoje razlike Stanojević, 2005). Upitnik se sastoji od 18

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 4 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. tvrdnji koje se odnose na osećanja agresivnost – odnosi se na sklonost ka ispitanika u porodičnim odnosima. Pri tom, upuštanju u tuče i obračune; 3. hostilnost – 9 tvrdnji meri anksioznost, a drugih 9 meri odnosi se na uverenje osobe da život nije izbegavanje. Kombinacijom rezultata na pravedan prema njoj i osećanje da su drugi subskalama Anksioznost i Izbegavanje uspešniji, kao i na paranoidne sklonosti; 4. dobijaju se četiri obrazaca afektivne verbalna agresivnost – ispituje sklonost ka vezanosti: sigurni, okupirani, odbacujući i agresivno-asertivnom ponašanju, zaštiti plašljivi. Kako bi se odredila pouzdanost sopstvenih prava koja uključuje pretnje, primenjenog instrumenta izračunat je provokacije i svađu. Veći rezultati na Cronbach α koeficijent koji u ovom subskalama znače i veću agresivnost istraživanju iznosi .827. S obzirom na mali ispitanika. Izračunati Cronbach α broj stavki u upitniku, može se zaključiti da koeficijenti za subskale ovog upitnika kreću je pouzdanost prihvatljiva. se u rasponu od .713 do .832, a pouzdanost Ispitivanje nivoa i strukture celokupne skale je visoka i iznosi .905. agresivnosti vršeno je pomoću skale agresivnosti BPAG. Autori skale su Buss i Perry, a primenjena skala predstavlja REZULTATI skraćenu i revidiranu formu Upitnika Rezultati testiranja normaliteta hostilnosti (Buss & Durkee, 1957, prema distribucija dobijenih rezultata prikazani su Mitrović i Smederevac, 2005). Sastoji se od u tabeli 1. Kolmogorov-Smirnovim testom 29 iskaza sa petostepenim skalama utvrđeno je da se distribucije subskale Likertovog tipa za odgovaranje. Ova skala Izbegavanje (na upitniku PAV) i subskale obuhvata četiri subskale: 1. bes – odnosi se Bes i Fizička agresivnost upitnika na tendencu ka impulsivnom i agresivnosti BPAG statistički značajno nepromišljenom reagovanju; 2. fizička razlikuju od normalne distribucije.

Tabela 1. Provera normaliteta distribucija rezultata dobijenih na skalama PAV i BPAG Table1.Check of normality of results distribution obtained on scales PAV and BPAG Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistic df Sig. PAV anksioznost .077 62 .200 PAV izbegavanje .126 62 .017* BPAG bes .125 62 .017* BPAG fizička agr. .124 62 .019* BPAG hostilost .072 62 .200 BPAG verbalna agr. .101 62 .184 BPAG .074 62 .200 Napomena: sig – značajnost; **- odstupanje značajno na nivou 0.01; *- odstupanje značajno na nivou 0.05

Radi se o pozitivno asimetričnim upotreljeni su parametrijski postupci na distribucijama, što ukazuje da su rezultati navedenim skalama. grupisani na nižim vrednostima skala (veći U tabeli broj 2 dati su osnovni broj ispitanika ima nisko izbegavanje, deskriptivni pokazatelji agresivnosti, u odnosno niži nivo agresivnosti). S obzirom odnosu na obrasce porodičnog afektivnog da se ostale skale normalno distribuiraju, vezivanja ispitanika.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 5 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. Tabela 2. Testiranje značajnosti razlika između različito afektivno vezanih ispitanika u odnosu na skale BPAG: deskriptivne mere Table 2. Testing of importance of differences between differently affectively attached examinee comaring to the scales BPAG: descriptive measurements N M SD Min. Max. sigurni obrazac 40 24.68 8.377 10 41 okupirani obr. 11 29.27 7.913 20 42 BPAG odbacujuci obr. 5 29.80 7.694 19 38 Bes plasljivi obr. 6 36.67 7.062 23 43 Total 62 27.06 8.798 10 43 sigurni obrazac 40 13.65 5.309 6 28 okupirani obr. 11 14.64 6.757 6 25 BPAG Fizička odbacujuci obr. 5 16.60 5.857 11 24 agresivnost plasljivi obr. 6 18.50 5.357 11 25 Total 62 14.53 5.702 6 28

sigurni obrazac 40 19.95 5.306 8 30 okupirani obr. 11 24.27 6.068 15 35 BPAG Hostilnost odbacujuci obr. 5 21.20 4.438 17 28 plasljivi obr. 6 27.83 5.456 18 33 Total 62 21.58 5.888 8 35 sigurni obrazac 40 20.50 5.487 9 30 okupirani obr. 11 23.00 3.464 18 30 BPAG Verbalna odbacujuci obr. 5 16.80 7.918 9 29 agrresivnost plasljivi obr. 6 24.67 3.204 20 30 Total 62 21.05 5.461 9 30 sigurni obrazac 40 78.78 19.945 46 119 okupirani obr. 11 91.18 18.893 71 126 BPAG Ukupna odbacujuci obr. 5 84.40 20.182 62 107 agresivnost plasljivi obr. 6 107.67 15.782 77 122 Total 62 84.23 21.030 46 126

Iz tabele se takođe vidi da sigurno statistički značajno razlikuju na skali besa, vezani ispitanici imaju najniži nivo skali hostilnosti i skali ukupne agresivnosti, agresivnosti, a da ispitanici sa plašljivim dok je razlika na skali verbalne agresivnosti obrascem porodične afektivne vezanosti na granici statističke značajnosti. pokazuju najviši nivo agresivnosti po svim U cilju utvrđivanja značajnosti razlika modalitetima koje meri skala u odnosu na između različito afektivno vezanih ispitanika u ispitanike sa drugim obrascima PAV. odnosu na skale agresivnosti proveden je t-test, a Rezultati provedene analize varijanse rezultati su prikazani u tabeli 4. dati su u tabeli 3. Kao što se vidi, grupe se

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 6 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. Tabela 3. Testiranje značajnosti razlika između različito afektivno vezanih ispitanika u odnosu na skale BPAG: ANOVA Table 3. . Testing of importance of differences between differently affectively attached examinee comaring to the scales BPAG: ANOVA Sum of Mean df F Sig. Squares Square Između grupa 872.652 3 290.884 4.383 .008 BPAG Unutar grupa 3849.090 58 66.364 bes Total 4721.742 61 Između grupa 147.090 3 49.030 1.549 .212 BPAG Fizička Unutar grupa 1836.345 58 31.661 agresivnost Total 1983.435 61 Između grupa 421.382 3 140.461 4.810 .005 BPAG Unutar grupa 1693.715 58 29.202 hostilnost Total 2115.097 61 Između grupa 222.722 3 74.241 2.698 .054 BPAG Verbalna Unutar grupa 1596.133 58 27.520 agresivnost Total 1818.855 61 Između grupa 5017.694 3 1672.565 4.418 .007 BPAG Ukupna Unutar grupa 21959.145 58 378.606 agresivnost Total 26976.839 61

Tabela 4. Testiranje značajnosti razlika između različito afektivno vezanih ispitanika u odnosu na skale BPAG: t-test Table 4. . Testing of importance of differences between differently affectively attached examinee comaring to the scales BPAG: t-test Poređenje: Skale: F df p Sigurni – okupirani Hostilnost .083 49 .024* Bes 1.243 44 .002** Sigurni – plašljivi Hostilnost .051 44 .002** Ukupna agresivnost 1.509 44 .002** Okupirani – odbacujući Verbalna agresivnost 5.726 14 .042* Napomena: p – značajnost; **- odstupanje značajno na nivou 0.01; *- odstupanje značajno na nivou 0.05

Rezultati su pokazali da postoji pokazuju značajno veći nivo besa, statistički značajna razlika između hostilnosti i ukupne agresivnosti. Između ispitanika sa sigurnim obrascima PAV i sigurno i odbacujuće vezanih nije nađena ispitanika sa okupiranim obrascem PAV i to statistički značajna razlika. Što se tiče tako da okupirano vezani ispitanici nesigurnih obrazaca vezanosti, statistički pokazuju značajno veću hostilnost u odnosu značajna razlika nađena je jedino između na sigurno vezane. Takođe, nađena je grupe okupiranih i odbacujućih, gde su statistički značajna razlika i između grupe okupirano vezani ispitanici pokazali sigurno vezanih ispitanika i grupe plašljivo značajno veću verbalnu agresivnost. vezanih ispitanika, gde plašljivo vezani

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 7 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. DISKUSIJA obrazaca afektivne vezanosti kasnije S obzirom da se psihopatološka pokazivati veći stepen agresivnosti. ispoljavanja, u kontekstu teorije afektivnog U istraživanju je utvrđeno da ispitanici vezivanja, najčešće povezuju sa nesigurnim sa okupiranim obrascem PAV pokazuju obrascima vezanosti, osnovne pretpostavke značajno veći nivo hostilnosti u odnosu na ovog istraživanja bile su da će se različito sigurno vezane ispitanike; pri tom se pod vezani ispitanici razlikovati u odnosu na hostilnošću podrazumeva uverenje osobe da vrstu i stepen ispoljavanja agresivnosti. je život nepravedan, da su drugi vredniji i Dobijeni rezultati potvrdili su ove uspešniji, ali isto tako podrazumeva i pretpostavke: u istraživanju je utvrđeno da hipersenzitivnost i oprez u komunikaciji sa ispitanici sa sigurnim obrascem porodične drugima. Prema teoriji afektivnog afektivne vezanosti pokazuju najniži nivo vezivanja, okupirani obrazac podrazumeva agresivnosti, a da u okviru nesigurnih nesigurnost, ambivalentnost i naglašenu obrazaca vezanosti ispitanici sa plašljivim nezrelost usled negativnog vrednovanja obrascem porodične afektivne vezanosti sebe; kod njih se evidentira doživljaj manje pokazuju veći nivo ukupne agresivnosti, ali vrednosti, nedostatak samopoštovanja i vrlo i veći nivo različitih oblika agresivnosti krhko poverenje u druge, uz strah da za njih (bes, hostilnost). Ovi nalazi su u skladu sa nisu dovoljno dobri. Ove osobe su u rezultatima do kojih su došli Samardžić i principu preokupirane odnosima, loše saradnici, utvrdivši povezanost nepovoljnih procenjuju realitet, visoko su emocionalno iskustava koja se odnose na rana ometanja u reaktivne, posebno podložne reagovanju uspostavljanju stabilne emocionalne ljutnjom i besom. Prema Bowlbyju ljutnja vezanosti sa višim skorom hostilne je prirodan odgovor deteta u situaciji kada agresivnosti, a koja se odnosi na je očekivanje sigurnosti u blizini značajne sumnjičavost, nepoverenje, uvredljivost, druge osobe ugroženo i, ukoliko se vulnerabilnost na stres (Samardžić, Nikolić, neosetljivost majke (ili druge figure Grbeša, Simonović i Milenković, 2010). vezanosti) doživi kao „duboka“ i S druge strane, Levy i Orlans navode prožimajuća, ona pokreće agresiju kao istaživanja nekih autora, po kojima su odgovor, biva integrisana u self-strukturu dečaci tinejdžeri, sa teškoćama u ranom deteta i počinje da preti „probijanjem“ kroz afektivnom vezivanju, tri puta češće afektivnu vezanost (Bowlby, 1969). Na hapšeni zbog nasilja. Isti autori ukazuju da ovaj način okupirana afektivna vezanost, su deca, koja imaju teškoće tokom prema Bowlbyju, može biti povezana sa afektivnog vezivanja, pod visokim rizikom nasilnim ponašanjem, ali isto tako i sa da razviju razne probleme kako postaju hostilnošću, što bi objasnilo naše rezultate. stariji. Po pravilu oni postaju impulsivniji, Izdvojenost plašljivog obrasca nesposobni da daju i prime ljubav, afektivne vezanosti, kao najagresivnijeg u nedostaje im savest, osećaj sažaljenja i ispitivanom uzorku, svedoči o specifičnoj empatije, ekstremno se suprostavljaju, vulnerabilnosti ovih osoba, za koje se može agresivni su i nasilni (Levy & Orlans, 2004, pretpostaviti da su odrastali uz nepredvidive prema Čačić, 2009). roditelje, koji često imaju ulogu i U odnosu na Bowlby-jevu teoriju progonitelja i žrtve, pa su se ispitanici u afektivnog vezivanja, u čijim se radovima detinjstvu verovatno suočavali sa ističe da začetak agresivnosti ima poreklo u dvostrukom porukom da osoba, koja treba ranom iskustvu nesigurne vezanosti, te da da bude izvor sigurnosti, topline i podrške, se pojava ljutnje kasnije konvertuje u ujedno predstavlja i izvor straha i agresivnost (tokom predškolskog perioda) i nesigurnosti. Pretpostavljamo da je na ovaj u antisocijalne ispade u kasnijem periodu način kod ispitanika došlo do razvoja razvoja (Čačić, 2009), može se reći da su negativnog modela i sebe i drugih nalazi ovog istraživanja u skladu sa (karakteriše ih odsustvo poverenja i u sebe i pretpostavkom da će oni, koji su u ranom u druge, uz nerazvijenost bilo kakve detinjstvu razvili neki od nesigurnih strategije za održavanje odnosa sa

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 8 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. drugima). S druge strane, zbog razloga zašto uzorak čine samo muškarci generalizacije ovih radnih modela, ispitanici leži u činjenici da žene mnogo ređe čine pokazuju tendencu da i u drugim odnosima krivična dela, te da su zatvori u kojima je vide opasnost, pretnju, hostilnost, vršeno istraživanje namenjeni izdržavanju nedoslednost i neresponzivnost, a sebe u kazni muških počinilaca krivičnih dela. U ovim odnosima doživljavaju kao neadekva- istraživanju nisu uzete u obzir osobine tne i neprihvaćene, zbog čega primenjuju ličnosti ispitanika, koje takođe mogu biti jedini naučeni način opstajanja u odnosu, a kreatori i pokretači opasnih situacija. to je ili biti progonitelj, odnosno izvor Očekuje se da će ovo istraživanje bar straha i agresije (zbog nevrednovanja malo doprineti afirmaciji forenzičke nauke i drugih moguće je okretanje agresivnosti povećanju interesa za specifične probleme prema drugome), ili žrtva, odnosno vezane za osobe sa psihijatrijskim preplavljen bespomoćnošću (zbog dijagnozama, bez obzira da li se radi o nevrednovanja sebe moguće je okretanje psihotičnim ili nepsihotičnim poremećaji- agresivnosti ka samom sebi). ma, jer je ovo područje još uvek nedovoljno Takođe, porast unutrašnje tenzije istraženo. Buduće studije bi mogle da idu u usled kontinuirane ambivalencije po pitanju pravcu ispitivanja međusobnog odnosa vezivanja (karakteristično za ovaj obrazac - društvene sredine, bazičnih crta ličnosti i prisustvo želje za bliskošću i straha od nje) osobenosti porodice porekla, a svakako bi mogao bi da rezultira uključivanjem od značaja bilo istražiti i vezu premorbidne primitivnih mehanizama odbrane (projekci- strukture ličnosti i obrazaca vezanosti. ja, cepanje, projektivna identifikacija) i porastom interpersonalne hipersenzitivno- ZAKLJUČAK sti, što bi takođe moglo da dovede do Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispitaju teškoća u kontrolisanju agresivnih impulsa. razlike unutar grupe kriminogene Ono što je interesantno je činjenica da populacije sa različitim obrascima ovo istraživanje nije pokazalo statistički porodične afektivne vezanosti u odnosu na značajnu razliku u ispoljavanju agresivnosti vrstu i nivo agresivnosti. Nađene su između sigurno i odbacujuće vezanih statistički značajne razlike u ispoljavanju ispitanika. Ovo bi se moglo delimično agresivnosti između ispitanika sa sigurnim objasniti činjenicom da, usled negativnog obrascima PAV i ispitanika sa okupiranim i modela drugih, ove osobe ne očekuju plašljivim obrascima PAV. Ispitanici sa mnogo od interakcije sa drugima (očekuju okupiranim obrascem PAV pokazuju odbacivanje, hostilnost i neresponzivnost), značajno veću hostilnost u odnosu na pa su razvili pozitivan radni model sebe, za sigurno vezane ispitanike. Plašljivo vezani koji se može pretpostaviti da je u funkciji ispitanici pokazuju značajno veći nivo besa, zaštite već ranjenog i osetljivog selfa od hostilnosti i ukupne agresivnosti u odnosu novih povređivanja i retraumatizacije: na sigurno vezane ispitanike. Ispitanici sa strategija koju ove osobe koriste je okupiranim obrascem PAV pokazuju izbegavanje bliskosti, poricanje vrednosti značajno veću verbalnu agresivnost u bliskih relacija i oslanjanje na sebe. odnosu na odbacujuće vezane, dok između

sigurno i odbacujuće vezanih nije nađena Ograničenja studije i smernice za buduća statistički značajna razlika. istraživanja

Jedno od ograničenja ovog rada je relativno mali uzorak, što u principu LITERATURA onemogućava da se rezultati ovog Amani, R. (2016). Mother-infant istraživanja shvate kao čvrsto dokazane attachment styles as a predictor of činjenice, već se oni više mogu posmatrati aggression. Journal of Midwifery & kao verovatne tendencije. Takođe, u Reproduktive Health, 4(1), 506-516. istraživanju nema ženskih ispitanika, pa se Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and los: vol ne mogu uopštavati rezultati. Jedan od I. Attachment. New Jork: Basic Books.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 9 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. Brodie, Z.P., Goodall, K., Darling, S., McClure, M.M., & Parmenter, M. (2020). McVittie, C. (2018). Attachment Childhood trauma, trait anxiety, and insecurity and dispositional anxious attachment as predictors of aggression: The mediating role of intimate partner violence in college maladaptive anger regulation. Journal students. Journal of interpersonal od Socijal and personal Relationships, violence, 35(23-24), 6067-6082. 36(6); 1831-1852. Milovanović, D., Milovanović, S. (2000). O Čačić, S. (2009). Afektivno vezivanje agresivnosti. U knjizi: Milovanović, delinkvenata. Magistarski rad. Novi D., Đukić-Dejanović, S. Odabrana Sad: Filozofski fakultet. poglavlja iz psihijatrije. Beograd- De Barros, D.M., De Padua, S.A. (2008). Kragujevac: Žeks, 9-18. Association between personality Mitrović, D., Smederevac, S. (2005). disorder and violent behavior pattern. Relacije između agresivnosti i Forensic Science International 179(1), dimenzija ličnosti modela »Pet 19-22. velikih«. Pedagoška stvarnost, 51(5- Ćirić, Z. (1998). Agresija i agresivnost. 6), 456-471. Psihologija danas, 4, 13-15. Newhill, C.E., Eack, S.M., Mulvey, E.P. Ćirić, Z. (2001). Teorije agresivnosti. (2009). Violent behavior in borderline Nasilje i krivična odgovornost – Personality. Journal of Personality zbornik radova. Disorders 23(6), 541-554. Draganić, M., Kovačević, D., Mužinić, L., Samardžić, LJ., Nikolić, G., Grbeša,G., Sušac, N. (2016). Alkohol kao Simonović, M., Milenković, T. kriminogeni čimbenik kod ubojstva i (2010). Povezanost nepovoljnih pokušaja ubojstva. Ljetopis socijalnog iskustava u detinjstvu sa rada 23(2), 299-323. psihijatrijskim poremećajima i Dundović, D. (2008). ubojstva intimnih agresivnošću kod odraslih. partnera i alkohol. Hrvatski ljetopis za Vojnosanitetski pregled, 67(8), 653- kazneno pravo i praksu, Zagreb 15(1), 658. 177-203. Schimmenti, A., Passanisi, A., Pace, U., Fazel, S., Grann, M. (2004). Psychiatric Manzella, S., Di Carlo, G., & Caretti, Morbidity Among Homicide V. (2014). The relationship between Offenders: A Swedish Population attachment and psychopathy: A study Study. Am J Psychiatry 161, 2129- with a sample of violent 2131. offenders. Current Psychology, 33(3), Karantzas, G.C., McCabe, M.P., Karantzas, 256-270. K.M., Pizzirani, B., Campbell, H., & Stefanović-Stanojević, T. (2005). Mullins, E.R. (2016). Attachment Emocionalni razvoj ličnosti. Niš: style and less severe forms of sexual Filozofski fakultet, DIGP „Prosveta“. coercion: a systematic review. Velotti, P., Beomonte Zobel, S., Rogier, G., Archives of sexual behavior, 45(5), & Tambelli, R. (2018). Exploring 1053-1068. relationships: A systematic review on Kõiva, K. (2016). Attachment styles among intimate partner violence and attach- a sample of Estonian adult male ment. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, offenders. The European Proceedings 1166. of Social and Behavioral Sciences Ep- Žarković-Palijan, T. (2005). Značajke SBS, 16, 27-35. osobnosti alkoholičara počinitelja i Kostić, M. (1996). Homo negans ili Čovek nepočinitelja kaznenih djela nasuprot: ogledi iz forenzičke Doktorska disertacija. Zagreb: psihologije. Beograd: Institut za Medicinski fakultet. kriminološka istraživanja.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 10 Samardžić, S. (2021). Porodično afektivno vezivanje i agresivnost kod nepsihotičnih počinilaca nasilnih krivičnih dela. STED Journal, 3(1), 1-11. FAMILY AFFECTIVE ATTACHMENT AND AGRESSIVENESS AT NON-PSYCHOTIC OFFENDERS OF VIOLENT CRIMES

Snežana Samardžić

PHI Special hospital for psychiatry, Podromanija bb, 71350 Sokolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER attachment comparing to the kind and a level of aggressiveness. The survey was ISSN 2637-2150 carried out on a sample of 62 male e-ISSN 2637-2614 examinee, with the history committing of a UDC 343.54/.55-055.2:159.942 violent crime. Brennan's modified DOI 10.7251/STED2101001S questionnaire for estimation was used in the survey for adopted patterns of family Paper received: 28.03.2021. affective attachment (PAV), while the level Paper accepted: 07.05.2021. and structure of aggressiveness were Published: 28.05.2021. examined by using BPAG scale of http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com aggressiveness. The results shows that safely attached respondents have the lowest Corresponding Author: level of the aggressiveness in accordance Snežana Samardžić, PHI Special hospital with all modalities which are measured by for psychiatry, Podromanija bb, 71350 used scale comparing to the respondents Sokolac, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with unsafely attached. Also, the [email protected] respondents with occupied pattern of attachment show considerably high level of hostility, whereas timidly attached ones Copyright © 2020 Snežana show considerably high level of anger, Samardžić; published by UNIVERSITY hostility and total aggressiveness. Between PIM. This work licensed under the Creative safely attached and rejected ones there has Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- not been found statistically important NoDerivs 4. difference. Keywords: affective attachment, aggressiveness, violent crimes. ABSTRACT A problem of aggression and aggressiveness is rather present in our time. The very aggression is not violence, but it becomes the one when it is demonstrated as crime. The previous theoretical observation and specific research of the nature of violent behavior at least implies that many disorders in the structure of the behavior (also violent, criminal behavior) are partly caused with disturbed family relations. A current research, relying on the theory of affective attachment, had an aim to examine if there were any differences within a group of non-psychotic offenders with different patterns of family affective

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 11 STED Journal 3(1). May 2021.

AFEKTIVNA VEZANOST U DJETINJSTVU KAO PREDIKTOR STRESA, ANKSIOZNOSTI, DEPRESIVNOSTI I ADVERZIVNIH ISKUSTAVA KOD MLADIH

Elvir Ibeljić, Miroslav Đurić

Univerzitet za poslovni inženjering i menadžment, Filozofski fakultet, despota Stefana Lazarevića bb, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina, [email protected], [email protected]

ORIGINALAN NAUČNI RAD remeti njeno prirodno stanje što može dovesti do patologije afektivne vezanosti ISSN 2637-2150 koja se u našem istraživanju pokazala kao e-ISSN 2637-2614 značajan prediktor internalizirajućih UDK 159.22:159.942]:616.89-008.454 (simptomi anksioznosti i depresije) DOI 10.7251/STED2101012I promjena u ponašanja kod mladih (p< .01). Nekonzistentnost odnosa u porodici dovodi Primljen rad: 01.03.2021. i do potencijalno traumatskih, adverzivnih, Prihvaćen rad: 04.05.2021. iskustva koja je osoba mogla da doživi u Publikovan rad: 28.05.2021. periodu od rođenja do 18 godine života a http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com čija simptomatologija je pokazana na statistički značajnom nivou (p< .01) u ovom istraživanju. Istraživanja ukazuju na Aiutor za prepisku: konzistentne spolne razlike u kojima žene Elvir Ibeljić, Univerzitet za poslovni imaju intezivnije internalizirajuće simptome inženjering i menadžment, Filozofski od muškaraca što u ovom istraživanju nije fakultet, despota Stefana Lazarevića bb, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina, pokazano kroz statističku značajnost. [email protected], Naime, zbog razlika u adolescenciji koje postoje u stilu suočavanja sa stresnim situacijama između muškaraca i žena, Copyright © 2020 Elvir Ibeljić; rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da published by UNIVERSITY PIM. This work postoje razlike u kojima muškarci pokazuju licensed under the Creative Commons statistički značajnije (p< .01) ispoljvanje Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. depresivnosti i u prosjeku izraženije simptome anksioznosti i adverzivnih iskustava, a žene samo statistički značajno APSTRAKT (p< .01) ispoljavanje simptoma stresa. Istraživanjem se nastojalo utvrditi Ključne riječi: afektivna vezanost, uticaj afektivne vezanosti u djetinjstvu kao anksioznost, depresija, stres, adverzivna prediktora stresa, anksioznosti, depresije i iskustva. adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Uzorak istraživanja činilo je 202 ispitanika, ujednačeni po polu (Nm=102; Nž=100), koji UVOD dolaze sa područja grada Bihać i okoline. Struktura porodice ima implikacije za Za potrebe istraživanja korišteni su upitnik psihološko i socijalno funkcionisanje djece depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa (DASS i adolescenata i za razvoj identiteta. skala), upitnik adverzivnih iskustava iz Potpunost porodice i sigurna emocionalna djetinjstva (ACE) i upitnik porodične povezanost olakšava funkcionisanje njenih afektivne vezanosti (PAVb). Nepotpunost članova i predstavlja zaštitini faktor od porodice narušava porodičnu strukturu i raznih patoloških oblika ispoljavanja.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 12 Ibeljić, E., i Đurić, M. (2021). Afektivna vezanost u djetinjstvu kao prediktor stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Sted Journal, 3(1), 12-20. Nepotpunost porodice narušava porodičnu poremećaja, mogu predstavljati ''okidač'' ili strukturu i remeti njeno prirodno stanje potaći razvoj poremećaja. To su svi oni (Letić, 2012). Postoji slaganje u području faktori koji pojačavaju odgovor na neki razvojne i kliničke psihologije da razdoblje stresni događaj (Vulić-Prtorić, 2002). ranog djetinjstva i iskustvo koje pojedinac stječe u svom primarnom odnosu s roditeljem tokom prvih godina života (bilo TEORIJSKI OKVIR ISTRAŽIVANJA da se radi o majci, ocu ili nekoj drugoj Neka problematična ponašanja mogu osobi) ima ključnu ulogu u normalnom karakterisati slabiju prilagodbu koju većina razvoju pojedinca, ali i u nastanku djece uspješno prevlada odrastanjem poremećaja u njegovom funkcionisanju. (Vulić-Prtorić, 2004). Anksiozni i Razvoj privrženosti dugotrajan je depresivni simptomi mogu predstavljati proces koji obuhvata promjene psiholoških prilagodbu u stresnim situacijama, kao što struktura koje kod djeteta dovode do su: bolest u dječijoj dobi, rođenje brata ili stvaranja duboke emocionalne veze s sestre, rivalitet među braćom, frustracije i osobom koja o njemu brine. Ta veza privremeno odsustvo roditelja (Papalia i ostavlja dugotrajne posljedice, utječe na Olds, 1995). Shodno tome, anksiozni i odnose s drugim ljudima ''od kolijevke do depresivni simptomi mogu biti dio groba''. U teoriji privrženosti naglašeno je normalnog razvoja svakog djeteta i ukoliko kako stvaranje ranih veza i kvaliteta brige u iščeznu s dobi i nemaju za posljedicu dojenačkoj dobi predstavlja temelj za disfukcionalno ponašanje djeteta, ne smiju kasnije funkcionisanje pojedinca i se posmatrati kao dokaz „psihopatologije“. formiranje privrženog ponašanja (Bowlby, Aksioznost kao neugodno 1979). Bowlby je pošao od dva jednostavna emocionalno stanje strepnje, straha i nalaza: zabrinutosti upozorava i priprema na - potreba male djece za roditeljima je potencionalno stresnu ili opasnu situaciju analogna njihovoj potrebi za (Barlow, 2002). Depresivnost je hranom; emocionalno stanje praćeno osjećajem tuge, - značajnije odvajanje ili gubitak neraspoloženja, žalosti i utučenosti, roditelja ima učinak psihološke neuspjeha u postizanju važnog cilja (Vulić- traume za dijete. Prtorić, 2004). Prilikom definisanja anksioznosti i depresije, važno je Istraživanje (Buist, Deković, Meeus, razlikovati anksioznost i depresiju kao & van Aken, 2004) povezanosti između simptom od anksioznosti i depresije kao internalizovanih i eksternalizovanih sindroma te od anksioznosti i depresije kao problema i odnosa privrženosti s roditeljima poremećaja. Kao simptomi, anksioznost i predstavljaju relevantne probleme u depresija su dio afekta i kao takvi dio adolescenciji koji izazivaju zabrinutost u svakodnevnog života. Simptom označava određenoj mjeri, ali nisu dovoljno ozbiljni određene emocionalne, kognitivne i za kliničku intervenciju. Poteškoće u ranim ponašajne karakteristike, bez pretpostavki o iskustvima privrženosti očituju različite etiologiji ili uzročnim faktorima koji leže u poteškoće u prilagodbi i ponašanju, pozadini tih karakteristika. Kao sindrom, uključujući antisocijalno i delinkventno anksioznost i depresivnost pretpostavljaju ponašanje te razvoj psihopatskih obilježja kombinaciju nekoliko simptoma, ali se pri ličnosti (Saltaris, 2002). Faktor rizika u tome ne koristi neki određen model za porodici za ovakva stanja su: roditeljsko tumačenje njihove etiologije. Sindrom se zanemarivanje, odbacivanje ili izvodi na osnovi faktorske ili klaster zlostavljanje, bračna nesloga i nasilje, analize, npr. separacijska anksioznost, sukobi u porodici, autoritativni, zabrinutost, psihomotorički nemir i sl. Na kažnjavajući i popustljiv odgoj, nivou poremećaja, polazi se od trijangulacija. Rizični faktori mogu stvoriti pretpostavke da ne samo da postoje klasteri vulnerabilnost ili osjetljivost za razvoj simptoma, već ti sindromi imaju

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 13 Ibeljić, E., i Đurić, M. (2021). Afektivna vezanost u djetinjstvu kao prediktor stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Sted Journal, 3(1), 12-20. prepoznatljivu etiologiju i dijagnostičke upravo konflikti među roditeljima i kriterije koje moraju zadovoljiti sa poremećena porodična komunikacija, značajnim posljedicama na planu doživljaj odbacivanja i osramoćivanje od svakodnevnog funkcionisanja (Vulić- strane prijatelja, te razočarenje u druge, Prtorić i Sorić, 2001; prema: Miščević, često u osnovi kako internaliziranih, tako i 2007). To znači da kod djece s anksioznim eksternaliziranih poremećaja u djetinjstvu i simptomima postoji veći rizik pojavljivanja adolescenciji. Pri tome, djeca i adolescenti depresivnih simptoma. Zbog toga su koji uspijevaju emocije vezane za ove posebno važna i istraživanja koja ispituju događaje eksternalizirati (podijeliti svoje komorbidnost simptoma ova dva nezadovoljstvo s dugim prijateljima ili poremećaja. Komorbiditet anksioznosti i roditeljima, posvađati se, pokušati riješiti depresije češće se javlja u djetinjstvu i taj problem na aserativan način, i sl.), imaju adolescenciji nego u odrasloj dobi. manje somatskih simptoma od djece i Komorbidnost je prisutna u čak 50% od adolescenata koja te emocije potiskuju. ukupnog broja djece koja zadovoljavaju Ukoliko je stresna situacija rezultat kriterije za više od jednog poremećaja konflikta s roditeljima, kao što je često u (Ollendich & Ollendich, 1987; prema: adolescenciji, ili su roditelji zbog vlastite Vulić-Prtorić, 2004). Anderson i saradnici nevolje manje osjetljivi na djetetove su utvrdili su da u kasnom djetinjstvu 17% probleme, onda dijete/adolescent ne može djece s anksiznim poremećajem ima i tražiti njihovu pomoć i razumjevanje i izbor depresiju (Anderson et al., 1987; prema: strategija suočavanja s tom situacijom je Davison & Neale, 1999), a Kashani i sužen. Ovakav splet može dodatno pojačati Orvaschel su utvrdili da u adolescenciji taj tjelesne simptome (Vulić-Prtorić i Galić, postotak raste na 69% (Kashani & 2004). Orvaschel, 1990). Depresija je osjećaj tuge, frustriranosti Anksioznost je doživljaj vrlo i beznađa u životu, praćen gubitkom neprijatne unutrašnje nelagodnosti, uživanja u većini aktivnosti i poremećajima napetosti, strepnje, odnosno osjećaja u spavanju, apetitu, koncentraciji i energiji. neodređene ugroženosti. Anksioznost je Depresivna djeca ponekad su pretjerano emocionalno stanje neugodnog čuvstva aktivna i agresivna, dok se u adolescenta straha i strepnje (Davison, Neale, depresija manifestuje kao negativizam, Krizmanić & Arambašić, 1999). antisocijalno ponašanje i osjećaj Anksioznost, kao osnovni emocionalni neshvaćenosti (Wenar & Arbanas, 2003). poremećaj, utiče na psihičke funkcije. To Prema Kellyju, depresija je psihopatološko su teškoće koncentracije i slabost pamćenja, stanje i reakcija na aksioznost (Fulgosi, kao i brzo i lako psihičko zamaranje i 1987). Ona se javlja u osoba kod kojih neraspoloženje. Patološka se anksioznost dolazi do sužavanja perceptivnog polja. Te razlikuje od razvojne anksioznosti prema osobe sve više smanjuju polje svog interesa, stepenu oštećenja funkcionisanja osobe. tj. nisu sposobne da donesu i Kada strah i anksioznost značajno ometaju najjednostavnije odluke i osjećaju se funkcionisanje osobe, govori se o opterećene strahovitim problemima. Do anksioznom poremećaju. Anksiozni su depresije dovodi kombinacija bioloških i poremećaji najčešći psihički poremećaji okolinskih faktora, a mješavina tih faktora dječije i adolescentne dobi (Dodig- razlikuje se od osobe do osobe. Djeca iz Ćurković i sar., 2013). Anksiozni porodica koja pate od afektivnih poremećaji najčešći su u djetinjstvu i 6 do poremećaja imaju značajno veći stepen 8% djece i adolescenata pati od nekog depresivnosti od djece iz porodica koje oblika anksioznog poremećaja (Costella, nemaju ove poremećaje (Kovacs, Devlin, 1989; Kashani & Orvaschel, 1998; McGee Pollock, Richards & Mukerji, 1997). et al., 1990; prema: Davison, Neale, Problemi koji otežavaju dijagnozu depresije Krizmanić & Arambašić, 1999). U većini u djece jesu visok stepen komorbidnosti s dosadašnjih istraživanja pokazalo se da su drugim poremećajima. Studije procjenjuju

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 14 Ibeljić, E., i Đurić, M. (2021). Afektivna vezanost u djetinjstvu kao prediktor stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Sted Journal, 3(1), 12-20. preklapanje depresije i anksioznosti zbog sa usvojenim nesigurnim obrascem separacije na gotovo 50% (Kovach et al., afektivne vezanosti. 1984; Puig-Antich & Rabinovich, 1996; 2. Postoji statistički značajnija razlika Hershberg et al., 1982; prema: Davison, u izraženosti simptoma stresa, Neale, Krizmanić & Arambašić, 1999). anksioznosti, depresije i adverzivnih Smatra se da je zastupljenost iskustava s obzirom na spol depresivnih simptoma u toku puberteta ispitanika sa usvojenim nesigurnim češća među djevojčicama, a nakon obrascem afektivne vezanosti. puberteta među dječacima. Ovaj obrat stavlja se u dob od 13 do 15 godine. Shodno Uzorak istraživanja činilo je 202 tome, pokazalo se da djevojčice u dobi od ispitanika, uzrasta od 18 do 20 godina 13 godina i starije imaju više skorove na (Nm=47; 46,08%; Nž=51; 51%), od 21 do skali depresivnosti od dječaka, dok ta 23 godine (Nm=30; 29,41%; Nž=23; 23%), razlika nije značajna za dob ispod 13 godina od 24 do 25 godina (Nm=25; 24,51%; (Nelson et al., 1987; Harrigton, 1993; Nž=26; 26%), ujednačen po polu (Nm=102; Cicchetti & Toth, 1998; prema: Vulić- Nž=100). Istraživanje je izvršeno u periodu Prtorić, 2004). Istraživanja pokazuju da jun-jul 2019.godine na uzorku ispitanika između dječaka i djevojčica postoje razlike koji dolaze sa područja grada Bihać i u stilu suočavanja sa stresnim situacijama. okoline. Dok dječaci nastoje potisnuti misli o Za potrebe istraživanja korišteni su: stresnom događaju, što smanjuje trajanje upitnik depresivnosti, anksioznosti i stresa njihovih depresivnih epizoda praćenih s (DASS skala) koji sadrži 21 ajtem više eksternalizirajućih reakcija, za raspoređen u tri skale (Lovibond & djevojčice je karakterističan ruminacijski Lovibond 1995, prema: Asghari, Saed, i stil suočavanja i veća ovisnost o podršci Dibajnia, 2008), upitnik adverzivnih roditelja i vršnjaka. Ruminacijski stil iskustava iz djetinjstva (ACE) koji sadrži 10 suočavanja koji se usvaja u djetinjstvu kroz ajtema koji se odnose na iskustvo proces učenja spolnih uloga, uključuje ispitanika do 18. godine života (Felitti et al., ponavljana razmišljanja o događaju ili 1998) i upitnik porodične afektivne vlastitom ponašanju, što ometa proces vezanosti (PAVb) koji se sastoji od 18 aktivnog suočavanja i rješavanja problema, ajtema kojima se ispituje izraženost te pojačava i produbljivanje stanja depresije dimenzija anksioznosti i izbjegavanja na (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1992; prema: Vulić- osnovu kojih se formiraju obrasci afektivne Prtorić, 2001). vezanosti (Brennan, & Shaver, 1995). Rezultati su obrađeni u statističkom softveru SPSS 20.0. Korištene su METODOLOGIJA ISTRAŽIVANJA deskriptivne statističke pokazatelje. Od Neke porodične strukture se povezuju statističkih analiza korištene su regresiona sa određenim obrascima afektivnog analiza, t test, analiza varijanse, Pearsonov vezivanja koje mogu dovesti do koeficijent korelacije. Pouzdanost mjernih potencijalno traumatskih, adverzivnih, instrumenata provjeren je pomoću iskustva. Stoga, cilj istraživanja je bio, Kronbahovog alfa koeficijenta. ispitati uticaj afektivnih iskustava u djetinjstvu kao prediktora stresa, anksioznosti, depresije i adverzivnih REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA iskustava kod mladih. Rezultati (Tabela 1) su pokazali da se Hipoteze istraživanja: u predikciji stresa preko dimenzija 1. Postoji statistički značajna afektivne vezanosti dobija statistički povezanost ispoljavanja simptoma značajan model koji objašnjava oko 20% 2 stresa, anksioznosti, depresije i varijanse kriterijuma (R= .44; R = .19; F2, adverzivnih iskustava kod ispitanika 196= 23.33; p< .01).

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 15 Ibeljić, E., i Đurić, M. (2021). Afektivna vezanost u djetinjstvu kao prediktor stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Sted Journal, 3(1), 12-20. Tabela 1. Predikcija stresa preko dimenzija poremećajem (Sareen et al., 2013). afektivne vezanosti. Također, djeca klasifikovana kao nesigurno Table 1. Prediction of stress with dimensions of vezana u dobi od 15 mjeseci koja su attachement. doživjela mnoge stresne životne događaje PAVb B Beta t p pokazala su više simptoma anksioznosti u Izbjegavanje .05 .14 2.11 .04 prvom razredu škole od djece klasifikovane Anksioznost .16 .38 5.82 .00 kao sigurno privržena koja su na sličan način doživjela mnoge negativne životne

događaje (Dallaire & Weinraub, 2007). Izbjegavanje i anksioznost su Rezultati regresione analize (Tabela 3) statistički značajni prediktori stresa, a kako ispitivanja ispoljavanje depresivnosti kod rezultati sugerišu, što je osoba nesigurnije nesigurno vezanih ispitanika u odnosu na vezana to je veća vjerovatnoća da ima ispitanike koji su sigurno vezani pokazuje izraženiji stres. Dimenzija anksioznosti statističku značajnost (p< .01) te ovaj model (PAVb) je bolji prediktor stresa. Rezultati objašnjava oko 41% varijanse depresivnosti pokazuju da je hipoteza statistički značajno (R= .64; R2= .41; F = 68.51; p< .01). potvrđena na nivou p< .01, te da nesigurno 2, 196 vezani ispitanici imaju statistički značajno Tabela 3. Predikcija depresivnosti preko izraženiji stres. Maunder i Hunter navode dimenzija afektivne vezanosti. da obrazac afektivne vezanosti doprinosi Table 3. Prediction of depression with razlikama u reakciji kod osoba na dimensions of attachement. psihološki stres, takođe da nesigurno vezani PAVb B Beta t p pokazuju veću ranjivost na stres, imaju povećane eksterne regulatore afekata i Izbjegavanje .12 .27 4.86 .00 iskrivljena ponašanja za traženje pomoći Anksioznost .25 .52 9.21 .00 (Maunder & Hunter, 2001). Istraživanja su pokazala i da je procjena doživljenog stresa I druga istraživanja pokazuju da nisko medijator između dimenzije anksioznosti i samopouzdanje i loša interakcija sa manje adaptivne reakcije na stres porodicom povećavaju šanse za (Johnstone & Feeney, 2005). dijagnosticiranje depresije (Cawnthorpe, Nadalje je ispitan odnos između West & Wilkes, 2004), te da je nesigurna dimenzija afektivne vezanosti i anksioznosti vezanost povezana sa depresijom (Bifulco, kao emocionalnog stanja (Tabela 2). Mahon, Kwon, Moran & Jacobs, 2003). Dobijen je statistički značajan model koji Prisustvo adverzivnih iskustava za objašnjava oko 35% varijanse anksioznosti koja pretpostavljamo da su kod kod 2 (R= .59; R = .35; F2, 196= 52.731; p< .01). ispitanika sa usvojenim nesigurnim obrascem afektivne vezanosti statistički Tabela 2. Predikcija anksioznosti preko značajnija u odnosu na ispitanike koji su dimenzija afektivne vezanosti. sigurno vezani. Table 2. Prediction of anxiety with dimensions of attachement. Tabela 4. Predikcija adverzivnih iskustava preko PAVb B Beta t p dimenzija afektivne vezanosti. Table 4. Prediction of adverse experiences with Izbjegavanje .05 .12 2.07 .04 dimensions of attachement. PAVb B Beta t p Anksioznost .26 .55 9.29 .00 Izbjegavanje .12 .27 4.86 .00 Anksioznost .25 .52 9.21 .00 I u ovom slučaju, što su ispitanici bili nesigurnije vezani imaju statistički značajno Rezultati u Tabeli 4. pokazuju da izraženiju anksioznost (p< .01). Prema osobe koje izvještavaju o većem broju istraživanju Sareen i saradnika negativno adverzivnih iskustava ispoljavaju usvojeni iskustvo u djetinjstvu je povezano sa nesigurni obrazac afektivne vezanosti koja poremećajem raspoloženja ili anksioznim su statistički značajna (p<.01), a ovaj model

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 16 Ibeljić, E., i Đurić, M. (2021). Afektivna vezanost u djetinjstvu kao prediktor stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Sted Journal, 3(1), 12-20. objašnjavaju oko 29% varijanse adverzivnih anksioznost i advrezivna iskustva u 2 iskustava (R= .54; R = .29; F2, 196= 39.33; prosjeku pokazuju izraženije simptome, bez p< .01). U ranijim istraživanjima se statističke značajnosti, dok na subskali pokazalo da loši ishodi u smislu depresivnosti simptomi su statistički adverzivnih dječijih iskustava su visoko izraženiji (p< .05) u odnosu na žene. povezani sa manje stabilnim porodičnim Objašnjenje ovakvih rezultata može se strukturama (Hobcraft & Kiernan, 2010), te tražiti u stilu suočavanja sa stresnim istraživanju Karatekin i Ahluwalia na situacijama. Dok muškarci nastoje uzorku studenata gdje rezultati pokazuju potisnuti misli o stresnom događaju, što više ACE skorove kao uzrok smanjene smanjuje trajanje njihovih depresivnih socijalne podrške roditelja u ranom epizoda praćenih s više eksternalizirajućih djetinjstvu (Karatekin & Ahluwalia 2016). reakcija i najčešće kroz „maskiranu Slijedeća hipoteza pretpostavlja depresiju“ (Cytryn & McKnew, 1972), za postojanje značajnije razlika u izraženosti žene je karakterističan ruminacijski stil simptoma stresa, anksioznosti, depresije i suočavanja i veća ovisnost o podršci adverzivnih iskustava s obzirom na spol roditelja i vršnjaka (Nolen-Hoeksema, ispitanika sa usvojenim nesigurnim 1992; prema: Vulić-Prtorić, 2001). obrascem afektivne vezanosti. Te razlike bi trebale pokazivati veću izraženost internalizirajućih promjena, stresa i ZAKLJUČAK adverzivnih iskustva kod žena jer Na temelju rezultata istraživanja može istraživanja ukazuju da je ženski pol u dva se izvesti zaključak da je usvojen nesiguran puta većem riziku od razvoja depresivnosti obrazac afektivne vezanosti kod ispitanika, (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001), a te da su stres, koji se pokazao se kao statistički značajan anksioznost i depresija zastupljenije kod (p< .01) prediktor u ispoljavanju simptoma ženskog pola (Bayram & Bilgel, 2008; stresa, anksioznosti, depresije i adverzivnih Wahed & Hassan, 2017; Rehman & Kazmi, iskustava kod mladih što ispitanike čini 2015; Fawzy & Hamed, 2017). manje adaptivnim na psihički stres i internalizirane siptome. Znači, pokazalo se Tabela 5. Razlike između muškaraca i žena da postoji tendencija ka povezanosti prema stresu, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i odbacivanja od strane roditelja u djetinjstvu adverzivnim iskustvima. i razvoju poremećaja u ponašanju kod Table 5. Differences between male and female mladih. according to stress, anxiety, depression and Iako rezultati ranijih istraživanja adverse experiences. ukazuju da za ženski spol postaje rizičniji Pol N AS SD p faktor za internalizirane probleme, stres i Muški 102 5.75 3.42 adverzivne probleme, rezultati ovog Stres .04 Ženski 97 6.82 3.82 istraživanja pokazuju djelimičnu potvrdu hipoteze. Naime, samo na subskali stres Muški 102 4.31 4.03 Anksioznost .12 postignuta je statistička značajnost (p< .05) Ženski 97 3.43 3.87 ispoljavanja stresa kod žena dok muškarci Muški 102 4.81 4.12 na ostalim subskalama anksioznost i Depresija .05 Ženski 97 3.65 4.16 advrezivna iskustva u prosjeku pokazuju Muški 102 2.50 2.23 izraženije simptome, bez statističke ACE skor .11 značajnosti, a na subskali depresivnosti Ženski 97 1.99 2.30 simptomi su statistički izraženiji (p< .05) u odnosu na žene. Objašnjenje ovakvih Rezultati (Tabela 5) su pokazali da je rezultata se može tražiti u stilu suočavanja druga hipoteza djelimično potvrđena jer je sa stresnim situacijama. samo na subskali stres postignuta statistička Ograničenje u ovom istraživanju je u značajnost (p< .05) ispoljavanja stresa kod retrospektivnom pristupu i pristupu žena u odnosu na muškarce. Nadalje, indirektnim podacima afektivnog deficita u muškarci na ostalim subskalama

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 17 Ibeljić, E., i Đurić, M. (2021). Afektivna vezanost u djetinjstvu kao prediktor stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Sted Journal, 3(1), 12-20. djetinjstvu koji se manifestuju kod mladih, problem behaviour. Journal of a što je dostupno i u ranijim istraživanjima adolescence, 27(3), 251-266. (Saltaris, 2002; Buist et al., 2004). Od Cawnthorpe, D., West, M., & Wilkes, T. interesa je rezultate ovog istraživanja (2004). Attachment and depression: usmjeriti u moguće utvrđivanje profila the relationship between the felt ponašanja u ranom djetinjstvu i security of attachment and clinical preventivno djelovati na psihopatska depression among hospitalized female odstupanja koja bi se mogla pojavljivati adolescents. The Canadian child and adolescent psychiatry review, 13(2), kasnije u životu. 31–35. Cytryn, L. i McKnew, D.H. (1972). Proposed classsification af childhood LITERATURA depression. American Journal of Asghari, A., Saed, F., & Dibajnia, P. Psychiatry, 129(2), 149-155. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Dallaire, D.H., i Weinraub, M. (2007). Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 Infant–mother attachment security and (DASS-21) in a non-clinical Iranian children's anxiety and aggression at sample. International Journal of first grade. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 82-102. Developmental Psychology, 28(5–6), Barlow, D.H. (2002). Anxiety and Its 477-492. Disorders: The Nature and Treatment Davison, G.C., Neale, J.M., Krizmanić, M., of Anxiety and Panic. New York: The & Arambašić, L. (1999). Psihologija Guilford Presss. abnormalnog doživljavanja i Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2008). The ponašanja. Zagreb: Naklada Slap. prevalence and socio-demographic Dodig-Ćurković, K., Grgić, M., Radić, J., correlations of depression, anxiety and Ćurković, M., Radić, M., Pivac, N., stress among a group of university Mimica-Matanović, S., Delalle, M., students. Social Psychiatry and Maršanić-Boričević, V., Petek, A., Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(8), 667– Benić, D., Kovač, V., Zebić, P. i 672. Kralik, K. (2013). Psihopatologija Bifulco, A., Mahon, J., Kwon, J.H., Moran, dječje i adolescentne dobi: P.M., & Jacobs, C. (2003). The Molekularna podloga ponašajnih i Vulnerable Attachment Style emocionalnih poremećaja u djece i Questionnaire (VASQ): an interview- adolescenata. U: Dodig-Ćurković K, based measure of attachment styles Kralik K, ur. Neurobiologija ADHD-a. that predict depressive disorder. Osijek: Svjetla grada, 40-56. Psychological medicine, 33(6), 1099- Fawzy, M. & Hamed, S.A. (2017). 1110. Prevalence of psychological stress, Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and depression and anxiety among medical breaking of affectional bonds. students in Egypt. Psychiatry London: Tavistock. Research, 255, 186-194. Brennan, K.A., & Shaver, P.R. (1995). Felitti, V.J., Anda, R.F., Nordenberg, D., Dimensions of Adult Attachment, Williamson, D.F., Spitz., A.M., Affect Regulation, and Romantic Edwards, V., Koss, M.P., Marks, J.S. Relationship Functioning. Personality (1998). Relationship of Chilhood and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(3), Abuse and Household Dysfunction to 267-283. Many of the Leadind Causes of Death Buist, K.L., Deković, M., Meeus, W., & in Adults. The Adverse Childhood van Aken, M.A. (2004). The Experiences (ACE) Study. American reciprocal relationship between early Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), adolescent attachment and 245-258. internalizing and externalizing

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 18 Ibeljić, E., i Đurić, M. (2021). Afektivna vezanost u djetinjstvu kao prediktor stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Sted Journal, 3(1), 12-20. Fulgosi, A. (1987). Psihologija ličnosti. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender Zagreb: Školska knjiga. Differences in Depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, Hobcraft, J. & Kiernan, K. (2010). 10(5), 173–176. Predictive factors from age 3 and https://doi.org/10.1111/1467- infancy for poor child outcomes at age 8721.00142. 5 relating to children’s development, Papalia, D.E. i Olds, S.W. (1995). Human behaviour and health: evidence from Development. New York: McGraww- the millennium cohort study. York: Hill, Inc. University of York. Rehman, A., & Kezmy, S.F. (2015). Vulić-Prtorić, A. i Galić, S. (2004). Stres i Prevalence and Level of Depression, tjelesni simptomi anksioznosti u djece Anxiety and Stress among Patients i adolescenata. Medica Jadertina, with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Ann. 34(1-2), 3-13. Pak. Inst. Med. Sci., 11(2), 81-86. Johnstone, M., i Feeney, J.A. (2005). Saltaris, C. (2002). Psychopathy in juvenile Individual differences in responses to offenders: can temperament and workplace stress: the contribution of attachment be considered as robust attachment theory. Journal of Applied developmental precursors?. Clinical Social Psychology, 45(7), 412-424. Psychology Review, 22(5), 729–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12308 Sareen, J., Henriksen, C., Bolton, S., Afifi, Karatekin, C., i Ahluwalia, R. (2016). T., Stein, M., & Asmundson, G. Effects of Adverse Childhood (2013). Adverse childhood Experiences, Stress, and Social experiences in relation to mood and Support on the Health of College anxiety disorders in a population- Students. Journal of Interpersonal based sample of active military Violence, 35(1-2), 150-172. DOI: personnel. Psychological Medicine, 10.1177/0886260516681880. 43(1), 73-84. Kashani, J.H. i Orvaschel, H. (1990). A doi:10.1017/S003329171200102X community study of anxiety in Vulić-Prtorić, A (2001): Razvojna children and adolescents. Journal of psihopatologija: ''Normalan razvoj Abnormal Psychology, 147(3), 313- koji je krenuo krivim putem''. 318. Razvojna psihopatologija, 40(17), Kovacs, M., Devlin, B., Pollock, M., 161-186. Richards, C. & Mukerji, P. (1997). A Vulić-Prtorić, A. (2002). Obiteljske controlled family history study of interakcije i psihopatološki simptomi childhood-onset depressive disorder. u djece i adolescenata. Savremena Archives of General Psychiatry, 54(7), psihologija, 5(1), 31-51. 613-623. Vulić-Prtorić, A. (2004). Depresivnost u Letić, N. (2012). Psihopatologija djece i djece i adolescenata. Jatrebarsko: adolescencije. Filozofski fakultet: Naklada Slap. Banja Luka. Wahed, W.Y.A., & Hassan, K.S. (2017). Maunder, R.G., & Hunter, J.J. (2001). Prevalence and associated factors of Attachment and Psychosomatic stress, anxiety and depression among Medicine: Developmental medical Fayoum University students. Contributions to Stress and Disease. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 556- 53(1), 77-84. 567. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2016.01.005. Miščević, M. (2007). Simptomi Wenar, C., & Arbanas, G. (2003). Razvojna anksioznosti i depresivnosti kod psihopatologija i psihijatrija: od osnovnoškolske djece. Diplomski rad. dojenačke dobi do adolescencije. Zagreb: Odsjek za psihologiju Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap. Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 19 Ibeljić, E., i Đurić, M. (2021). Afektivna vezanost u djetinjstvu kao prediktor stresa, anksioznosti, depresivnosti i adverzivnih iskustava kod mladih. Sted Journal, 3(1), 12-20. AFFECTIVE ATTACHMENT IN CHILDHOOD AS A PREDICTOR OF STRESS, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND ADVERSIVE EXPERIENCES IN YOUNG PEOPLE

Elvir Ibeljić, Miroslav Đurić

University of Business Engineering and Management, Faculty of Philosophy, despota Stefana Lazarevića bb, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected], [email protected]

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER (PAVb) have been used for the research. The incompleteness of a family impairs the ISSN 2637-2150 family structure and disturbs its nature e-ISSN 2637-2614 which can leads to the pathology of UDC 159.22:159.942]:616.89-008.454 affective attachment. This research proved DOI 10.7251/STED2101012I it to be a significant predictor of internalizing (symptoms of anxiety and Paper received: 01.03.2021. depression) changes in behavior with young Paper accepted: 04.05.2021. people (p<.01). The inconsistency of family Published: 28.05.2021. relationships also leads to potentially http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com traumatic and adversive experiences that one could have experienced in the period Corresponding Author: from their birth to the age of 18 whose symptomatology was seen at a statistically Elvir Ibeljić, University of Business significant level (p <.01) in our research. Engineering and Management, Faculty of Studies indicate consistent differences in Philosophy, despota Stefana Lazarevića bb, gender in which women have more intense 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and internalizing symptoms than men. This has Herzegovina, [email protected] not been shown in this research through statistical significance. However, due to Copyright © 2020 Elvir Ibeljić, differences between men and women in Miroslav Đurić; published by UNIVERSITY terms of adolescence in the context of PIM. This work licensed under the Creative coping with stressful situations the results Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- of this study prove there are certain NoDerivs 4. differences in which men show statistically significant (p <.01) manifestations of depression and on average they also express ABSTRACT more symptoms of anxiety and adversive This research aims to determine the experiences. On the other hand, women impact of affective attachment in childhood show only statistically significant (p <.01) as a predictor of stress, anxiety, depression, manifestation of stress symptoms. and adversive experiences in young people. Keywords: affective attachment, The research sample consisted of 202 anxiety, depression, stress, adversive subjects, gender-balanced (Nm = 102; Nf= experiences. 100), who come from the area of the city of Bihać and its suburbs. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire (DASS scale), the Adverse Childhood Experience Questionnaire (ACE) and the Family Affective Attachment Questionnaire

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 20 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP AS A FACTOR OF JOB SATISAFACTION

Branka Zolak Poljašević1*, Dragana Došenović1, Marija Todorović2

1University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Economics, Majke Jugovića 4, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected], [email protected] 3Aska Media, Belgrade, Serbia, [email protected]

ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER subjective experience of employee in interaction or connection with another ISSN 2637-2150 person (colleagues or superiors). Factors e-ISSN 2637-2614 such as gender, age, education, work UDC 331.101.3:331.108.52]:159.942 experience and job position are included in DOI 10.7251/STED2101021Z the analysis as control variables. Main hypothesis in this paper states that positive Paper Submited: 15.04.2021. interpersonal relationships have impact on Paper Accepted: 15.05.2021. employee satisfaction. The independent Paper Published: 28.05.2021. variable is divided into three segments, http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com namely: communication and work climate, relationship with superiors and relationship Coresponding Author: with colleagues. Each segment of Branka Zolak Poljašević, University of interpersonal relationships was separately Banja Luka, Faculty of Economics, Majke tested in relation to the dependent variable. Jugovića 4, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and The base of this paper is an empirical Herzegovina, research conducted in 2019. Based on the [email protected] survey questionnaire, data from 143 employees in the surveyed company were collected. Data processing was performed Copyright © 2020 Branka Zolak on the basis of statistical software for social Poljašević; published by UNIVERSITY sciences-SPSS. Descriptive and correlation PIM. This work licensed under the Creative analysis were applied in the data analysis. Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- All hypotheses tested were confirmed. NoDerivs 4. Testing the hypotheses confirm that there is a statistically significant relationship between observed variables and that there is ABSTRACT a moderate positive correlation, which Job satisfaction is positive emotional implies that interpersonal relationship is a state, which is result of evaluation of some factor of job satisfaction. Main limitation of work experience. It is a multidisciplinary this research relates to the observation of phenomenon, which is influenced by relationship between variables in a single multiple internal and external factors. In business entity. However, the coverage of this paper, employee satisfaction or job all employees in the conducted research and satisfaction was observed as a dependent the high response rate of employees (82%) variable, while interpersonal relationships provide a good basis for data analysis and are defined as influencing factor, i.e. giving some general conclusions. Detailed independent variable. Interpersonal description of research methodology relationships imply establishment of social enables its repetition in other organizations. relations and connections between Keywords: interpersonal relationship, individuals at work. Interpersonal communication skill, superiors relationship, relationships can be defined as the colleague relationship, job satisfaction.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 21 Zolak Poljašević, B., et al. (2021). Interpersonal relationship as a factor of job satisfaction. STED Journal, 3(1), 21-29. INTRODUCTION employees have regarding their work Regarding concept of job satisfaction, (George, & Jones, 2012; McPhail, Patiar, there are many existing definitions that can Herington, Creed, & Davidson, 2015). be found in the existing literature. Hence, a Thus, job satisfaction is a popular research large number of authors believe that job topic in the fields of management and satisfaction refers to the feeling that psychology (Shiu, Hassan, & Parry, 2015), employees have about their work (Smith, i.e. in the field of organizational research Kendall, & Hulin, 1985; Dormann, & Zapf, related to organizational behaviour and 2001), or to the attitudes and feelings that human resource management (Van Der people have towards work (Armstrong, Westhuizen, Pacheco, & Webber, 2012; 2017), expressed through employee Yahyagil, 2015; Shiu et al., 2015). reactions to what they get from work The importance of job satisfaction is (Gordon, 2011). The observed concept is evidenced by numerous studies conducted also defined as an emotional response to in different countries around the world, in various aspects of work (Kinicki, & Fugate, which the observed concept is studied as a 2016), a positive or negative value dependent or as an independent variable judgment about the job or situation at work (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, & Uhl-Bien, (Weiss, 2002) or as an individual attitude 2012). Authors who studied job satisfaction towards work resulting from the sum of as a dependent variable showed that there positive and negative emotions experienced are a number of different factors that can at work (Weiss, 2002). Job satisfaction affect the level of employee satisfaction includes cognitive assessment of the work (Pan, 2015), which include various environment (Organ, & Near, 1985), demographic factors that focus on personal personal assessment of work and work attributes and characteristics of employees, context, or an attitude that reflects the and organizational or external factors extent to which people like or dislike their related to the work itself or the work job (Spector, 1997). However, job environment (Crossman & Harris, 2006). satisfaction is most often defined as a On the other hand, authors who studied job positive emotional state resulting from the satisfaction as an independent variable evaluation of work experience (Mathis, & showed that job satisfaction leads to a Jackson, 2011), or as a satisfactory or number of positive and desirable outcomes positive emotional state resulting from job (Kirkman & Shapiro, 2001), such as: evaluation or work experience (Locke, improving performance and productivity, 1969; Locke, 1976). increasing organizational commitment, Based on the above definitions, it can reducing absenteeism and turnover (Davis be observed that most authors believe that & Newstrom, 2003). The general view is job satisfaction essentially includes job- that satisfied workers are more motivated related feelings that are expressed through and more productive than those who are not employee reactions to various aspects of satisfied (Rai & Maheshwari, 2021). Thus, work (Muterera, Hemsworth, Baregheh, & numerous authors have proven that job Garcia-Rivera, 2018). The consequences of satisfaction is related to the behaviour and job dissatisfaction (Kakkar, Dash, Vohra, & results of employees that ensure productive Saha, 2020) can be economic consequences, functioning of the organization (Gómez- social consequences, and consequences Mejía, Balkin, & Cardy, 2016). related to the mental health of employees Interpersonal relationships refer to the that manifest as stress, anxiety, depression establishment of social relations and the and fear of losing a job (Cherif, 2020). The connections of individuals. They can be term job satisfaction refers to a concept defined as the subjective experience of an developed as part of organizational theory individual in repeated interaction or (Moore, Tetlock, Tanlu, & Bazerman, connection with another person (Reich, & 2006) and represents one of the most Hershcovis, 2011). In an organizational important and most researched attitudes that context, interpersonal relationships are

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 22 Zolak Poljašević, B., et al. (2021). Interpersonal relationship as a factor of job satisfaction. STED Journal, 3(1), 21-29. treated as an inevitable reality, and positive measure employee satisfaction. Two basic interaction between people helps employees approaches are most commonly applied. meet their need to belong to some group. The first approach involves a general Positive interpersonal relationships at work assessment of satisfaction, which means lead to a number of benefits at the that employees assess how satisfied they are individual and organizational level, such as with the job as a whole. The second increased motivation, organizational approach involves the use of standardized commitment and employee satisfaction. In scales that are aimed at assessing employee this paper, research problem is related to satisfaction in relation to specific aspects of employee satisfaction, while interpersonal work (for example, tangible and intangible relationships are viewed as one of the compensation, the nature and content of factors of job satisfaction. Scientific goals work, development opportunities, etc.). The are intended to reveal new scientific facts first approach is applied in this paper. For and insights into the impact of interpersonal the evaluation of the dependent variable, it relationships on job satisfaction. Research was used general satisfaction rating, assumption in this paper is following: measured by a five-point Likert-type scale: adequate interpersonal relationships have a 1. I strongly disagree, 2. I disagree, 3. positive impact on employee satisfaction. In neither agree nor disagree (I am neutral), 4. order to look at this relationship in more I agree and 5. I completely agree. detail, the independent variable in the work In this research, interpersonal is divided into three segments, namely: relationships were observed through three communication and work climate, basic aspects: 1. Communication and work relationships with superiors and climate (CWC); 2. Superiors relationship relationships with colleagues. All three (SR); 3. Colleague relationship (CR). A segments of interpersonal relationships are questionnaire with a total of 20 items tested separately and in relation to the related to defined aspects of interpersonal dependent variable. Basic socio- relationships was used to evaluate the demographic variables, gender, age, independent variable. The first aspect of education, work experience and work interpersonal relationships (Communication position, were introduced into the analysis and work climate) was measured using a as control variables. subscale that has three (3) items. An example of an item that aims to help RESEARCH METHODOLOGY understand this aspect of interpersonal Main problem considered in this paper relationships is: "I am informed about what could be expressed in the form of the is happening in the organization." Another following question: Do interpersonal aspect of the independent variable considers relationships affect employee satisfaction? employees' relationships with superiors. From the posed research problem, two basic Employee relationships with superiors were research variables can be identified. The measured using a subscale containing ten independent variable is interpersonal (10) items. An example of an item in this relationships (IR), while job satisfaction subscale reads: "The superior shows interest (JS) is a dependent variable. in solving employee problems." The third Employee satisfaction is a set of aspect of the independent variable is feelings and attitudes that employees have relationships with colleagues. Relationships in relation to the work they perform. In with colleagues were studied and measured order to identify and eliminate the causes of using a subscale containing seven (7) items. employee dissatisfaction, i.e. negative An example of an item from this part of the feelings and attitudes of employees, survey questionnaire reads: "My colleagues organizations are developing various are ready to help me and to help each systems for measuring employee other." As in the case of the dependent satisfaction. Because of the above, it can be scale, a five-point Likert-type scale was concluded that there is no universal way to applied in which the answers varied from “I

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 23 Zolak Poljašević, B., et al. (2021). Interpersonal relationship as a factor of job satisfaction. STED Journal, 3(1), 21-29. strongly disagree (1)” to “I completely the purpose of testing the hypothesis set, agree (5)”. Factors such as gender, age, correlation analysis was used. As both the level of education, work experience and dependent and independent variables were current job position were included in the evaluated using a Likert-type scale, analysis as control factors. Spearman’s Rank-Order Correlation The basic hypothesis tested in this (Spearman’s Rho) was selected as the paper is: appropriate statistical tool. H1. Good interpersonal relationships have a positive effect on job satisfaction. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data were collected from 143 In order to gain a more detailed insight respondents. When this number of into the observed relationship between the employees is put in proportion to the total dependent and independent variables, each number of employees in the observed of the three aspects of interpersonal organization, it is obtained that the response relationships (Communication and work rate of employees in the survey was 82%, climate, Superiors relationship, Colleague which is fully acceptable for organizational relationship) were analysed individually. surveys of this type. Therefore, the following hypotheses were If we analyse the sample from the tested in this paper: aspect of demographic characteristics of the H1.1. Satisfactory communication and respondents, we can conclude that 86% of work climate have a positive effect on the sample is men. When it comes to the employee satisfaction. age of the respondents, only 0.7% of the H1.2. Good relationships with superiors sample consists of persons less than 20 have a positive effect on employee years of age. The three age categories (21- satisfaction. 30; 31-40; 41-50) are almost equally H1.3. Good relationships with represented in the sample. However, the colleagues have a positive effect on job largest percentage of respondents belong to satisfaction. the category of employees over 50 (39%). In terms of education, in the sample The data necessary for testing the set dominate employees with secondary school. hypotheses were obtained through empirical They make up 65% of the sample. The research. Empirical research was conducted analysis of the collected data from the in 2019. The subject of the analysis was aspect of work experience shows that the employees in the company from petroleum majority of employees have between 20 and product trade sector, and which at the time 30 years of work experience (29.4%). of the research employed 178 workers. All Before testing the hypotheses, the employees were included in the survey. The reliability of the created scales, which are main research instrument used for the applied in the research, was assessed. The purpose of collecting data on interpersonal Crombach's Alpha coefficient (Cronbach's relationships and employee satisfaction was Alpha) was used to calculate the reliability a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire of the entire scale used to assess was distributed to all employees via e-mail. interpersonal relationships in the observed In the process of collecting empirical data, organization. The values of the Cronbach's the respondents were guaranteed anonymity alpha coefficient for the created scales (the and confidentiality of collected data whole scale and the three subscales), which regarding interpersonal relationship and were calculated on the basis of the collected individual perception of job satisfaction. data, are shown in table 1. Statistical data processing was performed The data presented in the previous with the help of the statistical software table show that the calculated values of the package SPSS. Appropriate descriptive Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole statistics techniques were used to study scale and individual subscales range from relationship between defined variables. For 0.788 to 0.917. This implies that the created

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 24 Zolak Poljašević, B., et al. (2021). Interpersonal relationship as a factor of job satisfaction. STED Journal, 3(1), 21-29. scale has an appropriate level of reliability. well as the adequacy of its elements: Also, based on the obtained values of the Communication and work climate, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, it can be Superiors relationships and Colleague stated that there is an internal reliability of relationships. the statements, both in the overall scale and After calculating the Cronbach's in the individual subscales of the coefficient, descriptive statistics were made independent variable. Thus, the created for all observed variables. The results of scale is reliable enough to assess the this segment of data analysis are shown in adequacy of interpersonal relationships, as the table 2.

Table 1. Cronbach's coefficient alpha values Scale / subscale Cronbach's coefficient alpha Subscale 1: Communication and work climate 0,788 Subscale 2: Superiors relationships 0,850 Subscale 3: Colleague relationships 0,835 The whole scale: Interpersonal relationship 0,917 Source: Data processing in SPSS

Table 2. Descriptive measures for the observed research variables N Mean Std. Deviation CWC 143 3.6830 .84414 SR 143 4.0371 .65097 CR 143 4.0749 .62151 IR 143 4.03 .676 JS 143 3.88 .622 Valid N (listwise) 143 Source: Data processing in SPSS

In order to analyse the data in more correlation analysis are shown in Table 4. detail, Table 3 presents data on the average From the table 4, can be seen that in all assessed degree of agreement of the observed relations, correlation coefficient is respondents with the statements regarding positive, and the calculated correlation rate the three observed aspects of interpersonal is moderate. In particular, in the case of relationships, according to the defined testing the first auxiliary hypothesis (H1.1), control variables. The assessed degree of the obtained value of the correlation agreement also shows the attitudes of the coefficient (rs = .672) and the calculated p employees. value (p = .000) indicate that there is a Based on the obtained results, it can correlation in the sample and that for any be noticed that the respondents from the level of significance, there is a quantitative sample, on average, believe that all connection between communication and parameters of the variable related to work climate on the one hand, and job interpersonal relationships are adequate or satisfaction on the other. Considering that a appropriate (the estimated level of statistically significant relationship was agreement with most statements has a value found between the observed variables, that above neutral - 2.50). calculated correlation was moderate, and To test the set hypotheses, correlation degree of correlation was positive, it can be analysis was applied. The results of the stated that respondents who believe that

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 25 Zolak Poljašević, B., et al. (2021). Interpersonal relationship as a factor of job satisfaction. STED Journal, 3(1), 21-29. communication and work climate in the degree of job satisfaction, where the reverse organization are adequate have a higher is also true.

Table 3. Arithmetic means for subscales and overall scale according to control variables Variable CWC SR CR IR JS male 3,72 4,06 4,11 4,06 3,92 Gender female 3,47 3,90 3,84 3,90 3,65 to 20 years 4,67 3,90 4,00 4,00 4,00 21-30 3,81 4,17 4,29 4,17 3,96 Age 31-40 3,72 4,07 4,08 4,07 3,83 16-50 3,54 4,11 4,16 4,03 3,88 over 50 years 3,68 3,93 3,93 3,96 3,88 Primary school 4,67 4,40 4,71 5,00 5 Skilled worker 3,71 3,75 3,84 3,76 3,71 Secondary school 3,66 4,06 4,12 4,06 3,9 Education High-skilled worker 3,33 3,89 3,84 3,88 3,63 University 4,13 4,14 4,04 4,13 3,88 University and more 3,67 4,24 4,17 4,13 4 Up to 1 year 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0 1-5 3,92 4,13 4,22 4,19 3,94 5-10 3,53 4,20 4,25 4,13 3,93 Work Experience 10-20 3,59 4,03 4,04 4,03 3,79 20-30 3,63 4,01 4,10 3,95 3,98 over 30 years 3,82 3,96 3,93 4,03 3,81 Managerial 4,21 4,40 4,04 4,15 4,15 Expert/professional 3,87 4,28 4,23 4,20 4,2 Current position Administrative 3,27 3,78 3,92 3,91 3,64

Technical/operational 3,83 3,95 4,06 4,07 3,87 Sales 3,59 4,03 4,10 4,01 3,86 Source: Data processing in SPSS

This confirmed the first auxiliary superiors are adequate have a higher degree hypothesis (H1.1). In the case of the second of job satisfaction, and vice versa. This auxiliary hypothesis (H1.2), the calculated confirms the second auxiliary hypothesis values of the correlation coefficient in the (H1.2). The last auxiliary hypothesis (H1.3) sample (rs = .670) and the p values (p = was set in order to analyse the relationship .000), it can be concluded that the between colleague relationships and job correlation coefficient is positive, that there satisfaction. In this case, the obtained value is a correlation in the sample and for any of the correlation coefficient in the sample level of significance, there is a quantitative (rs = .685) and the calculated p values (p = correlation of the observed variables, ie that .000), suggest that the correlation the observed relationship is statistically coefficient is positive, that there is a significant. In other words, respondents correlation in the sample and that for any who believe that relationships with level of significance, there is quantitative

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 26 Zolak Poljašević, B., et al. (2021). Interpersonal relationship as a factor of job satisfaction. STED Journal, 3(1), 21-29. correlation of the observed variables, ie that that the observed relationship is statistically the observed relationship is statistically significant. Considering that between the significant. Considering the obtained result, assessed interpersonal relationships and job it can be stated that the respondents who satisfaction it was found statistically think that the relationship with colleagues significant relationship, that the calculated are adequate have a higher degree of job correlation was moderate, and the degree of satisfaction, and vice versa, which confirms correlation was positive, it can be stated the third auxiliary hypothesis (H1.3). that respondents who consider interpersonal Regarding main hypothesis in the relationships to be adequate have a higher paper (H1), the obtained correlation value in degree of job satisfaction, where the reverse the sample (rs = .651) and the calculated p is also true. As it has been proven that there values (p = .000), imply that the correlation is a correlation between the observed coefficient is positive, that there is a variables in the sample, it can be concluded correlation in the sample, and that for any that interpersonal relationships are an level significance, there is a quantitative important factor of job satisfaction, which correlation of the observed variables, i.e. proved the hypothesis.

Table 4. Hypothesis testing CWC SR CR IR JS Correlation Coefficient 1.000 .551** .539** .623** .672** CWC Sig. (2-tailed) . .000 .000 .000 .000 N 143 143 143 143 143 Correlation Coefficient .551** 1.000 .774** .816** .670** SR Sig. (2-tailed) .000 . .000 .000 .000 N 143 143 143 143 143 Correlation Coefficient .539** .774** 1.000 .793** .685** Spearman's CR Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 . .000 .000 Rho N 143 143 143 143 143 Correlation Coefficient .623** .816** .793** 1.000 .651** IR Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 . .000 N 143 143 143 143 143 Correlation Coefficient .672** .670** .685** .651** 1.000 JS Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 . N 143 143 143 143 143 ** Correlation is significant at level 0.01 (two-tailed test) Source: Data processing in SPSS

CONCLUSION different ways. Also, the way employees Employees’ satisfaction is a positive evaluate certain aspects of work is not a feeling regarding job they perform, which static category, it usually changes over time arises from the personal perception of each with the personal and professional employee. Employee satisfaction is a development of employees. Furthermore, function of different job values, which can job satisfaction is a reflection of each be tangible or intangible. This relationship employee's personal perception, which does is complicated by the fact that each not have to be an accurate reflection of employee value different aspects of work in reality. It is important for an organization to STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 27 Zolak Poljašević, B., et al. (2021). Interpersonal relationship as a factor of job satisfaction. STED Journal, 3(1), 21-29. measure and monitor employee satisfaction REFERENCES for a number of reasons. First of all, Armstrong, M. (2017). Armstrong’s evaluation of employee satisfaction is an Handbook of Human Resource instrumentality to valorise and assess the Management Practice, 14th edition. impact of various policies, programs and London: Kogan Page. activities implemented in the organization. Cherif, F. (2020). The role of human Also, evaluation of employee satisfaction resource management practices and can be in the function of reducing various employee job satisfaction in predicting manifestations of withdrawal from work, organizational commitment in Saudi such as behaviour change, absenteeism, Arabian banking sector. International intentional and real fluctuation. In addition Journal of Sociology and Social to salary, working conditions, job content Policy, 40(7/8), 529-541. and role in the organization, relationships Crossman, A. & Harris, P. (2006). Job with superiors and colleagues are also an Satisfaction of Secondary School important source of employee satisfaction Teachers. Educational Management or dissatisfaction. In this paper, research Administration and Leadership, 34(1), problem was related to employee 29-46. satisfaction, while interpersonal Davis, K. & Newstrom, J. (2003). relationships are viewed as one of the Comportamiento humano en el factors of job satisfaction. Main purpose of trabajo: comportamiento this paper was to present results of the organizaciona, 11th edition. Mexico: research and highlight new knowledge and McGraw-Hill. facts regarding the relationship between Dormann, C.H. & Zapf, D. (2001). Job interpersonal relationship and job Satisfaction: a Meta-analysis of satisfaction in the observed business Stabilities. Journal of Organizational organization. Positive and moderate Behavior, 22(5), 483-504. correlation was found between the George, J. & Jones, G. (2012). dependent and independent variables. Based Understanding and managing on the data processing results it can be organizational behavior, 6th edition. concluded that interpersonal relationships, Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. expressed through communication and Gómez-Mejía, L.R., Balkin, D.B. & Cardy, work climate, and superiors and colleague R.L. (2016). Managing human relationships, affect the level of job resources, 8th edition. Boston: Pearson satisfaction, which confirmed tested Education. hypothesis. The created research model and Gordon, V. (2011). Exploring the job defined scales can be used to repeat the satisfaction of municipal clerks. research in the observed organization, in Review of Public Personnel order to continuously measure the level of Administration, 31(2), 190-208. interpersonal relationships and their impact Kakkar, S., Dash, S., Vohra, N., & Saha, S. on job satisfaction. It can also be used to (2020). Engaging employees through conduct comparative research in other effective performance management: organizations in the country and the region. an empirical examination. The limitation of this research stems Benchmarking: An International precisely from the fact that the research was Journal, 27(5), 1843-1860. conducted in single business entity. Kinicki, A. & Fugate, M. (2016). Therefore, in further research, it would be it Organizational Behavior: A Practical, would be desirable to include a larger Problem-Solving Approach, 2nd number of organizations, while a edition. New York: McGraw Hill. longitudinal approach would certainly Kirkman, B.L. & Shapiro, D.L. (2001). The improve the quality of empirical findings. Impact of Cultural Values on Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Self-Managing Work

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 28 Zolak Poljašević, B., et al. (2021). Interpersonal relationship as a factor of job satisfaction. STED Journal, 3(1), 21-29. Teams: The Mediating Role of engagement and job satisfaction. Employee Resistance. Academy of Management Research Review, 44(1), Management Journal, 44(3), 557-569. 133-157 Locke, E.A. (1969). What is Job Reich, T.C., & Hershcovis, M.S. Satisfaction?. Organizational (2011). Interpersonal relationships at Behavior and Human Performance, work. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), APA 4(4), 309–336. handbooks in psychology. APA Locke, E.A. (1976). The Nature and Causes handbook of industrial and of Job Satisfaction. In: Dunnnette, organizational psychology, Vol. 3. M.D. (ed.). Handbook of Industrial American Psychological and Organizational Psychology. Association, 230-248. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1297–1343. Schermerhorn, J.R, Hunt, J.G., Osborn, Mathis, R.L. & Jackson, J.H. (2011). R.N. & Uhl-Bien, M. (2012). Human Resource Management, 13th Organizational Behavior, 12th edition. edition. Mason: South-Western Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Cengage Learning. Shiu, E., Hassan, L.M. & Parry, S. (2015). McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., The Moderating Effects of National Creed, P. & Davidson, M. (2015). Age Stereotyping on the Relationships Development and initial validation of between Job Satisfaction and its a hospitality employees’ job Determinants: A Study of Older satisfaction index: Evidence from Workers across 26 Countries. British Australia. International Journal of Journal of Management, 26(2), 255- Contemporary Hospitality 272. Management, 27(8), 1814-1838. Smith, P.C., Kendall, L.M. & Hulin, C.L. Moore, D.A., Tetlock, P.E., Tanlu, L. & (1985). The Job Descriptive Index. Bazerman, M.H. (2006). Conflicts of Bowling Green: Bowling Green State interest and the case of auditor University. independence: Moral seduction and Spector, P.E. (1997). Job Satisfaction: strategic issue cycling. Academy of Application, Assessment, Causes, and Management Review, 31(1), 10–29. Consequences, London: Sage Muterera, J., Hemsworth, D., Baregheh, A. Publications. & Garcia-Rivera, B.R. (2018). The Van Der Westhuizen, D.W., Pacheco, G. & Leader–Follower Dyad: The Link Webber, D.J. (2012). Culture, Between Leader and Follower participative decision making and job Perceptions of Transformational satisfaction. International Journal of Leadership and Its Impact on Job Human Resource Management, Satisfaction and Organizational 23(13), 2661–2679. Performance. International Public Weiss, H.M. (2002), Deconstructing job Management Journal, 21(1), 131-162. satisfaction: separating evaluations, Organ, D.W. & Near, J.P. (1985). Cognitive beliefs and affective experiences. vs affect measures of job satisfaction. Human Resource Management International Journal of Psychology, Review, 12(2), 173-94. 20(2), 241-254. Yahyagil, M.Y. (2015). Values, feelings, Pan, F.C. (2015). Practical application of job satisfaction and well-being: The importance-performance analysis in Turkish case. Management Decision, determining critical job satisfaction 53(10), 2268-2286. factors of a tourist hotel. Tourism Management, 46, 84-91. Rai, A., & Maheshwari, S. (2021). Exploring the mediating role of work engagement between the linkages of job characteristics with organizational

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 29 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

REGIONAL COOPERATION OF DEVELOPMENT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT (CASE IN THE PROVINCE OF EAST JAVA, INDONESIA)

Ardhana Januar Mahardhani1, Sri Suwitri1, Soesilo Zauhar2, Hartuti Purnaweni3

1Diponegoro University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Jl. Prof. H. Soedarto, S.H. – Tembalang Semarang, 50 275 Indonesia, [email protected] 2Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, Indonesia Jl. Budi Utomo No.10 Ponorogo, Jawa Timur Indonesia 3Universitas Brawijaya, Hubungan Masyarakat, Gedung Rektorat Lantai 1, Jalan Veteran, Malang, 65145 Indonesia

REVIEW SCIENTIFIC PAPER paper an example is given of cases in the East Java Province in which the province ISSN 2637-2150 has done a lot of cooperation between e-ISSN 2637-2614 regions, but even so there are still many UDC 338.246.025.88:330.34.01(594) weaknesses that exist in the implementation DOI 10.7251/STED2101030J of such cooperation so that development cannot be carried out properly. Paper Submitted: 28.12.2020. Keywords: Decentralization; Paper Accepted: 05.04.2021. Development; Interregional Cooperation; Paper Published: 28.05.2021. New Regional Planning; and http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com Government.

Ardhana Januar Mahardhani, Diponegoro University, Faculty of Social and Political INTRODUCTION Stated that local government is better Sciences, Semarang, Indonesia, able than central government to respond to [email protected] change in demand, to experiment and to anticipate future changes (Smith, 1985). It Copyright © 2020 Ardhana provides a form of government in which Januar Mahardhani; published by people form non-producer groups can more UNIVERSITY PIM. This work licensed easily participate. In his opinion, Smith under the Creative Commons Attribution- interpreted the regional government as an NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. autonomous region considered more able to respond to demands, conduct experiments, and anticipate future changes from the ABSTRACT central government to any changes and Decentralization in the field of local developments in the region. government is very necessary for regional Decentralization also has added value development, it is highly recommended by because it can develop democratic values, local governments to improve the economy create a distribution of justice, and can or form new regional planning. Different manifest political stability at all levels of conditions between neighboring regions government (Haeruddin, 2015). make cooperation as an alternative in the Although decentralization is felt to be development process. This paper is a good in accommodating various inputs or literature review of an inter-regional suggestions that arise in the community, cooperation between local governments that conflicts and conflicts must exist and can lead to development progress. In this cannot be avoided, either between

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 30 Mahardhani, A.J., et al. (2021). Regional cooperation of development in local government (Case in the province of East Java, Indonesia). STED Journal, 3(1), 30-38. communities or between political actors. Kourliouros in his research Local These are both those that occur between the Development and Collaborative Planning: political elite in the region or between the A Theoretical Framework of Analysis, also regional political elite and the central outlines the importance of cooperation government, including when providing between one region and another, because public goods, such as education, health, and according to him development planning water supply (Sager, 2007). The existence with a centralized pattern will not provide of public food as a form of local the best solution in development activities government services that must be available (Kourliouros, 2013). It is precisely the to the community will also be an indicator collaborative activities are at the bottom of an area in development activities, both that make development progress. physical and human development. The existence of inter-regional In a study conducted by (Sager, 2007) cooperation based on local conditions will explained that regional development be more developed if each regency/city has planning focused on aspects of the location the same regional conditions, socio- where the activity was carried out. The economic conditions, and prospects for the regional government plans development in same are almost the same (Arsyad, its area by striving for the utilization of Satriawan, Mulyo & Fitrady, 2011) space in its area, filling it with various explains that this locally based development activities in such a way as to produce strategy is a development strategy that uses development alternatives that are a territorial approach that relies primarily considered the best for the area. on the needs, all potentials, and local actors The emergence of the regional of a particular area (locality). development paradigm in Indonesia begins Inter-regional cooperation is a joint with the enactment of Law Number 4 of action (collective action) that occurs in a 1982 concerning Environmental Matters, unique process. Uniqueness cooperation subsequently in Law Number 23 of 1997 between these regions visible from among concerning Environmental Management other things, patterns relationships are both of these laws are expected to change based by horizontal relations, no the development paradigm from resting on hierarchical. The consequences of patterns growth that focuses on economic inequality, this relationship will have implications on is based on sustainable development the proper approach understood together by (Purnaweni, 2014). the actors involved. The Error Over time and the development of the understanding and enforcement is times resulted in the development on a conventional organizational model fatal to regional scale cannot run alone, limited management cooperation between regions, budget, infrastructure, and other public deep bureaucratic trap cooperation between services, and the lack of resources can open regions. Approach conventional looked at opportunities for the region to cooperate organization with approach Weberian with contiguous area. Regionalization of bureaucracy (intra organization), mean- development area related to implementation while inter-regional cooperation is inter-regional cooperation can be done with intergovernmental networking more two approaches, spatial and managerial precisely approached with the concept of approaches. Spatial approach emphasizes inter organization (Warsono, 2009). on determination of the area to be made Inter-regional cooperation is currently strategic area arranged in spatial plans. taking place in many cities/regencies with Whereas the approach managerial can be one another, or in one province with done in form of real cooperation between another province. This activity can directly governments regional (government to support the process of developing the government/G to G) and between business progress of each region, especially if the actors (business to business/ B to B) area is still in a region with geographical, (Wahyudi & Sari, 2011). social and economic conditions that are not

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 31 Mahardhani, A.J., et al. (2021). Regional cooperation of development in local government (Case in the province of East Java, Indonesia). STED Journal, 3(1), 30-38. much different. Abdurahman mentions that in this case that are authorized to make the limitations of resources, potential, and local policies, including regional geographical location are some of the development planning policies. factors that will strengthen the aspect of The old central government and 'regional interdependence' between regional development system which is very neighboring regions (Abdurahman, 2014). centralized and dominated by the central Therefore, in this paper we will government is being abandoned. Today, explain the importance of implementing local governments are given greater inter-regional cooperation, there are several authority and more new financial resources models that can be used by regions in order to encourage the development process in to develop their respective regions, this is their respective regions (Syafrizal, 2014). because each region will certainly have This development process is more differences in their characteristics, both specialized in rural areas where the majority landscapes, natural resources, the condition of the population works in the agricultural of the community, up to the existing sector. According to the United Nations in government capacity. (Rustiadi, 2009), rural development is a planned strategy to improve the economic and social lives of the poor. In the planning RESEARCH METHODS and implementation of regional This research according to (Pasolong, cooperation, it is necessary to strengthen the 2012) based on its place is a library insight and commitment of regional research, namely an investigation that aims governments on the importance of regional to collect data and information contained in cooperation in order to develop a a library room, such as books, magazines, competitive regional economy. The shared documents, and notes. In the vision of the regional government is the implementation of this research, taking data basic capital in realizing the intended plan from existing document reports, articles and so that collective awareness is needed that books, then what has been obtained is the success in accelerating and equitable written in the form of descriptive exposures regional development cannot be separated with an exploratory model, because it is still from the connectivity and synchronization very open, still searching and not having a of development plans between the central hypothesis. Therefore, this research will be government, provincial governments, and the basis for further research. district/city governments. The National Development Planning Agency on official website states that RESULT AND DISCUSSION efforts to carry out development activities Decentralized Development are basically carried out through four The policy of decentralization and approaches namely macro, sectorial, regional autonomy in Indonesia currently regional, and micro. has implications for a shift in the format of Macro development planning is a relations between governments, not in an national development plan that is carried atmosphere of centralization where the out as a whole, in it related to economic pattern of relations between the center and growth and development planning. Macro the regions is very hierarchical, but as an planning should be done by looking and autonomous region the regional government calculating carefully the linkages with has some authority to manage its own sectoral and regional planning. households (Domai, 2011). The role of the Sectoral planning is planning carried center in the framework of regional out with a sector-based approach. What is autonomy will largely determine macro meant by sector is a collection of activities policies, conduct supervision, monitoring, that have similar characteristics and evaluation, control and empowerment so objectives. Planning with a regional that the regions can carry out their approach dimension focuses on the location autonomy optimally. Whereas the regions STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 32 Mahardhani, A.J., et al. (2021). Regional cooperation of development in local government (Case in the province of East Java, Indonesia). STED Journal, 3(1), 30-38. aspects where the activities are carried out. In relation to relations between local Furthermore, micro planning is detailed governments, (Smith, 1985) said that there scale planning in annual planning, which is are three approaches in intergovernmental the translation of macro, sectoral and relations, namely: First, the law and regional plans into the arrangement of administration approach, which focuses on projects and activities with various planning differences in formal relations to power and and budgeting documents. This planning is influence between the central government a very important element, because it is the and regional governments which is goal of achievement and development explained in various forms of central goals. supervision through legislative, judicial, In a study conducted by (Sager, 2007) and administrative. Second, the community explained that regional development politics approach which is an alternative planning focused on aspects of the location approach in building cooperation between where the activity was carried out. The governments. Third, inter organizational regional government plans development in politics approach, which is based on inter its area by striving for the utilization of organizational analysis that explains the space in its area, filling it with various relationship between the center and the activities in such a way as to produce region as a complex and interdependent development alternatives that are system. considered the best for the area. There has been much discussion about Over time and the development of the inter-governmental cooperation. None- times resulted in the development on a theless, the collaboration outputs are more regional scale cannot run alone, limited highlighted than how the cooperation budget, infrastructure, and other public process was built, the forms of negotiations services, and the lack of resources can open that have been built, the values and interests opportunities for the region to cooperate that are highlighted, as well as the with neighboring regions. organization of each region in the context of development in their respective regions. Interregional cooperation for Yudhoyono (Domai, 2011) explained that Development inter-regional cooperation was built because Intergovernmental relations or there was an awareness among the regions intergovernmental relations according to involved in cooperation to conduct: sharing (Anderson, 1975) is "an important body of experiences, where space for regions to activities or interactions occurring between share experiences in managing regional governmental units of all types and levels". government affairs. The establishment of Means in inter-governmental relations are cooperation also allows regions to share the all forms of activities or interactions benefits of the arena of cooperation built. involving government units at all forms and Cooperation also allows regions to share the levels. burden. One form of intergovernmental Inter-regional cooperation can only be relations is expected to be a means to build formed and run if it is based on the and develop collective action for regional awareness that these regions need each government, which is called other to achieve a goal. Therefore, the intergovernmental cooperation. In initiation of cooperation between regions intergovernmental cooperation, it is can only be carried out effectively if similar expected that two or more people or issues and common needs have been found. government agencies will collaborate. In its This commonality is the basis for bringing implementation, managerial fragmentation together regions that will be partners, with must also be eliminated to create equity to principles of inter-regional cooperation. meet the public interest effectively and (Tarigan, 2009) explained that in the efficiently. implementation of inter-regional cooperation, the two regions that are

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 33 Mahardhani, A.J., et al. (2021). Regional cooperation of development in local government (Case in the province of East Java, Indonesia). STED Journal, 3(1), 30-38. collaborating must be mutually beneficial. Indonesia. East Java Province is bordered If the interactions that occur between areas by Central Java Province in the west, of loss or one of the areas of loss and one Indonesian Ocean in the south, Java Sea in area of profit then it has not been called the north, and Bali Strait in the east. It has collaboration. In implementing the an area of 47.922 km², and the population cooperation pattern that has been conveyed according to data from the Central Statistics by Tarigan, in its implementation there is Agency (BPS) of East Java Province in still a need for integrated and integrated 2017 is 39.292.972 people or around 15% policy management, as stated by of the entire population in Indonesia. (Rocheleau, 1986), that the integrated With these strategic conditions, the management that is formed economic condition of the East Java intergovernmental management must be Province from year to year continues to jointly controlled. increase, meaning that economic growth is In intergovernmental management, the developing well in the East Java Province. emphasis is on the process of achieving In addition, the tourism sector is also goals, which begin at the beginning of the developing well in East Java Province. One management process and are taken together indicator is the increase in foreign tourist to achieve a common goal. Local arrivals to the East Java Province through governments are given the authority to the entrance of Juanda International collaborate with other regions and third Airport, reported by parties. Inter-regional cooperation is a http://www.juandaairport.com in January means to strengthen relations and 2018, up by 15,05% compared to the engagement between one region and number of foreign tourists visiting the another, harmonize regional development month of December 2017, amounting to and synergize inter-regional potential. By 23.208 visits to 26.700 visits. paying attention to the essence of the The Governor of East Java in the implementation of the cooperation, the 2014-2018 period, Soekarwo, explained inter-regional cooperation policy is directed that the increase in East Java's at increasing cooperation to create synergy competitiveness was due to the existence of between provinces, districts and cities, both four main strategies, namely: First, carried out bilaterally and regionally, in macroeconomic stability. Second, it is accordance with the direction of regional governance and institutional layout, third, development policy. financial, business and labor conditions and The good collaboration will enable the Fourth, quality of life and infrastructure achievement of shared goals according to development. Soekarwo said, if previous predictions. Due to in the competitiveness could be increased, various collaboration process requires the opportunities in the global market could be cooperation in thinking or planning utilized optimally. The important role of program, implementing up to evaluate the East Java in the economy of other regions achievements program (Larantika, Zauhar, in Indonesia, in terms of political Makmur, & Setyowati, 2017). geography and economic geography, East Java's position as the center of gravity in Indonesia Regional Cooperation for Development in In addition to a fairly well-established the Province of East Java economy, East Java Province has a very One form of interconnection and wide area. The number of regencies and interdependence that occurs is a big plan cities in East Java is 38 with very diverse from the Provincial Government of East regional contours. Each regency/city has Java to form an integrated area with characteristics, advantages, and regional development based on regional weaknesses, so that they can complement locality. East Java Province is a strategic each other if inter-regional cooperation can province in Indonesia because it is the be implemented. gateway to the economy in eastern STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 34 Mahardhani, A.J., et al. (2021). Regional cooperation of development in local government (Case in the province of East Java, Indonesia). STED Journal, 3(1), 30-38. In 2018 East Java Province was for Inter-Regional Cooperation which states awarded the Regional Development Award that in implementing development in their (PPD) organized by the Ministry of regions, regional heads can cooperate with National Development Planning (PPN) other regions by forming a Cooperation because the Regional Government Work Agency (BKAD). BKAD is not included in Plan (RKPD) of East Java Province was the structure of the regional apparatus, but very measurable starting from the planning its management comes from the related and achievement targets in development. In Regional Work Units (SKPD) in each addition, the principle of consistent, member region. In the institutional model comprehensive, measurable, and can be of BKAD each management in carrying out implemented, becomes a reference for the its duties and responsibilities has been Province of East Java in planning all mutually agreed upon, so that each member activities, including cooperation activities region has different roles and carried out. responsibilities, BKAD funding sources Cooperation in East Java Province is a come from member and private regional must. Much has been done especially with APBDs as well as benefits from jointly third parties, one of which is through implemented projects. encouragement from Bank Indonesia. Next is the Joint Secretariat model that Cooperation in East Java Province has been is in accordance with Government held especially in the economic field in Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia districts located in the horseshoe area, Number 28 of 2018 concerning Regional including Jember Regency, Lumajang Cooperation. In the Sekber institutional Regency, Situbondo Regency, Bondowoso model, the main activities cooperated are Regency, and Banyuwangi Regency. managed by the SKPD and members, while Ahmad Bunyamin, Head of the Bank the professional party chosen by the Indonesia Representative Office in Jember, regional head is tasked with coordinating also said that this cooperation is for between members. economic development, inflation control, The following are inter-regional and the development of regional superior cooperation established in East Java products Province: In addition, there is also a joint 1. Germakertasusila Plus (GKS) Plus agreement made by the Sampang Regency (Gresik, Madura, Mojokerto, with the Surabaya-Madura Regional Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Lamongan, Development Agency (BPWS) on the form added with Tuban, Bojonegoro, of facilitation and stimulation of economic Jombang, and Pasuruan), growth acceleration in the Sampang District 2. Ratubangnegoro (Blora, Tuban, Region, the existence of this memorandum Rembang, and Bojonegoro), of understanding is also very helpful for the 3. Karismapawirogo (Karanganyar, sustainability of economic activities in the Wonogiri, Sragen, Magetan, Pacitan, Sampang Regency. Ngawi, Ponorogo), Apart from the stakeholders that have 4. Golekpawon (Ponorogo, Trenggalek, been established, in East Java Province Pacitan, and Wonogiri), there is also an understanding in the form of 5. Ngadipono (Nganjuk, Madiun, and agreements between neighboring districts. Ponorogo), In East Java Province, there are two 6. Pawitandirogo (Pacitan, Ngawi, institutional models that are used, namely Magetan, Madiun, and Ponorogo), the Inter-regional Cooperation Agency 7. Pawonsari (Pacitan, Wonogiri, and (BKAD) model and the Joint Secretariat Wonosari) model. The BKAD model is in accordance 8. Tunggal Rogo Mandiri (Tulungagung, with article 24 of the Government Trenggalek, Ponorogo, Madiun, Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Nganjuk, and Kediri) Number 50 of 2007 concerning Procedures

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 35 Mahardhani, A.J., et al. (2021). Regional cooperation of development in local government (Case in the province of East Java, Indonesia). STED Journal, 3(1), 30-38. Constraints in the Implementation of Management of Public Infrastructure (Study Inter-regional Cooperation in East Java of Cooperation between the Government of Province Surabaya City and Sidoarjo Regency The implementation of a Government in the Management of the memorandum of understanding between Purabaya Terminal). The research results regencies in East Java Province still has can also be seen if the collaboration carried many obstacles, sectoral ego is still high, so out is still less than expected, this is seen in there are many memoranda of the recommendations of the research results understanding in East Java Province whose offered. These are classified into: First, the implementation is only a memorandum of Surabaya City Government and the understanding, not reaching an inter- Sidoarjo Regency Government should carry regional cooperation let alone forming an out re-coordination in order to change the inter-regional cooperation institution. cooperation regulation in the Purabaya (Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Terminal management in accordance with Provinsi Jawa Timur, 2006) published Law number 23 of 2014 and the principles research on the Inter-regional Cooperation of cooperation who adheres to the spirit of Model in Tourism Management (case study regional autonomy. Second, in the in Malang Raya). The results of the study implementation of the Purabaya Terminal are showing that Malang Raya was an icon management cooperation, the Surabaya City in tourism development between Malang Government and Sidoarjo Regency Regency, Malang City, and Batu City. Government can be able to work together in These are which in in fact the cooperation is creating harmonious cooperation. These are still a discourse and has not been realized executed by reinforcing the Institutionalized concretely, with indicators that there are no Hard Cooperation model by forming a official documents on the existence of inter- Balance in Jointly-Formed Authorities in regional cooperation policies and tourism the form of establishing a joint secretariat of development policies are still partial in each cooperation between regional governments region. This is constrained because of the that can create networking in in order to ego-sectoral and ego-interests of each increase the accountability, efficiency, and region and the lack of political support from effectiveness of agreed cooperation both the executive and legislative branches. management. In addition, (Irtanto & Wahyudi, From the three results of research on 2012) with the title Inter-Regional inter-regional cooperation in East Java Cooperation in the Management of Province, it can be seen that if cooperation Umbulan Winongan Pasuruan, East Java in East Java Province has not been carried Province. It discusses the implementation of out properly, agreements in the form of technical cooperation policies between the understanding in cooperation cannot yet Government of East Java Province, represent an effective and efficient joint Pasuruan Regency, Sidoarjo Regency, activity. Gresik Regency, and Surabaya City. The In another research, the latest inter- results of the study also shows that the regional collaboration in East Java management of Umbulan spring Province, Tunggal Tunggal Rogo Mandiri, management has not been going well, due has also not been able to be implemented to the not yet forming cooperation well. Tunggal Rogo Mandiri is an acronym institutions involving independent and from the district that is in Selingkar Wilis. professional people to work actively and Mahardhani's research shows that selfish intensively, lack of adequate political situations are also found in inter-regional umbrella, and lack of stakeholder areas. Cooperation in the Selingkar Wilis involvement. Region, East Java Provinces that are Subsequent research by (Abror, 2017) currently still being enjoyed, there are a on the Model of Regional cooperation agreements and agreements but Intergovernmental Cooperation in not implemented well, so for this region to

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 36 Mahardhani, A.J., et al. (2021). Regional cooperation of development in local government (Case in the province of East Java, Indonesia). STED Journal, 3(1), 30-38. run independently in accordance with Malang Raya). regional strategic plans and regional vision Abror, M.D. (2017). Model Kerjasama leadership (Mahardhani, Suwitri, Zauhar, & Antar Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Purnaweni, 2020) Pengelolaan Infrastruktur Publik Nevertheless, East Java Province (Studi Tentang Kerjasama Antara always supports the implementation of Pemerintah Kota Surabaya Dan existing cooperation between, this can be Pemerintah Kabupaten Sidoarjo seen from the formation of the Regional Dalam Pengelolaan Terminal Cooperation Coordination Team (TKKSD) Purabaya). Doctoral dissertation. based on the East Java Governor Decree Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, number 188/255/KPTS/013/2016 led by the Indonesia. Regional Secretariat facilitated by the Domai, T. (2011). Sound Governance. Bureau Public Relations and Protocol of the Malang: UB Press. Province of East Java. Haeruddin. H. (2015). Model Kerjasama Antar Pemerintahan Daerah Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air di Era CONCLUSION Otonomi Daerah (Studi di Kota From what has been said above, it can Malang, Kota Batu, Kabupaten be seen if the development carried out by Malang Provinsi Jawa Timur). the regional government will not be Doctoral dissertation. Universitas completed properly if only done alone, but Brawijaya, Malang, indonesia. requires cooperation with near regions, Irtanto, I., & Wahyudi, H. (2012). therefore a good collaboration is needed to Kerjasama Antardaerah dalam support the implementation of the Pengelolaan Mata Air Umbulan development process. In addition, it is also Winongan Pasuruan Provinsi Jawa recommended to the regions above it, such Timur. Jurnal Bina Praja: Journal of as the provincial level, it should also Home Affairs Governance, 4(2), 127- facilitate the implementation of cooperation 134. activities, such as forming a new section Kourliouros, E. (2013). Local Development specifically to handle the implementation of and Collaborative Planning: A inter-regional cooperation so that Theoretical Framework of implementation can be maximized, Analysis. Journal of Regional Socio- systematic, and properly measured. Economic Issues, 3, 5-25. Larantika, A.A.A.D., Zauhar, S., Makmur, LITERATURE M., & Setyowati, E. (2017). Abdurahman, B. (2014). Kelemahan Collaboration as a strategy for poverty Regulasi dan Kebijakan Tumpulkan alleviation. International Journal of Inovasi Pembangunan Daerah. Jurnal Social Sciences and Humanities Pembangunan Daerah, II(2), 51-67. (IJSSH), 1(3), 40-48. Anderson, J.A. (1975). Public Policy Mahardhani, A.J., Suwitri, S., Zauhar, S., & Making: Basic Concept in Purnaweni, H. (2020). Regional Political Sciences. New York: Praeger Cooperation in East Java Province, University Series. Indonesia: Selfishness and Necessity. Arsyad, L., Satriawan, E., Mulyo, J.H., & In 1st Borobudur International Fitrady, A. (2011). Strategi Symposium on Humanities, Economics Pembangunan Perdesaan Berbasis and Social Sciences (BIS-HESS Lokal. Yogyakarta: UPP STIM 2019) (pp. 1153-1158). Atlantis Press. YKPN. Purnaweni, H. (2014). Kebijakan Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pengelolaan Lingkungan di Kawasan Provinsi Jawa Timur. (2006). Model Kendeng Utara Provinsi Jawa Kerjasama Antardaerah Dalam Tengah. Jurnal ilmu lingkungan, Pengelolaan Wisata (studi kasus di 12(1), 53-65.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 37 Mahardhani, A.J., et al. (2021). Regional cooperation of development in local government (Case in the province of East Java, Indonesia). STED Journal, 3(1), 30-38. Rocheleau, B. (1986). Intergovernmental Tarigan, A. (2009). Kerjasama Antar Management: Human Services Daerah (KAD) untuk Peningkatan Problem-Solving in Six Metropolitan Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Publik Areas. Public Productivity Review, dan Daya Saing Wilayah. Bulletin 10(2), 93-95. Online Tata Ruang Maret 2009 Badan Rustiadi, E. (2009). Perencanaan dan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Pengembangan Wilayah. Crestpent Nasional.. Jakarta: Press dan Yayasan Obor Wahyudi, A., & Sari, M.A. (2011). Indonesia. Kerjasama Antardaerah untuk Sager, T. (2007). Dialogical values in Meningkatkan Pembangunan Daerah public goods provision. Journal of dan Pelayanan Publik di Kawasan Planning Education and Perbatasan. Jurnal Borneo Research, 26(4), 497-512. Administrator, 7(3). 283-307. Smith, B.C. (1985). Decentralization: The Pasolong, H. (2012). Metode penelitian Territorial Dimension of The State. administrasi publik. Bandung: London: George Allen and Uwin. Alfabeta. Syafrizal, S. (2014). Perencanaan Warsono, H. (2009). Networking dalam Pembangunan Daerah Dalam Intergovernmental Management. Otonomi Daerah. Jakarta: PT Raja Dialogue Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Grafindo Persada. Publik, 6(1), 78-91.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 38 STED Journal 3(1). May 2021.

УПОТРЕБА ИНТЕРНЕТА У ПРЕДУЗЕЋИМА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРБИЈИ ЗА ВРЕМЕ ПАНДЕМИЈЕ COVID-19

Милан Дајић

Универзитет у Приштини, Економски факултет Косовска Митровица, Колашинска 156, 38 220 Косовска Митровица, Србија, [email protected]

PRELIMINARNO SAOPŠTENJE даље нерадо одлучују да број своје кредитне картице пошаљу преко мреже ISSN 2637-2150 или сајта. Посебно је наш народ у e-ISSN 2637-2614 Србији, претежно на Косову и Метохији UDK 004.738.5(497.11):[616.98:578.83 специфичан по склоности информаци- DOI 10.7251/STED2101039D оним технологијама и поверење у интернет пословање. Хипотеза рада јесте Primljen rad: 27.01.2021. да је пандемија COVID-19 променила Prihvaćen rad: 24.02.2021. понашање потрошача и предузећа на тај Publikovan rad: 28.05.2021. начин што се већина њих преусмерила http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com на интернет пословање. Помоћне хипотезе рада јесу да је Интернет тржиште једно од највећих светских Autor za prepisku: тржишта у развоју и друга помоћна Milan Dajić, Univerzitet u Prištini, хипотеза јесте да уколико постоји Ekonomski fakultet Kosovska Mitrovica,, квалитетна понуда, корисници се лако Kolašinska 156, 38 220 Kosovska одлучују на куповину путем Интернета Mitrovica, Srbija, [email protected] јер она подразумева већи избор, једноставно поређење цена између више Copyright © 2020 Milan Dajić; продавача те услугу доставе на кућна published by UNIVERSITY PIM. This work врата, што значи уштеду времена. licensed under the Creative Commons Међутим, реално је очекивати да се у Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. блиској будућности превазиђе и овај проблем, пошто технологија и у овој области веома брзо напредује. Прво APSTRAKT питање, које се поставља при извођењу Предмет рада јесте употреба трансакција, јесте питање поверења у Интернета за пословање предузећа. оне са којима се посао обавља. У Актуелност ове теме проистиче из електронским трансакцијама, пословање чињенице да у новој дигиталној ери се одвија између две или више страна, могућности и предности електронског које су физички раздвојене. Оно што они пословања и електронског трговања чине који нуде производе и услуге морају да значајан потенцијал који треба обезбеде јесте поверење купаца и искористити на најбољи и најефикаснији корисника услуга. У раду биће начин. Циљ рада јесте да укаже на примењене Опште научне методе: предности Интернета за пословање са анализа, синтеза, индукција, дедукција, једне стране што штеди време, а на компаративна метода, статистичка, другом месту је и новац. Али овакво историјска метода, и друге методе пословање путе интернета има и иманентне друштвено хуманистичким озбиљну сметњу заживљавању онлајн наукама. шопинга јер представља недовољну Кључне речи: Интернет, COVID- сигурност онлајн трансакција. Људи се и 19, пословање, онлајн, медији.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 39 Dajić, M. (2021). Upotreba interneta u preduzećima u Republici Srbiji za vreme pandemije COVID-19. STED Journal, 3(1), 39-46. ПРЕГЛЕД ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ И порука у обављању разних послова у ДОСАДАШЊИХ ИСТРАЖИВАЊА компанијама, банкама, управи, активно- Интернет је медиј који је увео стима грађана и у свим другим темељне промене на подручју пословним трансакцијама. Развој е- комуникација, забаве и трговине. пословањa је свуда у свету па и у нашој Предузећа га користе за комуникацију са земљи довео до могућности да се добављачима, сарадницима и клије- пословање обавља електронским путем. нтима. Она преко интернета продају, Неопходно је ангажовање стручњака наручују, примају наруџбине и такмиче различитих области и знатне новчане се за производе. Људи свакодневно инвестиције за пословање. Интернет користе интернет за размењивање економија је феномен новијег датума, порука електронске поште са члановима који се одвија, бржим или споријим породице, пријатељима, за разне темпом од тридесетак година у свету па трансакције, резервације путовања, и код нас. куповање и истраживање. Интернет је Друштвена мрежа је друштвена постао корисно средство за пословање структура коју чине чворови (који су како на националном, тако и уопштено појединци или организације) регионалном нивоу, што показује однос повезани једном или више између тема везаних за COVID-19 и међузависности као што су вредности, резултате претраживања (Hu et al., 2020). визије, идеје, финансијски интереси, Развојем интернета развила се и пријатељство, сличност, различитост, продаја и трговина путем тог медија, са конфликт, куповина, повезаност преко највећом стопом раста и развоја у веба, сексуална повезаност, пренос поређењу са било којим другим медијем. болести (у епидемиологији), саобраћајне На интернету више него на било ком руте. Резултујућа структура често може другом тржишту, купац је у средишту да буде веома комплексна јер може да се веома брзо и лако (Милосављевић и Мишковић, 2011). информише о жељеном производу. Друштвене мреже такође играју важну Интернет се користи у продаји и то као улогу при запошљавању, пословном медиј директног маркетинга. успеху ипословним перформансама. Помоћу интернета је створено вир- Друштвене мреже обезбеђују начин да туелно и глобално тржиште ослобођено компаније дођу до битних информација, граница, времена и простора (Karibeeran превазиђу конкуренцију као и уговоре о & Ramaswamy, 2020). Интернет је у формирању цена и полиса. Истраживање последњих 10 година показао огроман о младима и друштвеним мрежама које раст у броју корисника, и за кратко сам спровео са колегиницом Јеленом време на неким развијенијим тржиштима Јевтић, а које је потекло из наше успео да буде медиј са процентуално професорске праксе показало је да су највише утрошеног новца на средњошколци у Србији склони онлајн оглашавање. андемије нису само куповини производа и да често прате медицински феномен, већ утичу како на промоције производа путем друштвених појединце и друштво на многим мрежа, најчешће преко Инстаграм. нивоима, доводећи до различитих Многе компаније при запошљавању поремећаја тако и на предузеће (Петрић, радника, узимају у разматрање цело- 2020). Традиционално пословање купну web историју, као и присуство на засновано је на коришћењу структу- друштвеним медијима. Према рираних папирних докумената у дефиницији коју је дала International претходно дефинисаној и опште- Business Machines Corporation (IBM) прихваћеној комуникацији између „Електронско пословање је трансфо- учесника у процесу пословања. рмација кључних пословних процеса Електронско пословање представља употребом Интернет технологије“ (IBM, размену стандардизованих електронских 2020). Разлике у схватању су делимично

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 40 Dajić, M. (2021). Upotreba interneta u preduzećima u Republici Srbiji za vreme pandemije COVID-19. STED Journal, 3(1), 39-46. резултат самог развоја поменутих Србији у 2020. години показала су да сва категорија. Данас у току пандемије предузећа користе рачунар (Републички COVID-19 владе широм света су завод за статистику Србије, 2020) у свом покушале да својим економским мерама пословању (слика 1), а нарочито у ублаже утицај пандемије на људе и условима COVID-19 пандемије, када је привреду (Pavlović, Bodroža i већина предузећа преусмерило своје Vukomanović, 2020). пословање онлајн. Медији и друштвене мреже који надгледају и достављају Продаја робе преко Интернета у саопштења представника владе, Србији указивали су на проблеме у придржа- Рачунари и савремене информаци- вању предвиђених мера, посебно у оне технологије из основа мењају начин првим недељама ванредног стања у току производње, потрошње и дистрибуције пандемије COVID-19, (Öcal, Cvetković, производа и услуга. Истраживања Baytiyeh, Tedim & Zečević, 2020) па су се Републичког завода за статистику и поједина предузећа понашала Републике Србије о употреби информа- неодговорно. ционо-комуникационих технологија у

Слика 1. Коришћење рачунара у предузећима на територији Републике Србије

Ауторитет доношења одлука се пословне активности обављају на изводи из стручности и поседовања територији Србије имало је интернет информација, а не из позиције у прикључак (слика 2). Појава интернета хијерархији. Информације подржавају за многе компаније је подразумевала сваку активност у некој компанији, али комплетну трансформацију начина на саме по себи могу да представљају извор који се обавља пословање. Интернет за увећање вредности. Уосталом, значајно смањује трошкове прикупљања конкуренција се у савременим условима информација и олакшава приступ истим, све више заснива на информатичкој, а не захваљујући доступним информацијама на физичкој компоненти производа. олакшава процес доношења одлука, Уколико менаџери поседују више пружа могућност компанијама да информација о компанији и њеном рекламирају и промовишу своје окружењу, они ће моћи да доносе производе и услуге, олакшава и убрзава квалитетније планске одлуке. Један од комуникацију са пословним партнерима, најзначајнијих аспеката процеса омогућава електронску трговину. глобализације се односи на умрежавање Интернет трговина данас је једна од компанија. најуспешнијих облика трговине. Глобално умрежено окружење Захваљујући интернету, овакав је тип познато је као интернет. Према подацима трговине постао изузетно популаран. У Републичког завода за статистику скоро време биће најнормалнија ствар да Републике Србије у 2020. години људи користе интернет због властитог (Републички завод за статистику Србије, образовања и здравља, забаве, куповине, 2020) 98,4% предузећа која своје али исто тако и због зарађивања за

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 41 Dajić, M. (2021). Upotreba interneta u preduzećima u Republici Srbiji za vreme pandemije COVID-19. STED Journal, 3(1), 39-46. властити живот. Овом се тематиком баве интернет трговине, која напослетку аутори из различитих делова света и резултира истим завршетком. сваки од њих има своју дефиницију

Слика 2. Приступ интернету у предузећима у Републици Србији

Савремени трговински токови се одељења у оквиру организације све више одвијају кроз токове страних користећи Интернет организације; директних инвестиција због чега их не ➢ Корисник повлачи новац из можемо више анализирати само на банкомата (Automatic Teller класичан начин и кроз призму постојећег Machine). методолошког и статистичког обухвата (Stojadinović-Jovanović, Krstić i Неке од апликација електронске Radivojević, 2020). Е-трговина (Е- трговине: commerce) представља куповину и ➢ Е-маил; продају добара или услуга путем ➢ Системи за управљање садржајем; Интернета као и приходе од рекламе, ➢ Документи, извештаји, базе електронску размену докумената који података; прате робу, новац и услуге, пословање ➢ Финансијски системи; путем електронских средстава: EDI, e- ➢ Информације о наруџбама и mail, ftp, итд. Термин електронска испоруци; трговина може се дефинисати и као ➢ Пословно извештавње итд. процес управљања онлајн финансијским трансакцијама од стране појединаца или Овакав начин продаје има одређене компанија. Овај процес укључује како предности и недостатке и са становишта малопродајне, виртуелне и велепродајне продавца и са становишта купца. трансакције. Примери трансакција е- Предности са становишта продавца су: трговине су: ➢ Нижи трошкови текућег ➢ Индивидуална куповина књига на пословања; Интернету; ➢ Снижавање трошкова продаје и ➢ Резервација хотелске собе за испоруке роба и услуга; запослене из неке организације ➢ Скраћење времена између преко Интернета; пласмана и наплате робе и бржи ➢ Бесплатно позивање телефонског обрт капитала; броја и наручивање неког ➢ Елиминисање складишта; производа преко интерактивног ➢ Могућности брже реакције на телефонског система продавца; захтеве купаца; ➢ Организација купује ➢ Мањи обим папирне канцеларијску опрему онлајн или документације; преко електронске аукције; ➢ Бржа индентификација циљног ➢ Производни погон у организацији тржишта; наручује електронске компоненте ➢ Повећање конкурентности из другог организационог продавца;

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 42 Dajić, M. (2021). Upotreba interneta u preduzećima u Republici Srbiji za vreme pandemije COVID-19. STED Journal, 3(1), 39-46. ➢ Скраћивање канала промета; ности компјутерске мреже. Недостатци ➢ Афирмација куповине „just-in- са становишта потрошача су: time”; ➢ Несигурност електронских ➢ Продавац је глобално оријентисан трансакција; што доводи до интернаци- ➢ Недовољан ниво приватности онализације трговине. података о склоностима Често у електронској трговини потрошача; долази до конфликта у каналима продаје, ➢ Могућност погрешне испоруке првенствено због тога што многи производа или неиспоруке произвођачи почињу да заобилазе своје производа. дотадашње дистрибутере и сами се појављују на малопродајном тржишту. Комуницирање и едукација преко Због тога се сматра да ће Интернет блога, налога на друштвеним мрежама и донети и крај систему дистрибуције сл. су саставне активности у креирању и какав је данас. У комбинацији са одржавању репутације. Ове две системима за брзу испоруку робе, активности су блиско повезане и нестаће потребе за скаладиштењем робе најбољи начин је комбиновати их. код дистрибутера. Њихова улога у Друштвени медији не захтевају новац, каналима продаје биће замењена већ знање. електронским презентацијама, Пандемија ће и у будућности имати демонстрацијама употребе производа а траг у пословању предузећа, знатно ће се сервис и продршка купцима ће бити унапредити е-пословање и већина организовани директно од стране послова ће се обављати на wеb-у или у потрошача. Недостаци са становишта елекронској форми. Компликована продавца су: администрација и папирологија добиће ➢ Већа цена опреме (хардвера и електронски облик и смањити трошкове софтвера) неопходне за и губитак времена. Интернет маркетинг опслужење е-продавнице; и оглашавање ће преузети примат у ➢ Недостатак стручних кадрова за односу на offline маркетинг. Предвиђа се управљање и рад у овом облику изумирање штампаних медија и увођење продаје. наплате садржаја. Створиће се потребе за новим кадровима запослених специјал- Предности са становишта потрошача су: изованих за ову област. Свака компанија ➢ Куповина робе из фотеље; која би хтела да има присуство или ➢ Бржа испорука него код других послује преко Интернета требала би да облика неперсоналне продаје; размишља у правцу запошљавања ➢ Ниже цене производа; оваквих кадрова. Да ово полако постаје ➢ Избегавање притиска продајног реалност доказ је да се полако појављују особља; огласи за посао оваквог типа. Social ➢ Већи избор производа и Media Manager или Digital Account продаваца; Director су неки од модерних профила за ➢ Лакши приступ информацијама; којим ће ускоро бити велика потражња. ➢ Смањење трошкова набавке Предност за обављање оваквих производа итд. послова су познавање фунционисања и велико искуство на друштвеним Сигурно корисно за потрошаче је медијима. Број пријатеља и пратилаца, глобално присуство продаваца што нуди као и кредибилитет и репутација на потрошачима и глобалан избор робе и Интернету. Данас за време пандемије је услуга. У електронској трговини не у понуди и адекватно образовање младих постоје физичке или националне онлајн и праћење наставних активности. границе, ограничење је само у рашире-

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 43 Dajić, M. (2021). Upotreba interneta u preduzećima u Republici Srbiji za vreme pandemije COVID-19. STED Journal, 3(1), 39-46. ЗАКЉУЧАК законодавство касни у односу на потребе На основу података Републичког наших пословних људи, али завода за статистику можемо закључити новодоношени закони, а надамо се и да је доказана хипотеза рада да је нови омогућиће примену не само пандемија COVID-19 променила електронског потписа већ и других понашање потрошача и предузећа на тај потребних за несметано електронско начин што се већина њих преусмерила пословање и трговину. на интернет пословање. Такође, уз помоћ теоријског дела рада доказане су и помоћне хипотезе приступног рада да је ЛИТЕРАТУРА Интернет тржиште једно од највећих Hu, Z., Song, C., Xu, C., Jin, G., Chen, Y., светских тржишта у развоју и друга Xu, X., Ma, |H., Chen, W., Lin, Y., помоћна хипотеза јесте да уколико Zheng, Y., Wang, J., Hu, Z., Yi, Y., & постоји квалитетна понуда, корисници се Shen, H. (2020). Clinical лако одлучују на куповину путем characteristics of 24 asymptomatic Интернета јер она подразумева већи infections with COVID-19 screened избор, једноставно поређење цена among close contacts in Nanjing, између више продавача те услугу China. Science China Life доставе на кућна врата, што значи Sciences, 63(5), 706-711. уштеду времена. Значајну улогу у све International Business Machines уочљивијем процесу глобализације има Corporation, IBM (2020). Преузето и развој савремених средстава дана 20.01.2021. са комуникације, нарочито електронских, https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm која из темеља мењају постојеће односе 100/us/en/icons/ebusiness/ и снаге на светском тржишту. Кончар, Ј. (1998). Изазови и могућности Величина утицаја развоја електронске трговине. Нови Сад: комуникационих и информатичких Прометеј. средстава на светску привреду се може Кончар, Ј. (2003). Електронска наслутити и по томе што залази у трговина, Суботица: Економски традиционално радно интензивне факултет. делатности, тј. делатности код којих Милосављевић, М., Мишковић, В. раније није било пуно могућности за (2011). Електронска трговина. примену нових технологија. Београд: Универзитет Сингидунум. Електронска трговина, као и целина Öcal, A., Cvetković, V., Baytiyeh, H., електронског пословања постаје наша Tedim, F., Zečević, M. (2020). Public свакодневница. На основу стандардних reactions to the disaster COVID-19: a прописа и новостечених искустава comparative study in Italy, Lebanon, формирана су нова правила. Нови Portugal, and Serbia. Geomatics, прописи у себи носе много техничких Natural Hazards and Risk, 11(1), регулатива које нису блиске обичним 1864-1885. пословним корисницима. Ова правила се Petric, D. (2020). Negative mental health више односе на сервисе који омогућавају effects of COVID-19 pandemic and примену оваквог облика пословања. panic. Researchgate.[Online]. Учесници у промету се руководе Available at: https://www. општим правилима, али се технологија researchgate. пословања мења. Уместо папира, оловки net/publication/340081905_Negative_ и печата, на сцену ступају рачунари, са mental_health_effects_of_COVID- којима се много лакше и брже обавља 19_pandemic_and_panic (Accessed све већи број пословних трансакција. Да 23 June 2020). би то било могуће потребно је да се Pavlović, D., Bodroža, D., & Vukmirović, донесу национални закони, усклађени са V. (2020). The Economic Impact of прихваћеним стандардима. Наше the COVID‐19 on the Serbia’s Labor

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 44 Dajić, M. (2021). Upotreba interneta u preduzećima u Republici Srbiji za vreme pandemije COVID-19. STED Journal, 3(1), 39-46. Market: Statistics and Facts. Economic Young Indian Residents during Analysis: Applied Research in Lockdown Due to SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Markets, 53(1), 1-13. Outbreak--A Cross Sectional Stojadinovic-Jovanovic, S., Krstić, B., Survey. Online Submission, 7(2), 294- Radivojevic, V. (2020). A new 305. approach to trade and its scope. Завод за статистику Републике Србије Ekonomika, 66(3), 27-36. (2020). Саопштења. Преузето дана Karibeeran, S., & Ramaswamy, L.D. 20.01.2021. са (2020). Knowledge, Attitude and http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs Practice on SARS-CoV-2 among the

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 45 Dajić, M. (2021). Upotreba interneta u preduzećima u Republici Srbiji za vreme pandemije COVID-19. STED Journal, 3(1), 39-46. INTERNET USE IN ENTERPRISES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Milan Dajić

University of Prishtina, Faculty of Economic Kosovska Mitrovica, Kolašinska 156, 38 220 Kosovksa Mitrovica, Serbia, [email protected]

PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION card number over a network or website. Our people in Serbia, especially in Kosovo and ISSN 2637-2150 Metohija, are especially specific in their e-ISSN 2637-2614 propensity for information technologies and UDC 004.738.5(497.11):[616.98:578.83 trust in internet business. The hypothesis of DOI 10.7251/STED2101039D the work is that the COVID-19 pandemic changed the behavior of consumers and Paper received: 27.01.2021. companies in such a way that most of them Paper accepted: 24.02.2021. switched to internet business. Auxiliary Published: 28.05.2021. hypotheses are that the Internet market is http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com one of the world's largest emerging markets and another auxiliary hypothesis is that if

there is a quality offer, users can easily Corresponding Author: Milan Dajić, University of Priština, Faculty decide to buy online because it involves of Economics Kosovska Mitrovica,, more choice, simple comparison of prices between multiple sellers and delivery Kolašinska 156, 38 220 Kosovska service. house doors, which means time Mitrovica, Serbia, [email protected] savings. However, it is realistic to expect that this problem will be overcome in the Copyright © 2020 Milan Dajić; near future, as technology in this area is published by UNIVERSITY PIM. This work advancing very quickly. The first question, licensed under the Creative Commons which is asked when performing Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. transactions, is the issue of trust in those with whom the business is done. In electronic transactions, business takes place ABSTRACT between two or more parties, which are The subject of this paper is the use of physically separated. What those who offer the Internet for business operations. The products and services must provide is the relevance of this topic stems from the fact trust of customers and users of services. that in the new digital era, the opportunities The paper will apply General scientific and advantages of e-business and e- methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, commerce make a significant potential that deduction, comparative method, statistical, should be used in the best and most historical method, and other methods efficient way. The aim of the paper is to immanent to the social sciences. point out the advantages of the Internet for Keywords: Internet, COVID-19, business on the one hand, which saves time, business, online, media. and on the other hand, money. But this kind of business via the Internet also has a serious obstacle to the revival of online shopping because it represents insufficient security of online transactions. People are still reluctant to decide to send their credit

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 46 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

SELECTION OF THE MOST ACCEPTABLE TOOL FOR BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE FOR WORK IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Jefto Džino1*, Branko Latinović1, Živan Đuračković2, Stefan Džino3

1Pan-European University APEIRON, Pere Krece 13, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected] 2LANACO, Veljka Mlađenovića bb, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected] 3PR SYSTEMFINITY, 11 000 Beograd, Republic of Serbia, [email protected]

REVIEW SCIENTIFIC PAPER business intelligence tool for use and interoperability in public administration. ISSN 2637-2150 Key words: Business Intelligence, e-ISSN 2637-2614 Criteria, Public Administration, UDC 35.07:342.8]:005.311.6 Interoperability, Virtual Machines. DOI 10.7251/STED2101047D

Paper recieved: 06.03.2021. INTRODUCTION Paper accepted: 06.04.2021. The field of research of this work, in a Published: 28.05.2021. broader sense, is the improvement of http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com information systems, which deals with monitoring (monitoring) implementation of projects in joint BiH institutions. More Coresponding Author: narrowly, the area narrows down to the Jefto Džino, Pan-European University selection of tools for business intelligence APEIRON, Pere Krece 13, 78 000 Banja which will be implemented over databases. Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, A good information system enables all [email protected] users to understand and learn things that could not be achieved in any other way Copyright © 2020 Jefto Džino; (Radivojević, Tepšić, & Dumonjić, 2011). published by UNIVERSITY PIM. This work Quality information flow and good licensed under the Creative Commons analytical tools give a completely different Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. insight into the business potentials of the business system. It improves the strength of the human brain and reduces the need for ABSTRACT physical work. In order for the management The development of business that manages public administration to intelligence tools is gaining a new succeed, it must: be competent; trained to dimension every day, and this is an area of make the right decisions; supervises dynamic development. The importance of subordinates; provides purpose, direction this paper is to select the tool that represents and motivation; must possess leadership the best solution for the given needs in skills; ensures the success of public public administration. A multi-stage, broad- administration; is of appropriate education; based survey with clear selection criteria and relevant experience (Džino, Tepšić, leads to the choice of three tools. Criteria Jovović, & Radivojević, 2019). for tool evaluation were set, virtual In the research itself, we were guided machines were created, tests and analyzes by the principle that all facts obtained are were performed. The evaluations carried based on research and previously derived out give the choice of the most accepTable facts. In the work, we will manage the

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 47 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1), 47-56. following opinion: Regardless of the fact business, decisions should be made by that scientific research is primarily everyone in their field, or at least propose individual and/or group, the scientific them. results that they come to-their publication remain a public good, the property of Business intelligence tools and their humanity. The criteria are based on the analysis needs of assessing the quality of project Business intelligence systems are implementation at the level of BiH. present in practice today as a complement The term Business Intelligence (BI) to certain systems such as databases or the defines the capacity of an organization, like and some of the leading ones, ranked company or institution to collect, organize, by value or ability, are according to Gartner analyze, maintain, distribute and present presented in Figure 1 (Gartner, n.d). There information using the capabilities of one of are 495 types of processed software tools in the various software tools. All of this for 31 categories on this page. In the Business the purpose of distributing a given set of Intelligence Tools category, there are 17 information to the management of an types of software tools, and in the Business organization, company or institution simply Intelligence Tool type there are 159 and at a given time, in order to make timely different software packages that can be and concrete decisions in business. ranked by: number of views, average rating, From the analytical database, the price, alphabet and number of business system expects to provide quick recommendations.There is information for answers to important questions. Different each individual package: models and different architectures are ➢ about the price (given on request-not needed to look at business problems or their shown), solutions, which are similar to the natural ➢ a platform on which it can be structure of information used to manage installed: with business system and to manage a) Apple, processes within this system. Many b) Windows or business systems have realized that decision c) Linux. support systems and better work of employees require a different data ➢ where it can be installed: architecture designed and adapted for a) o on servers or inquiries of people involved in the process b) in the cloud. of work and decision making. Electronic public administration ➢ and what sizes of business can serve services are the future of the functioning of data software solutions: the public administration information a) small business (S-small), system(s) and business intelligence gives an b) midsize business (M-midl) and upgrade and a competitive advantage to the c) Big Business (L-large). state administration. Many business systems have realized that decision support There are 495 types of processed systems and better employee work require a software tools in 31 categories on this page. different data architecture designed and In the Business Intelligence Tools category, tailored to the queries of those involved in there are 17 types of software tools, and in the work and decision-making process the Business Intelligence Tool type there (Džino, Latinović, & Avramović, 2020). are 159 different software packages that can Superficial analysis could conclude be ranked by: number of views, average that the business intelligence system is rating, price, alphabet and number of directly intended for the management cadre, recommendations. however in today's modern way of doing

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 48 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1), 47-56.

Figure 1. Overview of Business Intelligence Tool manufacturers

There is information for each technologies include reporting, online individual package: analytical processing, data mining, process ➢ about the price (given on request-not mining, business results management, shown), benchmarking and analytics. ➢ a platform on which it can be It should be pointed out that the installed: selection of a software solution to be used d) Apple, for business intelligence was considered e) Windows or from two aspects: f) Linux. ➢ commercial and ➢ strategic. ➢ where it can be installed: c) o on servers or In a given work, access to tool d) in the cloud. selection and used criteria are exclusively in the function of choosing the appropriate ➢ and what sizes of business can serve tool without the intention of minimizing the data software solutions: value of all tools in any way. Each of the d) small business (S-small), software tools has its own good e) midsize business (M-midl) and characteristics. Essentially, the criteria are f) Big Business (L-large). conflicting and the final decision represents a compromise between the above criteria. Business intelligence softwares Selection within this approach represent a enables the collection and storage of solution that does not exist better in the intelligent data through their enrichment given circumstances. and increase. Business intelligence The basic approach in working when technologies provide historical, current and choosing tools is to use free open source predicTable views on business. Common tools for business intelligence, to specify, functions of business intelligence some tools have their free versions as well

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 49 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1), 47-56. as commercial-here the subject of software solutions can be divided by two consideration will be free versions. approaches. So we can make a basic Since the budgets of institutions are division into: difficult to adapt and unoriented to ➢ Open source business intelligence development, thus rarely funds for software solutions according to rights improving the business can be find. It and should be pointed out that the branch that ➢ Open source business intelligence offers the improvement of services and for software solutions according to where this solution is the IT industry branch that they may be located. of course have their own price, which are quite expensive, and are mostly based on In line with the approach that Sotver annual licenses for commercial solutions. open source business intelligence solutions From the above stated it follows that the can be divided according to proprietary research is based on free solutions and rights we have: available to all, which are based on "open ➢ Free proprietary business intelligence source", in other word work with business tools, intelligence tools licensed with open source. ➢ Free open source business intelligence The reason for this approach as we have tools. stated is primarily in the budgetary means that are assigned for such purposes and The software listed under point a) are their limited and narrow approach. with limited additions and functionality of In our circumstances the reason is software that is commercial, in accordance limited resources, but if we look at the with the scientific and research approach in environments that have funds, they are this work, this category will not be subject oriented towards open-code solutions for to further consideration. According to reasons of great savings. This statement is where they may be located: from a general view of the use of open code ➢ Cloud Business Intelligence Tools in software. So we can say no matter how Cloud, much we want it or not, we go in, and we ➢ Free non-cloud business intelligence press with limited funds in this way, and we tools. follow trends that are current. Of course, there are opposing opinions that we respect The business intelligence tools in and the additional argument for this Cloud for free use have functionalities that approach is the development of our own are limited and commercialized, in line with personnel. the scientific-research approach in this The work itself has several stages, the paper, this category will not be subject to beginning as can be seen from the above further consideration. text starts from general concepts of business Each state, in order to protect its data, intelligence, as we gave the basic direction keeps it on its own resourceso that, point a) to work and these are free open source free cloud intelligence tools, we cannot solutions, we can say that this is the second speak because we would come into conflict stage of work. with the Personal Data Protection Act, so The third phase is defining open code they will not be subject to further software solutions. After comprehensive consideration. This is about clarifications analyses and in accordance with the criteria on the tools that are in the cloud and their which are setted, about 30 tools belonging inapplicability in this case it is necessary to to this category were found here. point out that they could be used, but it In the fourth phase, for easier work would require hosting in this case in BiH. with them, we divide them and as follows Since these tools have hosting somewhere bellow. unknown to us, and this is not the casethat During the research, it was concluded they are in BiH, they will not be considered. that open source business intelligence

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 50 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1), 47-56.

Phase five: analysis of software (Hitachiviantara, 2018), solutions for open-source business ➢ JasperReports Business Inteligence intelligence. (Jasper Soft, 2018), To summarize, we the following ➢ Report Server Community Edicion category still remains: Free business (Report Server, 2018). inteligence tools with open code. The analysis of the entirety reflects the Analysis of open code software criteria of future development and solutions will be conducted by comparative adaptation, so we are not only looking for a or comparative method. A comparative solution to a given time, but a solution that method is such a method that by comparing will in future bring a series of advantages. (analysis) multiple individual elements we The criterias of choosing a software reach the safest element. Since method for solution for business intelligence are based comparison can only use comparable on the above mentioned and according to elements, the comparison will be conducted the quality assessment of project on open code software solutions implementation at the BiH level, and they synchronously, that is, for each software are as follows: solution, one virtual machine with the ➢ the software solution for business necessary software will be created. In intelligence to be used should should accordance with consideration, if needed, a be entirely independent, virtual machine and a tested solution will be ➢ web-based, launched. Testing on three computers was ➢ to have the current version in a year, also considered here, but it would require ➢ to support the integration of data from three hardware configurations of the same SQL and characteristics, so this testing approach will ➢ a general impression of researcher. not be applied here. Essentially a comparative method will be carried out Fifteen business solutions for open- with the same elements (tools) but not at the code business intelligence were analyzed same time. according to available data from webpages, The comparison will be made on the 12 were excluded according to the specified basis of important elements: criteria. ➢ Pefromance, Phase six: software solutions for free ➢ Functionality, open-source business intelligence tools. ➢ Ease of use, The research found a smaller group of ➢ Training materials, trainings and free open-plan business intelligence tools, tutorials, including (without any particular guidance ➢ Security, criteria): Pentaho Community Edition, ➢ Community, Report Server Community Editions and ➢ General tool impression. Jasper Reports Business Intelligence. For these elements assesment can be COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS made, and it can be qualitative or quantitative. By examining the above Criterias for analyzing a group of elements, we determine that each of the selected tools seven elements is qualitatative. Each In accordance with the as follows, element is reviewed based on practice, comparative analysis of the following open- importance, comparation and opinion by source software solutions will be researchers. Ranking of elements are performed: presented in Table 1. ➢ Pentaho Community Edicion

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 51 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1), 47-56.

Table 1. Description of each element by ranking. Num. Name of element Element description Rang What functionality does the software have and in what 1. Fun ctionality 1 relationship are relevant for further subject analysis? It refers to the speed of generating reports, to be available to a large number of users at a certain time, to 2. Pefromance scale well loads. Software performance and functionality 2 during reporting. Here we monitor how the softwer behaves at drill down and drill up functionality. Software and data security and limiting data availability 3. Security to users with varying levels of access within the 3 software. It tries to choose software that has an interface that is easily understood, managable, and easy to use. How they are users who are not IT educated users and who do other 4. Ea se of use 4 kinds of jobs so that the IT is not in their focus but software that can make their job easier, accelerate, and simplify their business, are. Training materials, Availability of educating materials, tutorials and training, 5. 5 trainings and tutorials their accessibility and currentity. 6. General tool impression A general impression of the tool. 6 Community development and its software-related 7. Community strength, its commitment to helping each other solve 7 problems.

In order to test criteria of perfomance, gives the impression of the criterium of ease of use, functionality and security, and perfomances and the general impression of to rate certain criteria, Linux and a business the work of the tools and the work of its intelligence tool that is connected to a functionality. For further research purposes, database located on a separate server will be comparisons will be made of the elements - accessed on the virtual disk. The stress test each with each. So that the intensity of will be conducted so that from the computer importance can be assigned, according to on which the virtuoulan machine is located, Saaty's scale (Saaty, 2008). which in this case plays the role of the Free BPMSG - Business Performance client, is tested. The reason for this is a Management Singapore multi-criterion simulation of the actual condition. In this analysis (AHP - Analytical Hierarchy case, the virtual machine is used for the Process) software was used to analyze the operation of the platform and the allocated criteria and we ranked them. resources that we have previously defined From the analysis, we clearly see that in the work. From the side of client and side the order of the criteria and in order of of sending of requests requested resources functionality is 29% -those criteria is are used, this does not burden the virtual important from the aspect with which all machine's resources and client possibilities the tool has. Following is requirements, but we give it the ability to performance criterion 28.8 %, security work fullly and use available resources to 14.2%, ease of use with 8.7%, educating execute requests. Reports created for testing materials, training and tutorials 7.4%, purposes are used. To simulate multiple General Impression 6.7% and Community clients, multiple sessions are run, creating with 5.2%. more clients who send their requests. How quickly reports are carried out and how it

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 52 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1),

Figure 2. Overview after comparing criteria and decision matrix

Workstation Description ➢ Mobility, refers to the ability to copy The following personal computer of and transfer VHD to another computer following characteristics is used for testing: and use it, Intel (R) Core (TM) i3-2120 CPU @ 3.30 ➢ The possibility of cloning refers to a GHz, with RAM of 8.00 GB and 64-bit installed system that does not have to operating system. The operating system is be reinstalled each time but can Windows 7 Enterprise, Service Pack 1. simply be cloned. Because of the same approach to analysis, tools will be installed on Oracle VirtualBox Most important virtual machine settings (Oracle, 2018). A separate disk is created Hard disc 20 GB, type VHD (Virtual for each virtual machine. Hard Disk), which has its own space on a fixed-sized physical hard drive. This type of Reasons for using virtual box, virtual hard drive is selected because the virtual machine, VHD machine already has space reserved on the In this research, the reasons for testing physical hard drive, and all processes on it on a virtuoso machine are as follows: run faster the compared to the types of hard ➢ The ability to scale the given drives that are dynamically assored limitations of physical hardware, (Dynamically allocated). This may be a ➢ The independence of the virtual technical requirement that must be machine from the computer on which calculated because virtual machines must be it is located, located on the C disk, so it must be careful ➢ Possibility of testing and making that there is enough space on the C disk and different changes for the purpose of that it will not compromise your computer's checking the value and manner of operation and cause a crash. The virtual system behavior. If the results are machine was adbroumed with a Ram 3.6 accepTable, the changes can be GB. Every virtual machine is installed: 64 accepted otherwise they can be bite Linux Ubuntu Server and Java. discarded, In addition to common software on each virtual machine, a business intelligence software tool is installed.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 53 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1), 47-56.

Results analyses In Figure 3 presented what it looks like when all VMs are installed:

Figure 3. The look of a virtual box with created virtual machines

During work, we can track what case there's any mistakes here we are happens, how everything is executed, at looking for what happened. The Figure 4 what speed, whether there are errors, etc. In below shows the code line.

Figure 4. Appearance of code line

Yes, we can say that the picture is the code line is interrupted. After analyses nothing special, but to make it easier to and consultations which are conducted, work and navigation where the text is values are included in the tool and the framed by the star, the program begins, and obtained results are presented in Figure 5 if you have an error or problem, look where and Figure 6.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 54 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1), 47-56.

Figure 5. Value entry and result

Figure 6. Results Analysis

The analysis was conducted through the documentation in the form of videos or Multicriteria Analysis (AHP-Analytical tutorials of each tool, and conducted Hierarchy Process). The analysis is consultations. Separately, each criterion conducted based on knowledge, experience was considered and reviewed separately for and research objectivity. The tools are each of the tools, and a comparison was compared to each one. The analyses come conducted with each of the tools. The from research, creation and installation of results are presented here. virtual machines, analyzing available

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 55 Džino, J., et al. (2021). Selection of the most accepTable tool for business intelligence for work in public administration. STED Journal, 3(1), 47-56.

CONCLUSION based on knowledge bases and new The development of tools for business technological solutions. GE- intelligence gets its new dimension every International Journal of Management day and this is an area that has dynamic Research, 7(6), 32-44. development. The development of hardware Gartner, (n.d). Retrieved March 03, 2018, and software was not uniform - the from: development of hardware progressed by https://www.softwareadvice.com/bi/#t geometric progression (according to op - products./ Moore's law), and software hardly by Hitachiviantara, (2018). Retrieved June 18, arithmetic (Vujović, Džino, & Radivojević, 2018, from: 2019). Those who are well acquainted with https://www.hitachivantara.com/go/pe the situation in public administration can ntaho.html notice that even now large funds are spent Jasper Soft, (2018). Retrieved July 12, on hardware, which is often not used even 2018, from: close to its capabilities. We sincerely hope https://www.jaspersoft.com/ that open-source tools will introduce Oracle-Virtual Box, (2018). Retrieved May advances towards the possibilities of 10, 2018, from: commercial tools, especially towards to https://www.virtualbox.org/ data research, visualization and interactive Radivojević, M., Tepšić, M., & Dumonjić, control plates. Each product has its own B. (2011). Poslovna Inteligencija. qualities, and when we look at individually Banja Luka: BLC certain aspects of each tool can be Report Server, (2018). Retrieved June 19, challenging, leaving room for improvement. 2018, from: https://reportserver.net/en/ In essence, any advantage or weakness of Saaty, T., (2008). Decision making with the the tools poses a challenge to their analytic hierarchy process. development for both those who support the International Journal of Services development of tools and for competition. Sciences, 1(1), 83-98. The significance of this work is choosing a Vujović, V., Džino, J. & Radivojević, M., tool that is the best solution for a given (2019). More efficient business model need. The selection of Pentaho Community in construction companies in Edicion presents a challenge that will show underdeveloped countries and all its quality in the coming works. Pentaho countries in transition. Research Community Edicion has been selected as a Journal of Science & IT Management- solution that fully matches the superior RJSITM, 8(10), 16-22. requirements.For interoperability purposes, these results can be used in public administration in BiH, which increases the importance of the research.

LITERATURE Džino, J., Latinović, B. & Avramović, Z., (2020). Poslovna inteligencija u informacionim sistemima javne uprave i procjene kvaliteta implementacije projekta. Zbornik radova ITeO 2020 (str. 110-123). Banja Luka: Panevropski univerzitet APEIRON. Džino, J., Tepšić, M., Jovović J. & Radivojević M., (2019). Decision making in construction companies

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 56 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

CONFLICT OF A MEMORY CULTURE IN WESTERN BALKANS

Đorđe Vuković

University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Political Science, Bulevar vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

REVIEW SCIENTIFIC PAPER After a long time, they lived together members of different ethnic, religious and ISSN 2637-2150 national backgrounds and their historically e-ISSN 2637-2614 unfinished and unsuccessful attempt to UDC 316.758:159.9(497-15) form a common Yugoslav culture and DOI 10.7251/STED2101057V unique Yugoslav identity, a difficult civil war occurred, ethno-nationalism escalated, Paper Submited: 13.02.2021. and people who were very close and very Paper Accepted: 18.05.2021. similar to one another, tried to create as Paper Published: 28.05.2021. much difference and distance between http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com themselves through violence. All national communities that participated in the wars of

Corresponding Author: the 1990s, emphasized defending national Đorđe Vuković, University of Banja Luka, culture as one of their main tasks. The warring parties sought to destroy everything Faculty of Political Science, Bulevar that reminded them that different people, vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78 000 Banja their neighbors and friends of a different Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, religion were living there. Today, three [email protected] decades after these conflicts, they are still prisoners of their attitude to history. The Copyright © 2020 Đorđe Vuković; culture nevertheless brings them together published by UNIVERSITY PIM. This work and inspires them to understand themselves licensed under the Creative Commons more and to cooperate better. Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. Keywords: Culture of memory, Political Views on the Past, Changing Facts in History, Ethnonationalism, Identity. ABSTRACT Cultures of remembrance that are officially affirmed by national elites in the INTRODUCTION Western Balkan countries, that is in the Rarely do European scholars, such as former Yugoslavia, are a source of ongoing those living in Western Balkans, have such conflict. Various collective memories and a great opportunity to explore and verify in mutually antagonized interpretations of the their immediate social environment the past, show that Croats, Serbs, Bosnians, claim of one of America's leading Macedonians, Montenegrins and others politicians, Francis Fukuyama, that the who lived together for centuries and most difficult struggles between many decades within a single state, after all countries in the contemporary world are interpret and remember their common historical narratives. Although much greater history in completely different ways. Their attention of the professional and general social narratives about the past and public in 2020, when the commemoration dominant cultures of memory are of 75 years since the victory over fascism predominantly selective, one-sided, has misunderstandings about historical intolerant, exclusive. memory in current relations between Germany, Poland and Russia, the case of

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 57 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. the former Yugoslavia is in many ways National communities that have lived specific. It refers not only to the together or as neighbors for centuries, under controversial memories of World War II, different political regimes, different but also to much older events. Specific ideologies, under different empires, forms antagonisms are triggered by a conversation of government, although differing in about their recent past. religious affiliation (Orthodox, Catholics Conflicts with memories, collective and Muslims), they have still very similar memories, cultural symbols, monuments, cultures, a mixture of different influences, interpretations and interpretations of ancient Slavic, ancient, Celtic, Illyrian, historical events have been for decades, a Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and Turkish, daily and ongoing preoccupation with the Austro-Hungarian and Germanic cultures. political, scientific and cultural elites of First of all, the cultures of these nations are national communities that lived in the the result of their interactions with each common Yugoslav state for almost the other. Throughout history, they have often entire 20th century, but have parted in fought wars between themselves, bloody armed conflicts (1991-1995), when scrambling for territories and resources, more than 130.000 people were killed and fighting on the side of various allies, but in about 2.000.000 were expelled and the early 20th century they made many displaced. Armed conflicts ended with the concerted efforts and sacrifices to form a signing of the Dayton Peace Accords common Yugoslav state and, apart from (1995), but have continued for 25 years in territorial integration, to shape up and the fields of culture, history, mass media, strengthen the so-called Yugoslav culture scientific debate. Historical discussions as a common value, a collective identity, a strongly influence political, social and culture that embraces and unites Slovenes, cultural orientations of all national Croats, Bosnians, Serbs, Montenegrins and communities, and collective memory is not Macedonians, as well as local Jewish, only a storehouse of mutual Albanian, Roma and other minority misunderstandings and divisions, but also a populations, also Yugoslav citizens. constitutive element of political culture that However, that ideological project failed. affects the instability of the state structure There are numerous reasons and many and the poor quality of social relations. interpretations of the reasons for their Exploring the consequences of the divergence and conflicts, the range of disintegration of the Yugoslav multinational historical, social and geopolitical factors, and multicultural state, American the most notable being the inability to anthropologists Joel Halpern and David overcome the differences between the Kajdikel identified the problems of ethnic groups that have lived in this region rebuilding separate nation states after the for centuries. However, in the book Death civil war and the destruction of a common of Yugoslavia (1996), Western researchers nation-state. "Even as the conflict subsided, Laura Silber and Allan Little argued that the the successor states of Yugoslavia are war in Yugoslavia was planned and facing new difficulties, not the least of conducted by the Yugoslavs themselves, it which is the creation and maintenance of was not historically inevitable, that the modern states with limited resources" common state did not die a natural death, (Halpern & Kajdikel, 2002). The newly but deliberately and systematically independent states have continued to destroyed by people who had nothing to challenge each other and clash in political, gain but who could lose everything by the diplomatic, media and economic views on peaceful transition from state socialism to the regional present and the future, but they market democracy” (Silber, & Little, 1996). still have the greatest misunderstandings, On the other hand, local scientific the most difficult dialogues and the most authorities (Mirjana Kasapovic, Milan complex relations on issues of common Matic, Nenad Kecmanovic, Vladimir past. Vujcic, etc.) argue that the characteristics

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 58 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. and forms of political culture of ethnic jointly experienced feats and tribulations, communities in the former Yugoslavia have nations are "communities of memory". That led to its breakup and civil war, and are is why it is very important questions of how certainly one of the main reasons due to people remember, what they remember and which, even today, Balkan societies, what impact it has on current events and especially in Bosnia and Herzegovina, are processes in society. What is the political divided and the state s and political system affirmation of the past? How do historical unstable. Researchers cite as key arguments facts and cultural and political identities the fact that Serbs, Bosnians and Croats interconnect? never jointly, massively and permanently advocated for a common state, and survived only thanks to authoritarian political WICH HISTORY IS TRUE? regimes (Ottoman Empire, Austro- After the death of Communist Hungarian Monarchy, Kingdom of SHS and Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito (1980) and Tito’s SFRJ). The controversy is that the the demise of a one-party state that had common state, as well as those formed by been authoritarian governed since the end its dissolution, were created by the free will of World War II, members of the political, of all citizens, whether they had internal scientific and cultural elites of each of the recognition, the consensus of all Yugoslav people began to speak openly and constituents. The fact is that in their long loudly that their national, ethnic and historical duration, the Balkan people have cultural identities were endangered at all not been able to continuously build modern times, disadvantaged and subordinate to political identities. A "land of paradox and others. They wrote and published books ambiguity" in which ethno-nationalism, claiming that official history was not true, which generated civil war, was merely a that the Communist authorities forged it for "dormant concept". ideological needs, and that after the Some anthropologists and sociologists demolition of the Berlin Wall (1989) and (Joel Halpern, David Kajdikel, Radmila the first democratic elections in Yugoslavia Nakarada, Nenad Kecmanovic, Mirjana (1990), they could no longer live together Kasapovic, etc.) find that the Yugoslav and that everyone should go their own way. people inhabit a region where ethnic In atheist Yugoslavia, religious boundaries overlap and intertwine, and identification of the population was experience the common past quite officially not at the forefront, and then differently (Halpern & Kajdikel, 2002; suddenly became paramount. With the first Nakarada 2011). Although naïve people, democratic elections, political parties based without much education, believe that the on ethnic principles emerged, religious past is dead and that history has no identities were of great importance, and influence on the present, it is true, on the each nation also wanted to mark its ethnic contrary, that everything that people once space and create their own state. thought, what they once felt and what they Each side emphasized the defense of once did, exists today as part of what we national culture as the most important think, feel and do. People are not only political task. Thus, belligerent ethnic communities of blood kinship, psychic nationalism quickly flared up, and culture characteristics, common language1, under the influence of politics became a customs, constitution and law, but also of "detonator of hatred in the Balkans," as Belgrade anthropology professor Ivan

1Serbs, Croats, Bosnians and other nations spoke a Colovic believes. "Speech on culture common language, but Yugoslavia nevertheless becomes the talk of an isolated, disintegrated. Switzerland or Belgium, which are homogeneous, complacent and vulnerable multi-lingual countries, have survived thanks to their national community" (Čolović, 2008). shared identity. Multinational states can more easily survive the crisis of a political society if they have a However, Colovic believes that the strong and political and cultural identity, shared conflicts that arose from the intercultural memory and cultural history. STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 59 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. communication of the Balkan peoples, Amin Maluf, prevails all over the world, especially in the former Yugoslavia, are not turning people into stingers when they feel the result of insurmountable differences, as that their tribe is threatened. That's when the ideologists of nationalism claim. "In fanatics, xenophobes come to the fore in contrast, closer to the truth is the conclusion "making cakes". "Because of the that these conflicts are the fruit of established way of thinking and expression, unbearable similarity, a similarity that is so deeply rooted in all of us, because of this perceived as a hostile provocation, as a narrow-minded, exclusive, religiously- threat to the greatest national good, a suppressed notion that reduces one's unique and indivisible way of existence, a identity to a single identity, proclaimed national identity" (Čolović, 2008). with passion" (Maluf, 2003). Too much Indeed, this Freudian "small- attachment to a collective identity in difference narcissism" toned down political relation to respect for human rights, processes, determined the intensity of war universal values, richness of diversity conflicts, caused ways to kill and expel one results in negative emotions towards other another. The monuments of common groups, entities, and not just specific culture, and especially the religious and individuals who are considered to be a cultural objects of the enemy side, were danger or have committed a crime. brutally burned and destroyed. In the 1990s, Ethnonationalism did much harm in the more than 3,000 religious sites, mosques, 20th century. Millions of people have been Orthodox and Catholic churches, as well as killed as victims of ethno-nationalism. numerous cemeteries, museums, libraries, Two distinguished scientific etc. were destroyed in the territory of the researchers, Zlatko Kramaric of Croatia and former Yugoslavia. The warring parties Angela Banovic-Markovska of Northern sought to remove anything that reminded Macedonia, point to the intricate interplay them that their neighbors and their different of local people. “Traces of some other faiths and cultures were living there. The different identities /cultures / traditions are long life together of members of different always inevitably present in every separate ethnic and national backgrounds often ends identity / culture / tradition” (Kramarić & up as a civil war, with the escalation of Banović - Markovska, 2013). Rich cultural ethnonationalism, which is accompanied by backgrounds, different traditions and intolerance, anti-individualism, stereotypes historical heritage have made this part of and prejudices, extremism. The enemy the Balkans a place of "live interaction". becomes someone very close, similar, so The history of the Western Balkans is most often they try to make as much extremely complex, and this is mostly true difference as possible through violence. of the former Yugoslavia. Its history is like Balkan and Eastern European History an endless roundabout, like a whirlwind, a Specialist and Associate Professor at the chronicle of friendship and hostility, Department of History of the University of brotherly love and brotherly hatred, great Montreal, Max Bergholz, in the book cultural achievements, shared enthusiasm, Violence as a Generative Power: Identity, creativity, idealism, but at the same time Nationalism and Memory in a Balkan cruel nationalism, devastating chauvinism, Community believe that extreme violence wars in the name of culture, religion, state and brutal killing of neighbors is a catalyst and ethnic boundaries. Their history is a and trigger for ethnic identification chronicle of mutual trust and distrust, a (Bergholz, 2018). magnificent effort and sacrifice to build a Acts of extreme violence have better society, but also anger that destroys constituted an "antagonistic perception of everything, ethno-national restraint, identity" - the nature of violence has unfinished murderous projects. A chronicle changed the way survivors perceived of unification and disruption, specific themselves! The tribal conception of Balkan civilization and authentic Balkan identity, as noted by French-Libyan writer barbarism. Chronicle of multi-ethnic hugs

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 60 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. and multi-ethnic rapes, slaughter breaks, The culture of memory is not in the pause in hatred, bonfire of delusion. Their function of planning for the future. Dealing history is an elusive compromise on times with the past turns into memory wars, gone by. political propaganda, the Two decades of the 21st century have instrumentalization of casualties, the passed, Yugoslavia is long gone, and the schooling of hostilities. Each of the warring memory of it is interpreted in its own way parties remembers only their victims, by every newly created state. Formerly a collective suffering and crucifixion, common language2, each national repairing their self-image, feelings of honor community calls it its own, considers the and pride, but does not explore their common culture its own, finds blame for responsibility and guilt, there is nothing in the problems only in other nations, and common memory. Famous Balkan writers proclaims its only victim. They build new Ivan Lovrenovic and Miljenko Jergovic monuments, write new histories, invent new believe that political tensions between symbols. They want to change everything, people are constant, that inter-ethnic to differentiate themselves as much as divisions have become permanent, images possible, from the recent past to the oldest of history are opposed to one another, and times. Leaders of national political parties there is a dark need to constantly renew the manage to manipulate the cult of the past memory of the evil they have done to each and make people selectively turn to other. "The wrongly buried, dark past has historical memory and revive old hostilities, the characteristic of always going back and constructed and revived memories of two defining the lives of generations" world wars, killing each other, and (Lovrenović, & Jergović, 2010). Reducing suppressing and ignoring positive and justifying crimes committed by experiences, examples of multiethnic compatriots, dehumanizing the opposing agreements, cooperation and happiness. It is party, depriving the enemy of dignity even as if the politicians of the Balkan states to have recollection and memories, the have become the rulers of the collective political aim is to continue the war and memory, which should forget parts of conflict in a different way, by different history, that those historical aspirations for means. In November 2017, Andreas Ernst common life and common culture are published an article in the Swiss journal viewed solely as wrong and tragic, as an Noah's Cirher Zeitung, which emphasized argument against the memory of common that for 20 years or more, no nation and no life, but also used against the idea of country of the former Yugoslavia has been rebuilding the old state or creating a new engaged in their own, but others' crimes and form and a stronger interconnection, that there is no confrontation with war alliance, association and cooperation of the events without taboo. "There is no regions or as a common address in the distinction between collective guilt and European Union. Croatian scientist from collective responsibility", Ernst observes Mostar, Mile Lasić, emphasizes that the that Slovenes and Croats, as victorious peoples of the former Yugoslavia are still parties do not see a need for self-reflection, facing a painful process of self-liberation but cherish the memory of their "pure war", from the illusion of fascism and Nazism, with particular emphasis on the difficulties de-victimization and victim-transaction, in the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and from the curse of the culture of selective in Kosovo, which were violently ended by memory. "Academic and religious forces from outside, with the intervention of communities, the media and political the NATO alliance. leaders must help in this" (Lasić, 2015). If the people in this part of the Balkans do not already have a unique memory of shared history and do not fully 2The author of this paper understands that there is disagreement among scientists from the university recognize or wish to accept historical facts, centers of the former Yugoslav republics with the term how do they treat the victims of the "common language". STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 61 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. conflict? Do they feel collective pain, religious, national, ideological motives and respect for the dead and innocent? Do they reasons, for generations of victims, have universal compassion or do they have geopolitical processes, local disasters. a political, ideological memory, selective, There is a widespread belief that the fictional, constructed about this matter? fate of the Balkans3 is defined by the How do you remember the victims of each constant outbursts of collective memory, other’s wars in a constant dialogue with the that its contemporarily is impossible with glorious and shameful past? Do they divide too much history present, that the future is into "victims" and "criminals", divisions excluded - looking back. Associations in into afflicted nations and wicked nations? the Balkans are twofold; national elites How do they summarize the terrible have misused the myth of Balkan ancient accounts in which the defeats of one side is heroism and insubordination, while using - the victory of the other, the crying of the the same term to describe a set of real or one is - the joy of others, the aim to war for fictional practices imbued with primitivism, one - the survival of other, the war prey for passion and violence. Anthropologists note one - the hearth of others, memories? Issues that in the late 1980s and during the 1990s, like these are a huge burden in the public the story of national autochthony in the sphere. Counting the dead, using and Balkans was reinforced, as evidence of manipulating them, the irresponsibility of which country, who first came upon it and the media and playing with political made the greatest sacrifice, spoke of correctness! University of Constantine "ancestral bones". "Blood and soil", culturologist Alaida Asman warns about the "spiritual cradle" and the like. Famous abuse of the dead as a factor in Bulgarian historian Maria Todorova, in the strengthening political goals. "Where influential and most cited book on the history stands in the service of identity- Balkans, Imagining the Balkans, building, where citizens adopt it and emphasizes that the cultural West has politicians invoke it, one can speak of produced a "Balkans bugaboo", a negative political memory" (Asman, 2011). Alaida perception of it creating aversion to Asman believes that it is necessary to everything is Balkan, especially because of separate the use of memory from its specific the war in the former Yugoslavia at the end abuse. "What the victims cannot forget is of the 20th century (Todorova, 1997). Even that the descendants of the perpetrators of some Balkan people have begun to use the the crime must not forget" (Asman, 2011). term to designate their closest neighbors as Contrary to the view that local primitive, cruel, undemocratic. barbarities reflect the oblivion and National identifications and historical disrespect of the dead, some Balkan cultural actualization of national ideas of the scientists (Jovan Cvijic, Vladimir national community in this part of the Dvornikovic, Bojan Jovanovic, etc.) claim Balkans take different paths, often ignoring that in the local tradition it is the deceased the criteria of civilizational pluralism. "The (the "famous and martyred ancestors") who difference between 'us' and 'them', between give greater respect than the authorities of our culture and some other culture, is seen faith, knowledge, spirit, or law. With here as the difference between the only true ideological talk of the dead, politicians and authentic culture and the various forms mobilized the inhabitants for an onslaught, of false, artificial culture or culture at some revenge, war, thus endangering the fates of lower stage of development" (Čolović, living and future generations. If we look at messages from history textbooks, 3European historiography for the Balkans often memorials, memorials, etc. Obviously, states that the area is inhabited by peoples obsessed cultures of memory are opposed, reflect with history, who builds identities on myths, and that collective victimization, deny or ignore the these peoples are incapable of facing contemporary problems and facing the future (H. Sundhaussen, suffering of other nations. Victims of "Europe Balcanica: Der Balkan als historischer Raum politics and culture of war over territories, Europas, 1999. David A. Norris, "The Balkan myth, the issue of identity and modernity", 2002). STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 62 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. 2008). In public and diplomatic speeches by of social transmission and processing of representatives of the international knowledge about the past. We can talk community and the European Union, which about the cultural, social and political seeks to discipline local states and adapt dimensions of memory. The content area of them to their standards, the Balkan nations the culture of memory includes a network are too concerned with history and not of beliefs in the common origin of members enough with economics, law, modern of a particular social group, common technologies. The Balkans live more in the symbols and myths, memories of the most past than in the future. However, the significant events in history, as well as revitalization of history is seen as a orientation towards the past. This is how condition for progress, not as a identities are determined. "compromise with the past," but rather as a The French sociologist Maurice confrontation with the driving forces of Halbwachs, in a significant work Memory history. It is important to understand the and His Social Conditions (1925), real causes of the events, the roles and emphasized that identity is not the result of responsibilities of specific actors, to learn memory but its assumption, memories arise how to keep the mistakes from happening before and are formed on the basis of social again and to improve the quality of life and ties, group loyalties, identities. Halbwachs peace. The task is to strike a balance in emphasized that we always adapt past to the memory cultures in a reasonable dialogue current circumstances and goals, "we with the past, not to be a reservoir of future remember in the present." These are the conflicts and a continuing conflict potential. contents of the collective consciousness "Talks on the dark sides of the national past whose presentation is subject to certain cannot and should not cease, but not be a conditions and mechanisms, which is why source of hatred and revenge" (Vuković, the concept of social memory is discussed. 2019). Sociologist from Serbia Todor Kuljić identifies two dimensions of memory culture: 1. as a storehouse and bearer of VIOLENT IDENTITY CHANGE memory (the culture of memory consists of In order to understand politics, patterns of inheritance, transmission, economy, history, social life in the Balkans, planned or spontaneous forgetting or it is necessary to understand the cultures of suppression of memory in accordance with its inhabitants. Authentic mix of culture, the interests of certain social groups; within history and politics. French-Bulgarian the ideological use of the past we speak of historian Cvetan Todorov emphasizes that "the politicization of memory”); 2. as more culture is a form of collective life. "Culture or less conscious of the individual / rests, at the same time, on shared memory collective relationship to events and (we learn the same language, the same processes of the past, individuals and social history, the same traditions) and on the groups use the past to build identity and rules of common life (we take into account distance themselves from others (Kuljić, the laws in force in our society), it is turned 2006; Kuljić, 2014). If we look at this to both past and present in the same time" "storehouse" of memories, we will notice (Todorov, 2014). the potential problem of the way of The term culture of memory begins to "storage" of experiences, impressions, facts, develop from the first half of the 20th images of events, contexts ... Are the century in the fields of history, sociology, objects of memory stored in such a way so psychology, literature, later and political that certain facts are overstated and others science, and this syntagma includes the suppressed by political motives and needs, public use of the past, ways of its revival, media through processing, historiographical interpretation, determination, construction, and scientific non-objectivity, beautification social transfer of knowledge about the past, by folk poets, the power of mythology? In inventing, repressing, fixing, mechanisms the Balkan traditions, ancient stories and

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 63 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. myths from ancient times play a large role, culture", critics point out, the word - and significant authority is represented by ideology - should stand. "What was said in folk poets and their testimonies on the politicized 1960s and 1970s, using historical battles, national themes, historical terms such as 'myths' and 'ideologies', was roles of heroes and the like. The question is referred to in the 1990s as 'collective how complex everything that enters the memory'" (Asman, 2011). storehouse of memory culture is, how long Under the phenomenon of collective it lasts in the same meaning, how it is used memory, we consider oral and written in public space, and for what purposes. knowledge, a whole mosaic of different The culture of remembrance contains content that shapes images of the past patterns of reworking the past in the context necessary to preserve national identity, and of daily consciousness, repression, at the same time extremely important for relativization, inventing, planning the dimensioning of political culture. Four forgetfulness, etc., which make up types of collective memory are most often individual and collective constructions, that emphasized: mimetic (transfer of concrete, is, images of the past that individuals and practical knowledge from the past), material groups create in certain situations in order (memory of things and transfer of material to interpret the present with the help of the objects from the past), communicative past. vision of the future, and define and (transmitted through language) and cultural strengthen your own identities. This is not a (historical consciousness, transfer of critical rethinking of the past to explain the meaning and meaning from the past). Todor causes, context, causal phenomena. Even Kuljić distinguishes two forms of collective the most adverse events and outcomes memory: communicative and cultural should receive reasonable explanation and memory. The first is transmitted verbally, create positive effects on the national conversations about the past within families picture of history. The selective culture of and between generations, while the second remembering national defeat translates into form of memory refers to the victories, justifies or diminishes the institutionalization of the content of the past mistakes and shortcomings of leading through dominant culture, through history government officials. Instead of complete textbooks, national and state holidays, events, fragments are mostly extracted, the museum exhibits and the like. Thus, there same details are emphasized and repeated. are tangible (monuments, museums, books, Taking into account Cvetan Todorov's etc.) and intangible memories (myths, claim that in totalitarian states truth is symbolic heritage, narratives of fateful systematically sacrificed to the "fight for historical events, exemplary figures, heroic truth", but that in democratic states care for exploits). the truth must not be sacrificed, it is not During the two world wars and the last easy to list the states that we can claim to be civil war in the territory of the former consistently and absolutely committed to Yugoslavia, in addition to millions of democratic principles. Collective memory, human casualties, the goals of brutal as a set of public memories promoted by the destroying and destruction were also state, is also one of the most important bridges, factories, hospitals, schools, elements of political culture. Reviving and cultural monuments. Let’s single out one institutionalizing memories from the past example. During the bombing of Belgrade gains strength for social order and national in April 1941, Nazis systematically identity, shapes an individual's relationship destroyed the National Library of Serbia. It with the community and politics, and was the largest treasure-house of movable influences public opinion. The notion of cultural heritage, containing material that collective memory, according to certain spanned a thousand years, with 500,000 authors (Mark Bloch, Susan Sontag, library units, 1,300 medieval and 1,700 Reinhart Kozelek, Rudolf Burger), is not Oriental manuscripts. Hitler's aviation acceptable; Instead of the phrase "memory destroyed everything. The Balkan tragedies

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 64 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. also destroyed religious monuments, burned the last century, there were massive changes books, stolen archives. Local history has in the name of city streets. For example, in many examples of barbaric efforts to Zagreb between 1990 and 2010, destroy a nation, its culture, its identity. approximately 500 street and square names Enemies not only killed soldiers and were renamed. Two times more in civilians, but also killed libraries, museums, Belgrade. The same practice took place in galleries, theaters, even cemeteries. In early Ljubljana, Skopje, Podgorica, Split, Pristina 2017, the UN Security Council and other cities. In Bosnia and Herzegovina unanimously adopted a resolution (perceived as "small Yugoslavia"), three condemning the unlawful destruction of national communities (Bosnians, Serbs, and cultural heritage and warned members of Croats) have changed many cultural and extreme religious groups and terrorists that historical characteristics of the cities where such attacks could be treated as war crimes. they live as majority nation after the war In the 1990s, over 3,000 religious buildings, and in which they have political control. In mosques, Orthodox and Catholic churches Sarajevo, 420 pre-war street names have were destroyed in the territory of the former been renamed, 244 streets have been Yugoslavia, among which the most famous renamed in Banja Luka since the war, and are the medieval mosques of Ferhadija and very similarly in Mostar. Instead of the Arnaudija in Banja Luka, the Orthodox names of anti-fascist WWII fighters or Basilica and the Zitomislic Monastery in artists from time when living together, these Mostar, the Catholic Cathedral of the streets are now named after ethnic heroes, St.Joseph in Derventa and others. The religious leaders, symbols of national Jewish Cemetery was damaged during the history, etc. war in Sarajevo, while the ancient Clock Cross-political and cultural divisions Tower was mined in Banja Luka. In are eclectic in science, academia, and Mostar, Croatian soldiers demolished a books, textbooks, studies, scientific stone bridge4 in 1993, built by Turkish research are exposed to abuses, forgeries, builder Hajrudin in the mid-16th century. In unbiased and selective representations of Kosovo and Metohija, more than 40 historical processes. Political elites without Orthodox churches and monasteries in responsibility and without competence seek Prizren, Pec, Djakovica, Srbica, etc. were a solution to contemporary political crises destroyed in 1999 and 2004. in the politicization of the past! In this Political elites determine what the dishonest act, they are helped by false official version of the country's past is. history experts, publicists, tabloid media. Control of public space for political and One of the world's greatest historians, Eric ideological ends. History is read not only in Hobbesbaum, warns of the danger of a school textbooks, but also in the names of situation in which the people of Central and cities, monuments... Instead of naming Eastern Europe live disappointed in their streets, city squares, schools, museums, past and even more in their present and libraries and other cultural institutions to uncertain future. History is "raw material" preserve the memories of a multi-ethnic and for ideologies that emphasize national and shared life in the Yugoslav state, instead of ethnic characteristics and issues. "The past witnessing significant people and events is important, perhaps even an essential that marked the history of the 20th century, element for these ideologies. If there is no ethno-national political elites tried to tear suitable past it can be invented” down, erase, hide everything. In almost (Hobsbaum, 1996; Hobsbaum, 2002; every city in Western Balkans, at the end of Hobsbaum, E. i Rejndžer, T. 2011). Counterfeit pasts, projected identities, 4The bridge over the Neretva River during the emerging nations, and fictional traditions 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina was the are reactions to emerging situations. The border between the Bosnian and Croat peoples. It was renovated in 2004 and in 2005 it is listed as a goal of inventing tradition, Hobsbaum UNESCO World Heritage Site. Unfortunately, Mostar argues, is to manipulate current issues to remained a politically and nationally divided city. STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 65 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. establish historical continuity, to relate to inventing and fabricating, mobilized the past, to impose stable, formalized populations. It has been confirmed that the actions, to ensure immutability. This is fictional, false, artificial "past" becomes an accomplished with the help of symbols, extremely powerful mobilizer of political rituals, traditions that have been invented, and social action. Also, as Alaida Asman constructed to look ancient, very old, and in concludes, unambiguously explaining and fact much younger, mostly from recent exaggerating history in the form of production. Fascism mobilized the masses, monuments and sacred sites cannot be calling for a total social transformation, but reduced to falsified historical facts, since also emphasizing a return to "traditional they themselves become "historical facts". values". The past invoked by the Nazis and The effective potential of interpreted and fascists was fictional, their "traditions" were learned historical experiences is crucial in fact "artificial creations" - the intention to when creating collective images of oneself. impose certain values and forms of "It is not merely a 'myth' in ideological- behavior by practicing symbolic and ritual critical terms, but is, in a much broader content and repeating actions. sense, a cultural construction that strongly Many local and international scholars influences the present and the future" have noticed such phenomena in the (Asman, 2011). territory of the former Yugoslavia, Content memories define political and inventing traditions and designing identities media rhetoric. If, by misusing the history in order to distance themselves from each of the national community, they mobilize other, and above all to build states and in and focus on action against one another, them new identities, new history, tradition. convinced that they are fighting for culture, Serbian sociologist and communicologist identity, religion, language. Scientists, Branimir Stojkovic emphasizes that in the journalists, intellectuals or artists who post-Yugoslav period in identity politics, irresponsibly become textbook warriors, where "narcissism of small differences" is terrorists against the truth, aggressors of expressed, the emphasis is placed on culture, motivational speakers about linguistic exclusivity and inventing historical hatred, monuments, cemeteries, tradition, stories about the indigenous facts, truth! To write and talk about the peoples of the Balkans, ancient origins etc. terrible tragedies in the Balkans 1914-1918, British political scientist Sabina Rajdel in 1941-1945, 1991-95. and 1999, to let The Book Thinking of the Balkan Peoples: readers and the public know all about e.g. Identity Politics Between Conflict and Jasenovac or Srebrenica camps, the Integration analyzes identity policies in massacre in Kragujevac, or Kulen Vakuf, Southeastern Europe that, along with other the mass graves of Tomašica or Kazan, the features of identity, are always invoked in Srem front or Bleiburg, Kozara, Kadinjača, language. Wanting to show the existence of Foča, Koricanske stijene, Sijekovac and all certain ethnic-national identities, Rajdel other places of great suffering in former emphasizes that claims that Bosnians, Yugoslavia, except many facts, must Serbs, and Croats speak different languages examine fears, weeping, hatred, silence, best identify how far these identity policies ideas, to try to understand how one can are far from objective. celebrate killings, persecutions or Inventions of tradition are reactions to humiliations of closest neighbors, new situations. It is constructed by political godparents, relatives. A land full of blood and cultural elites to legitimize nation- and parasites... Flags, holidays, dates that states. In order to disassociate and make are a joy to one, are insults, sadness to boundaries with their people in the other. In this part of the Balkans, memories ethnically and religiously mixed territory of are crying, memories are being Western Balkans, political elites ignored remembered, the past is screaming. scientific truth and objectivity, brutally "Therefore, even if they wanted to, the violated historical facts, forged the past, subjects of this region of complex ethnic

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 66 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. misogyny, often perceived as 'handicapped' state, constitutional patriotism, politics of by their heterogeneity, could not remain memory and culture of memory. indifferent to the controversial character of Selective remembrance cultures in selective memory and abuse of oblivion of which the political and cultural elites of historical facts" (Kramarić & Banović - people will not test their responsibility for Markovska, 2013). Political scientist from misunderstandings and conflicts in the past Sarajevo Nerzuk Ćurak believes that Bosnia testify that there is no strong enough will to and Herzegovina lack an appropriate culture build lasting peace and prosperous of remembrance as an institutional cooperation between national communities, manifestation of the political community. and without that there is no strengthening of “We must simply create the conditions for a democratic society, economic progress for all places of sorrow to be our shared citizens. memories. And not that every garment is The culture of people of Western separated and vengeful only for the crime Balkans is the result of mutual influence that was committed against ‘his people’. All throughout history. Elements of one nation's those killed innocently in Bosnia and culture are also present in the culture of Herzegovina are our people” (Ćurak, 2018). others. The only thing that differentiates them is religion, but in history it has not only always been a cause of conflict, but TOGETHER TO RESPECT AND also a driving force for cooperation, COOPERATION solidarity, shared success. The history of In the processes of rehabilitation of Western Balkans, without any doubt, is the old and the formation of new national very complex and can be a source of and political identities in the countries that conflicting potential, but it also represents a originated in the territory of former great wealth of different cultures, identities, Yugoslavia, conflicting views on common traditions, myths, offers a lot of inspiration history are apparent. There are dominant for scientific research projects and works of memory cultures in Slovenia, Croatia and art. Serbia, which in comparative analysis show In today's world, fraught with the large differences in the interpretation of the effects of globalization, social and migrant same events. The problem is even more crisis, when many questions the future of complex in countries such as Bosnia and multiculturalism and interculturalism, even Herzegovina and Montenegro, where more common civilizations, examples from the religious and ethnic communities live, former Yugoslavia can help scientific whose historical narratives are profoundly researchers and humanists to analyze different. Thus, there is drama in the Balkan weaknesses and benefits of mutual countries regarding collective identities. coexistence of different cultures. It is Just as the Yugoslav authorities were necessary to strengthen social awareness of unable to form and consolidate the responsibility, a culture of dialogue and Yugoslav nation throughout the 20th democratic principles in dealing with century, so in the multiethnic and conflict situations. Multicultural societies multicultural states of Western Balkans can more easily survive as political today there are enormous difficulties in communities if they succeed in forming creating a single political nation, a unique cultural traditions and shared political national identity, in affirming cultural, identities. The solution to a conflict in is not religious and political togetherness. In these to negate its political, cultural and religious countries there is no awareness of the differences, but to respect different and "collective we", common customs and complex identities and enhance its political tradition, language, cultural symbols, public culture. holidays and the like. There are also A commitment is needed to talk problems regarding integrative national openly and constructively on all topics, a consciousness, public interest, loyalty to the culture of dialogue about the political

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 67 Vuković, Đ. (2021). Conflict a memory culture in Western Balkans. STED Journal, 3(1), 57- 68. affirmation of a common past and a views, to nurture memorials, dates - common future. To collectively remember anniversaries, great historical figures in the the past, instead of selective and subjective field of culture and art, their works that arose from cultural interaction, as Maluf, A. (2003). Ubilački identiteti. places of meeting and responsibility. Beograd: Paideia. Nakarada, R. (2011). Putevi pomirenja. u REFERENCES Godišnjak FPN, 5(5), 361-376. Asman, A. (2011). Duga senka prošlosti. Silber, L., & Little, A. (1996). The Death of Beograd: XX vek. Yugoslavia. London: BBC Books Bergholz, M. (2018). Nasilje kao Todorov, C. (2014). Strah od varvara, s one generativna sila. Identitet, nacionalizam strane sudara civilizacija. Loznica: i sjećanje u jednoj balkanskoj zajednici. Karpos. Sarajevo: Buybook. Todorova, M. (1997). Imagining the Čolović, I. (2008). Balkan – teror kulture. Balkans. London: Oxford University Beograd: XX vek. Press. Ćurak, N. (2018). Pamćenje zaborava i Vuković, Đ. (2019). Društvo u sumraku. zaborav sjećanja: kultura poricanja u Sarajevo: Fondacija Friedrich Ebert postdejtonskoj Bosni i Hercegovini. Stiftung. Zbornik radova, Politike izgradnje mira u regionu: opterećenja prošlosti i vizije budućnosti, Forum ZFD (25-39). Sarajevo, BiH: Fakultet političkih nauka, Univerzitet u Sarajevu. Halpern, J., & Kajdikel, D. (2002). Susedi u ratu: jugoslovenski etnicitet, kultura i istorija iz ugla antropologa. Beograd: Semizdat B92. Halbwachs, M. (1992). On Colective Memory. Chichago: The Univerzity of Chichago Press. Hobsbaum, E. (1996). Nacije i nacionalizam od 1780: pojam, mit, stvarnost. Beograd: Filip Višnjić. Hobsbaum, E. (2002). Doba ekstrema: istorija kratkog dvadesetog veka. Beograd: Dereta. Hobsbaum, E. & Rejndžer, T. (2011). Izmišljanje tradicije. Beograd: XX vek. Kramarić, Z. & Banović-Markovska, M. (2013). Politika, kultura, identitet. Interkulturni dijalog. Zagreb, Osijek: Školska knjiga. Kuljić, T. (2006). Kultura sećanja. Beograd: Čigoja štampa. Kuljić, T. (2014). Tanatopolitika. Beograd: Čigoja štampa. Lasić, M. (2015). Prokletstvo kulture kolektivnog sjećanja. Sarajevo: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Lovrenović. I. & Jergović, M. (2010). Bosna i Hercegovina, budućnost nedovršenog rata. Zagreb: Novi Liber.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 68 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

NAJBOLJI INTERES DJETETA U POSTUPKU SMJEŠTAJA DJECE U DOM ZA DJECU BEZ RODITELJSKOG STARANJA

Ljubinka Lazić

JU Centar za socijalni rad Derventa, Trive Vujića 6, 74 400 Derventa, Bosna i Hercegovina, [email protected]

PRELIMINARNO SAOPŠTENJE su ukazali na zaključak da su djeca izmještena iz razloga postojanja ugroženosti ISSN 2637-2150 porodičnom situacijom, te da donošenju te e-ISSN 2637-2614 odluke prethodi niz opsežnih stručnih UDK 364.4-053.2:616-007-053.2 postupaka i intervencija. Na kraju je DOI 10.7251/STED2101069L istaknut značaj procjene stručnih radnika organa starateljstva vođenjem principom Primljen rad: 26.02.2021. „najbolji interes djeteta“, te naglašena Prihvaćen rad: 20.05.2021. potrebu unapređenja sistema zaštite djece Publikovan rad: 28.05.2021. bez adekvatnog roditeljskog staranja u http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com smislu kadrovskih promjena, sistemskih saradnji, razvoja deinstitucionalizovanog

zbrinjavanja djece i unaprijeđenja sistemske Autor za prepisku: podrške porodici. Ljubinka Lazić, JU Centar za socijalni rad Ključne riječi: „najbolji interes Derventa, Trive Vujića 6, 74 400 Derventa, djeteta“; institucionalno zbrinjavanje djece; Bosna i Hercegovina, [email protected] intervencije organa starateljstva.

Copyright © 2020 Ljubinka Lazić; published by UNIVERSITY PIM. This work UVOD licensed under the Creative Commons Princip „najbolji interes djeteta“ Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. predstavlja fundamentalni princip u zaštiti prava djece. Kao opšte načelo u brojnim pravnim propisima u praksi se implemetira APSTRAKT kroz primjenu ovlašćenja koja zakoni daju Rad se bavi pitanjem zaštite interesa organima upravljanja koji se bave zaštitom djeteta u postupku institucionalnog djece i porodice. Organ za koji se u praksi zbrinjavanja u dom za djecu bez konkretno i praktično vezuje upotreba roditeljskog staranja kroz implementaciju prinicipa „najbolji interes djeteta“ jeste principa „najbolji interes djeteta“ u centar za socijalni rad. Pomenuti princip centrima za socijalni rad. Namjera autora je „najbolji interes djeteta“ je specifično usko bila da se, kroz kvalitativnu analizu, izvrši vezan za starateljsku ulogu centra. U svom analiza slučajeva smještaja djece u ustanovu postupanju prilikom donošenja odluka i socijalne zaštite kao i metodologije i provođenju mjera kojima se ublažava postupaka koji se sprovode u socijalnoj nepovoljno stanje i pruža neka vrsta zaštititi u tim slučajevima. Istraživanje je podrške, pomoći porodici, centar je najprije provedeno prikupljanjem i analizom spisa u obavezan da se vodi upravo principom Centru za socijalni rad Derventa. U radu je najboljeg interesa djeteta. Centar za prikazana deskriptivna analiza obilježja socijalni rad je, ustvari, ustanova sa širokim slučajeva izdvajanja 26 djece iz 14 porodica ovlašćenjima obavljanja poslova vezanim u periodu od deset godina (2010 – 2020), te za različite vidove patoloških pojava u intervencije organa starateljstva. Rezultati društvu, poteškoća u zadovoljavanju osnovnih životnih potreba, problema

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 69 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. vezanih za funkcionisanje porodice, te Dakle, primjena principa „najbolji vezano za zaštitu djece ugroženih različitim interes djeteta“ je normativno vidljiva kroz okolnostima. Posebno je značajno vođenje pozitivno zakonodavstvo, ali se može reći ovim principom u postupcima kada dolazi da je u praksi primjena standarda pod do izdvajanja djeteta iz primarne porodice znakom upitnika jer je primjetno da djeca te smještaja u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog sve češće ostaju bez roditeljskog staranja, te staranja. da je ostvarivanje prava djece „uslovljeno Centar za socijalni rad se kao organ siromaštvom i političkom odnosno starateljstva pojavljuje se i „ulazi“ u administrativnom strukturom države“ porodicu onda kada se socijalizatorske (Habul, 2018). funkcije porodice ne ostvaruju na način koji je pozitivan za razvoj djece. Tada slijedi Konvencija o pravima djeteta svojevrsni redoslijed radnji kojima centar Konvencija o pravima djeteta (KPD) nastoji pomoći porodici, odnosno kojima je međunarodni dokument koji je skupština centar pomaže djeci, a kada ta pomoć Ujedinjenih nacija usvojila 1989. godine i porodici ne može dati povoljne efekte u od primarnog je značaja za obezbjeđenje nekom periodu, pristupa se, uvijek teško, zaštite djece u svijetu jer ima snagu izdvajanju djeteta, a smještaj djeteta u obavezujućeg zakonskog akta i sadrži ustanovu je krajnje rješenje, ukoliko drugi univerzalne standarde koje svaka država načini ne funkcionišu ili ne postoje. Iz potpisnica mora garantovati i obezbjediti razloga značaja porodice za socijalizaciju i svakom djetetu. maturaciju djeteta princip „najboljeg Bosna i Hercegovina je Konvenciju o interesa djeteta“ je polazna i uvijek prisutna pravima djeteta ratifikovala 1993. godine postavka kojom se stručni radnici centra za čime je preuzela obavezu obezbjeđenja socijalni rad vode prilikom donošenja uslova za provođenje načela Konvencije i odluka, a s obzirom da su djeca osjetljiva obezbjeđenje uslova za bezbjedno kategorija, nemoćna da se sama zaštite od djetinjstvo i život djece, kao i obavezu okolinskih faktora, ovaj rad se upravo bavi izvještavanja o stanju zaštite djece u državi. navedenim pitanjem. Konvencija propagira najbolje interese djeteta kroz načela nediskriminacije u odnosu postupaka države za zaštitu prava PRINCIP „NAJBOLJI INTERES djece i obezbjeđenje uslova za život, DJETETA“ – PRAVNI OKVIR opstanak i razvoj djeteta, kao i uvažavanje Princip „najbolji interes djeteta“ vodi mišljenja djeteta. Dakle, u načelnim porijeklo iz međunarodnih dokumenata, postavkama Konvencije, u članu 9, ističe se prevashodno iz Konvencije o pravima društvena briga za porodicu „ako to nije u djeteta iz 1989. godine, gdje je naglašeno suprotnosti s njegovim najboljim kao osnovno načelo kojim se države trebaju interesom“ (KPD, 1989), pri čemu su voditi kako bi obezbjedile najbolju zaštitu posebno značajne aktivnosti države i djece (Konvencija o pravima djeteta [KPD], društva kojima se treba obezbjediti zaštita 1989). Implemetirano na nivou države, u djece i porodice. To implicira posmatranje Republici Srpskoj, odnosno Bosni i djece kao posebnih subjekata prava koja Hercegovini, to znači da se kroz formalne i imaju poseban društveni status, i dalje, to procesne propise obezbjeđuje zaštita prava i implicira posebne aktivnosti države na interesa djeteta, a to je regulisano u „lex polju zašite djece bez roditeljskog staranja i specialis“ zakonima, u prvom redu pravo na život u porodici. Shvatanje djeteta zakonima kojima se reguliše oblast kao subjekta i nosioca prava podrazumjeva porodičnih odnosa i socijalna zaštita. i shvatanje da su odrasli ti koji poštovanje Primjena principa „najbolji interes djeteta“ tih prava moraju obezbjediti. Porodica je se ističe prilikom načina zbrinjavanja najpoželjnije okruženje za život i razvoj djeteta izuzimanjem iz porodice i djeteta, a ako porodica nije u mogućnosti da zbrinjavanjem van biološke porodice. to obezbjedi država će joj pomoći

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 70 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. pružanjem različitih vidova podrške. Uz uvijek namjerno i granica kad počinje ovo objašnjenje i obrazloženje, kao i značaj zanemarivanje nije uvijek potpuno jasna“ Konvencije kao dokumenta bitnog za (Čorić, Bačan, 2006; Bilić et al., 2012). zaštitu djece, treba se dodati i razlog zbog Dodaje se i da sve vrste zlostavljanja čega je ta zaštita djece neophodna. Naime, ostavljaju negativne posljedice na djete na djeca su nekada u sistemu, društvu, u psihološkom, emocionalnom, socijalnom porodici, nedovoljno obezbjeđena te žive u planu, tako da se nikako ne treba baviti nepovoljnom okruženju, a nekada su i isključivo na oko vidljivim oblicima namjerno zanemarena ili čak zlostavljanja. zlostavljanja već upravo posljedicama koje Zbog toga je neophodno da se obezbjedi su šire, dublje, trajnije. Ustanove socijalne pravilan razvoj i maturacija djece a to je zaštite, baveći se pitanjem zaštite djece, omoguće kroz adekvatno i pravovremeno bave se i pomoći porodicama u smislu postupanje svih subjekata i grupa kojima procjene i poboljšanja uslova života djece, a djeca pripadaju, koja ih okružuju. Porodica takođe i procjenama roditeljskih stilova je prva i osnovna životna grupa u kojoj se vaspitanja, zanemarenosti djece i slično. djeca rađaju, žive, odrastaju. Dok s jedne Tako se ustanove socijalne zaštite upravo strane država obezbjeđuje uslove za bave procjenama potreba i interesa djece, te obrazovanje, zdravstvenu zaštitu djece i najprije pomažu porodici i djetetu, a zatim, podršku porodici, porodica s druge strane u slučaju potrebe, preduzimaju i teže mjere obezbjeđuje uslove za ishranu, zdravlje, poput izdvajanja iz sredine gdje su vaspitanje djece. Tako, nasuprot definisanja ugrožena, pod rizikom, zanemarena, prava djece, može se govoriti o narušavanju zlostavljana. tih prava, o zanemarivanju, odnosno U odredbama Konvencije o pravima zlostavljanju djece. „Svaki oblik tjelesnog djeteta je naveden značaj sistemskog i/ili emocionalnog zlostavljanja, seksualnog preventivnog rada sa porodicama, ranih zlostavljanja, zanemarivanja i nemarnog intervencija i tretmana u zajednici postupanja ili iskorištavanja djece, što (Vejmelka i Sabolić, 2015; Ajduković, rezultira stvarnom ili potencijalnom 2004). Uz to se navodi i da država može opasnosti za djetetovo zdravlje, preuzeti brigu o djetetu kada procjeni da preživljavanje, razvoj ili dostojanstvo u dijete nema odgovarajuću brigu u porodici, kontekstu odnosa odgovornosti, povjerenja te država ima mogućnost upotrebe i krajnje i moći“ je zlostavljanje djece, definiše se u mjere, smještaja u dom, a dodajemo da su svijetu (Bilić, Buljan Flander i Hrpka, takve odluke organa starateljstva zasnovane 2012). Zadnjih decenija je i posebno na procjenama socijalnih, ekonomskih, povećano interesovanje stručnjaka i javnosti ideoloških i intelektualnih karakteristika za probleme zlostavljanja i potrebu zaštitu porodice (Vejmelka i Sabolić, 2015). djece, što bi moglo biti rezultat boljeg „Najbolji interes djeteta“ znači i da, u informisanja i potpunijeg razumijevanja postupku izdvajanja djece iz biološke konteksta dječjih prava, samim tim i zaštite porodice, odnosno prilikom zbrinjavanja djece od svih oblika narušavanja i povrede djeteta u drugi vid smještaja, u drugu njihovih prava. Uz fizičko, psihičko, porodicu ili pak u ustanovu, države su emocionalno i seksualno zlostavljanje ide i dužne rukovoditi se principom izražavanja zanemarivanje, kao vid zlostavljanja djece, mišljenja djeteta, odnosno omogućiti a pominjemo ga ovdje iz razloga što je djetetu da se, u skladu sa zrelosnom dobi i direktno vezan za porodicu koja je i objekat sposobnostima, izrazi, te isto uzeti u obzir rada ustanova socijalne zaštite. pri utvrđivanju interesa djeteta. Ovo su Zanemarivanje se odnosi na suštinska pitanja i osnovna načela kojima se nepostupanje u pogledu vaspitanja djece i rukovode i stručni radnici centara za brige o djeci uopšte. „Zanemarivanje je socijalni rad prilikom zbrinjavanja djece propuštanje zadovoljavanja djetetovih van njihove porodice porijekla i posebno u potreba u mjeri koja znatno utječe na ustanovu socijalne zaštite. djetetov tjelesni i psihički razvoj. Nije

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 71 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. Porodično i socijalno zakonodavstvo patnje, boli ili u slučaju postojanja prijetnje Odredbama Porodičnog zakona takvim djelima ili zanemarivanje i nebriga Republike Srpske (Porodični zakon [PZ], ili je u riziku pojave poremećaja ponašanja 2002, 2008, 2014) i Zakona o socijalnoj u vidu prestupničkog ili delinkventnog zaštiti Republike Srpske (Zakon o ponašanja (ZSZ, 2012, 2016, 2019, 2020). socijalnoj zaštiti [ZSZ], 2012, 2016, 2019, Tako se, ukoliko organ starateljstva utvrdi 2020) predviđene su obaveze i načini postojanje nekih od ovih nepovoljnih podrške i zaštite djece kroz pomoć porodici porodičnih okolnosti djeteta, preduzimaju i zbrinjavanje djece bez roditeljskog određeni postupci. U Zakonu o socijalnoj staranja. Ovim zakonima određene su zaštiti (ZSZ, 2012, 2016, 2019, 2020) nadležnosti centra za socijalni rad kao navedeni su razlozi i procedura izuzimanja organa starateljstva kao i alternativni načini djeteta iz porodice i smještaja u drugu brige o djeci bez roditeljskog staranja ili porodicu, hraniteljski smještaj ili pak u djeci bez adekvatnog porodičnog okruženja. ustanovu socijalne zaštite. Najprije se Tu se izdvaja jedno od najznačajnih pitanja savjetodavnim, materijalnim ili sličnim kojima se centri za socijalni rad bave, a to postupcima nastoji pomoći roditeljima da je upravo izbor alternativnog oblika poboljšaju funkcionisanje porodice i brigu o zbrinjavanja djeteta, a koje će biti djetetu, a ukoliko isto ne da pozitivne privremena zamjena za porodicu porijekla. rezultate preduzimaju se mjere na Porodični smještaj djeteta je najbolji interes iznalaženju porodične podrške i srodničkog djeteta, i to život u biološkoj porodici, ali u porodičnog smještaja. Kao krajnja mjera, slučaju kada je život djeteta ugrožen ili ukoliko srodnička podrška ne postoji ili nije otežan zbog odsutnosti roditelja ili adekvatna, pristupa se smještaju u javnu neadekvatnog roditeljskog stila, mora se instituciju za smještaj djece. pribjeći i drugim vidovima brige, a to je Porodični zakon definiše situacije zbrinjavanje u drugu porodicu, srodničku ili kada roditelj zloupotrebljava i zanemaruje nesrodničku, a u krajnjoj tački pribjegava se roditeljska prava i dužnosti. Tako kada na smještaju djece u ustanovu socijalne zaštite. bilo koji način sazna da postoje okolnosti Princip „najbolji interes djeteta“ daje primat koje ukazuju na zlostavljanje djeteta, porodici i porodičnim alternativama, ali u zloupotrebu roditeljskog prava, napuštanje praksi se nailazi i na situacije kada u datom djeteta, zanemarivanje brige, organ trenutku, zbog objektivnih okolnosti starateljstva preduzima mjere zaštite prava i porodične situacije djeteta, mogućnosti interesa djece, a u odnosu prema roditeljima ustanove ili zajednice, se pribjegava pokreće određene sudske postupke (PZ, institucionalnom zbrinjavanju djeteta. 2002, 2008, 2014). Istim zakonom su Navedeni pravni propisi navode tačne konkretizovani razlozi stavljanja djeteta okolnosti u slučaju kojih se utvrđuje dijete pod starateljstvo drugog lica, a navedena su kao korisnik prava iz socijalne zaštite i i prava djece, dužnosti roditelja, te dužnosti dijete bez roditeljskog staranja. Prema države u dijelu obezbjeđenja zaštite djece, Zakonu o socijalnoj zaštiti Republike te odnosa roditelja i djece. Vezano za Srpske (ZSZ, 2012, 2016, 2019, 2020) princip „najbolji interes djeteta“ posebno se navedeno je da je dijete bez roditeljskog može izdvojiti član 81a: „2) Pravo djeteta staranja dijete bez roditelja, odnosno da živi sa roditeljima može biti ograničeno napušteno ili čiji su roditelji u samo kada je u odgovarajućem postupku nemogućnosti da se staraju o djetetu iz utvrđeno da je to u najboljem interesu razloga što su lišeni tog prava, a zatim to je djeteta“. U Porodičnom zakonu je dodat i dijete čiji roditelji nisu u mogućnosti da institut stalnog nadzora nad vršenjem obezbjede uslove za vaspitanje, fizički i roditeljskog prava: „Ako to interesi djece psihički razvoj uslijed bolesti, smrti jedog zahtijevaju, organ starateljstva će pružiti roditelja, nesređenih odnosa u porodici, pomoć roditeljima u sređivanju njihovih materijalnih ili drugih razloga, a to je i socijalnih, materijalnih i ličnih prilika i dijete kojem se nanosi bilo koja vrsta odnosa ili ih uputiti u odgovarajuće

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 72 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. savjetovalište“ i „Ako opravdani interesi mogu otežavati pravilno i neophodno djece zahtijevaju, organ starateljstva može funkcionisanja centara za socijalni rad. To odrediti stalan nadzor nad vršenjem se odražava se na rad tih ustanova uopšte, a roditeljskog prava u pogledu pojedinog posredno i na prava djece da žive u djeteta“ (PZ, 2002, 2014, 2014). To je porodici, na primjenu alternativnih dodatno pojašnjeno navođenjem da porodičnih vidova zbrinjavanja djece itd., roditelji ne smiju dijete podvrgavati ali je zadatak organa starateljstva, lokalnih ponižavajućim postupcima, odnosno zajednica kao i socijalno-političkog zlostavljanju, a u slučaju da su zlostavljali pravnog sistema države uopšte da uspostave dijete, ili zanemarili brigu ili je kod djeteta bolje uslove, unaprijede saradnju svih došlo do poremećaja u vaspitanju organ nadležnih institucija, razvijaju alternativne starateljstva može dijete oduzeti i izmjestiti. oblike zbrinjavanja djece i pomoći porodici. Precizirana je obaveza organa starateljstva, (Ombudsman za ljudska prava BiH, 2019). a to je da „Za vrijeme trajanja stalnog Uz navođenje zakona koji regulišu nadzora nad vršenjem roditeljskog prava oblast zaštite prava i interesa djece treba organ starateljstva će savjetima i drugim napomenuti i druge dokumente. UNICEF je odgovarajućim metodama socijalnog rada 2017. godine uradio Situacionu analizu o pomagati roditelje u vršenju roditeljskog djeci pod rizikom od gubitka porodične prava, pozivati roditelje radi dogovora o brige i djeci bez roditeljskog staranja u vršenju roditeljskog prava, obilaziti Bosni i Hercegovini. Republika Srpska roditelje i djecu, pozivati roditelje i djecu na (RS) je 2009. godine donijela Strategiju redovne periodične sastanke u prostorijama unapređenja socijalne zaštite djece bez organa starateljstva i slično“ (PZ, 2002, roditeljskog staranja u RS-u, za period 2008, 2014). 2009-2014. godina, koja je obnovljena Mišljenje djeteta se uzima u obzir 2015. godine, odnosno, donijeta je nova prilikom donošenja odluka organa Strategija unapređenja socijalne zaštite starateljstva, a u skladu sa socijalnim djece bez roditeljskog staranja u RS-u za kontekstom i potrebama djeteta. Sa period 2015-2020. godina. Takođe značajan izražavanje djeteta i uvažavanje njegovog dokument je i Pravilnik o hraniteljstvu koji mišljenja uzimaju se u obzir njegov uzrast i je donešen 2008. godine. zrelost, odnosno psihosocijalne sposobnosti Uz prethodno pomenute formalne razumjevanja situacije. Na odraslima licima zakonske akte, kojih se javne i privatne uključenim u postupke koji uključuju ili se ustanove imaju obavezu držati prilikom odose na dijete je da obezbjede sigurno vođenja postupaka zaštite djece, mora se okruženje, uslove i procedure za pomenuti da Ujedinjene nacije prate izjašnjavanje djeteta. Nacionalno provođenje međunarodnih akata kojih je zakonodavstvo nije propisalo donju granicu Bosna i Hercegovina potpisnica. Tako je u odnosu na starosnu uzrast ili razvojnu Bosna i Hercegovina u obavezi fazu djeteta. Izražavanje mišljenja je pravo izvještavanja, kao i planiranja i provođenja koje pripada djetetu na bilo kojem aktivnosti na polju obezbjeđenja poštovanja razvojnom nivou pa tako stručna lica prava i interesa djece. Tako je Vijeće trebaju prolagoditi način komunikacije sa ministara 2015. godine usvojilo Akcioni djetetom i u nižem preverbalnom uzrastu plan za djecu Bosne i Hercegovine za tako da dijete izrazi svoje gledište, stav, period 2015-2018. godina, kojim je, između želje na primjer kroz crtež, opservaciju ostalog, naložena mjera sačinjavanja govora tijela, itd. (UNICEF, 2015). svojevrsnog uputstva za obezbjeđenje Administrativne okolnosti, odnosno poštovanja principa „najbolji interes nemogućnosti poput okolnosti kod organa djeteta“. Ministarstvo za ljudska prava i starateljstva kao što su nerazvijenost usluge izbjeglice Bosne i Hercegovine je 2018. hraniteljskog smještaja, porodičnog godine izdalo „Smjernice za procjenu i savjetovališta, nedostatak stručnog kadra, utvrđivanje najboljeg interesa djeteta: vodič nedostatak novčanih sredstava i slično, za profesionalce“, namijenjene

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 73 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. profesionalcima, organima i tijelima koja se djeteta“ upravo se vidi kroz ove postupke, bave djecom u smislu donošenja politika, kroz odlučivanje o povjeravanju djeteta na odnosno u zakonodavnoj vlasti, te sudovi, vaspitanje i čuvanje. Centar za socijalni rad stručni radnici organa starateljstva, donosi odluku o potrebama djeteta donosi zdravstvene i vaspitno-obrazovne ustanove. mišljenje i timsku odluku o načinu Može se dodati da se u Bosni i zbrinjavanja djeteta ugroženog različitim Hercegovini rijetko, na istraživački i naučni prilikama na osnovu prvenstveno procjene način, bavi konkretno i decidno pitanjem najboljeg interesa djeteta. Svaki slučaj je zaštite najboljeg interesa djeteta. individualan, drugačiji i zahtjeva Ministarstvo za ljudska prava i izbjeglice individualan pristup. Vodeći se zakonskim Bosne i Hercegovine je 2018 godine normativima i odredbama, kao i teorijama i organizovalo regionalnu Konferenciju pod metodama struka, svaki član tima vrši nazivom „Inkluzivno obrazovanje i aktivne dijagnostičke radnje, te vrši procjenu i politike za najbolji interes djeteta“, a Pravni sačinjava mišljenje. Bitno je reći da su neki fakultet Univerziteta „Džemal Bijedić" u od kriterijuma: obezbjeđenje Mostaru, je 2013. godine, u saradnji sa zadovoljavanja osnovnih životnih potreba, Centrom za društvena istraživanja Odjela bezbjednost djeteta, emocionalne potrebe za pravna istraživanja Internacionalnog djeteta, te lična svojstva djeteta i mišljenje, Burch univerziteta u Sarajevu i ukoliko je dijete u mogućnosti da ga da. Njemačkom fondacijom za međunarodnu pravnu saradnju (IRZ), organizovao i održao međunarodni naučni skup „Najbolji CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA interes djeteta u zakonodavstvu i praksi". Cilj ovog kvalitativnog istraživanja Istraživanja i aktivnosti iz oblasti analiza i jeste utvrditi i analizirati obilježja primjene razvoja zaštite djece se provode, kao što su principa „najbolji interes djeteta“ u npr. aktivnosti Ombudsmana za djecu koji kontekstu postupka smještaja djece u se principom „najbolji interes djeteta“ bave ustanovu socijalne zaštite, odnosno široko i sa opštim ili specifičnim ciljevima donošenja te odluke. Istraživanje je vođeno obezbjeđanje uslova za život djeteta, uslova oko procedura koje centar za socijalni rad za obezbjeđenje poštovanja prava djece i provodi prije i tokom donošenja odluke o mogućnosti učestvovanja djece u donošenju smještaju djece u ustanovu socijalne zaštite, svih odluka koje se tiču djeteta. kao i deskriptivne analize slučajeva Može se, bez upita, reći da se primjena smještaja djece u ustanovu socijalne zaštite. principa „najbolji interes djeteta“ može posmatrati u odnosu na poštovanje prava djeteta na život u porodici, na neposredne METODOLOŠKI OKVIR kontakte sa roditeljima i prava na mišljenje ISTRAŽIVANJA djeteta i ostala lična prava (Habul, 2018). Iz Prikupljanje podataka i identifikovanje ovog se može vidjeti i zaključiti da je u ovom kvalitativnom istraživanju vršeno je „najbolji interes djeteta“ život u porodici, i upotrebom servej metode analize to u primarnoj, biološkoj porodici kojoj, u dokumentacije i analitičko-deduktivnom slučaju neadekvatne brige o djetetu od metodom. Izvršena je analiza slučaja i strane roditelja, najprije se preduzimaju relevantnih dokumenata iz sadržaja mjere pomoći porodici, a u ukoliko isto ne dostupnih dosijea u Centru za socijalni rad daje povoljne rezultate porodica se Derventa, Opština Derventa, Republika „nadomještava“ drugom porodici, Srpska (razvijena opština na sjeveroistoku starateljima (srodnicima), odnosno Republike Srpske, sa 27 000 stanovnika). smještaja u hraniteljsku porodicu, a ukoliko Nezavisnim samostalnim istraživanjem koje to nije moguće, zbog nepostojanja hranitelja je izvršio jedna istraživač (autor), urađena ili hitnosti preduzimanja mjera, kao krajnja je dvomjesečna analiza (decembar 2010 - mjera vrši se institucionalni smještaj januar 2011. godine) podataka iz javnih djeteta. Primjena principa „najbolji interes godišnjih izvještaja o radu date ustanove, te

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 74 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. uz poštovanje etičke obaveze čuvanja te individualne planove rada sa listovima profesionalne tajne, odnosno identiteta praćenja sa podacima o intervencijama, korisnika i specifičnosti slučajeva, u tretmanu i mjerama koje je Centar za izabranoj ustanovi, uz usmeno dopuštenje socijalni rad preduzeo. Od deskriptivnih iste, i analiza dokumentacije, sve vezano za podataka posmatrani su: pol, uzrast slučajeve smještaja djece u ustanovu izdvajanja iz porodice, razlozi izuzimanja socijalne zaštite. Analizirana je djeteta i smještaja u ustanovu, karakteristike dokumentacija 26 djece iz 14 porodica slučaja ili poodice, a potom su korisnika prava na smještaj u ustanovu identifikovani postupci i intervencije centra socijalne zaštite, a koja su to pravo koristila za socijalni rad. u razdoblju o deset godina, tačnije od 2010. do 2020. godine. Analiza izabranog predmeta istraživanjea je obuhvatila pregled REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA sadržaja date dokumentacije, kreiranje ček U posmatranom periodu, 2010-2020. listi izdvojenih desktriptivnih podataka, te godina, ukupno je 26 djece koja su analizu metodologije ustanove. Analiza izdvojena iz 14 porodica. Posmatrano u dokumentacije je obuhvatila dokumente u odnosu na pol to je trinaestoro (13) djece dosiju kao što su izvještaji i procjene muškog pola i isto toliko ženskog pola. stručnih radnika (socijalna anamneza, Posmatrane kategorije su prikazane izvještaj socijalnog pedagoga, nalaz tabelarno (tabela 1). pedagoga, mišljenje stručnog tima), dokumente iz škole, zdravstvenih ustanova

Tabela 1. Karakteristike porodice izmještene djece Karakteristika Bez živih Sa srodnikom Oba roditelja Jednim roditeljem Dijete živi sa: roditelja (baka) 12 12 1 2 Zajedničko višegeneracijsko Vlastiti stan/kuća Podstanari Stambeni status domaćinstvo porodice 5 5 3 Izvor prihoda Zaposlenost Rad na dnevnicu porodice 5 21 Obrazovni status Srednja škola Osnovna škola Nekvalifikovan roditelja 9 39 4 Uzrast u kojem je Predškolski Školski dijete izmješteno 12 14

Prema uzrastu u kojem su djeca djecu, a otac privremeno u nemogućnosti da smještena u dom utvrđeno je da je se brine, odsutan. U tri (3) slučaja, odnosno dvanaestoro (12) djece bilo predškolskog kod troje djece roditelji su razveli bračnu uzrasta, pri čemu su četvoro (4) zajednicu. U pet (5) porodica otac je novorođenčad (starost: dvoje (2) jedan, zaposlen, dok u ostalim porodicama nema jedno (1) dva i jedno (1) četiri mjeseca), a zaposlenih članova domaćinstva već se četrnaestoro (14) djece je bilo izdržavaju od povremenih poslova na osnovnoškolskog uzrasta (6-15 godina). U dnevnici, bavljenja poljoprivredom analiziranim slučajevima za devetoro (9) obrađujući zemlju za vlastito domaćinstvo. djece nije utvrđeno očinstvo, a dvoje djece Iz ovog se može vidjeti da je u većem koje je živjelo sa bakom majka je napustila riziku za izmještanje iz porodice dijete koje

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 75 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. odrasta u jednoroditeljskoj porodici, a da su različitosti djece i prilagođavanje takođe rizici i niži obrazovni status individualnim potrebama djece i porodice roditelja, nezaposlenost, neriješen stambeni kao i osobenostima konkretnog slučaja. To status. se zaključuje iz toga što je obavljana Do saznanja o situaciji kada je dijete u procjena najboljeg interesa djeteta i potreba riziku, tj. o ugroženosti djeteta u porodici djeteta identifikovanjem i procjenom Centar za socijalni rad dolazi na različite životnih okolnosti djeteta, njegove lične, načine, kao što su prijave iz socijalne porodične i socijalne situacije, te je tako sredine, odnosno od komšija, od vršena procjena rizika kojima je dijete predstavnika mjesne zajednice, praćenjem izloženo i planirane su mjere zaštite za ranije poznate porodice ili pak srodnici ili dijete koje osiguravaju potrebnu ravnotežu sami roditelji dolaze u Centar sa zahtjevom. između prava djeteta na život u porodici i U tabeli 2 prikazani su načini saznanja o obavezi države da zaštiti najbolji interes ugroženosti djeteta porodičnom situacijom djeteta. Preduzimanjem mjera, radnji i u analiziranim slučajevima. postupaka usmjerenih ka jačanju potencijala porodice da obezbjedi osnovna sredstava za Tabela 2. Način saznanja za dijete u riziku život, kao i unaprijeđivanja kapaciteta Broj roditeljskih sposobnosti i vještina potrebnih Izvor saznanja djece za adekvatno vaspitanje i brigu o potrebama Predškolska ustanova 1 djeteta, stručni radnici Centra su Škola 4 psihosocijalnim pristupom i korištenjem metodskog pristupa socijalnog rada sa Nevladina organizacija 1 pojedincem i porodicom vršili procjene Mjesna zajednica 4 narušenosti i ugroženosti djeteta što je Komšije 6 rezultiralo mišljenjem stručnog tima o obliku zbrinjavanja djeteta a koji bi bio u Srodnik (brat, sestra, rođak) 2 najboljem interesu djeteta. U analiziranim Roditelji 1 slučajevima je prvi korak bio uvid u Poznato Centru od ranije 5 evidenciju centra i izlazak na teren. Centar za socijalni rad iz druge Izlaskom na teren prikupljene su 2 opštine informacije iz neposrednog kontakta kao i kolateralni podaci (informacije) iz drugih izvora iz socijalne sredine vezano za Iz Tabele 2. je vidljivo da je centar za interpersonalne porodične odnose i relacije, socijalni rad prepoznat u socijalnoj sredini a koje je u svoj izvještaj stavio socijalni kao ustanova koja pomaže djeci i kojoj se radnik. Vršeno je i psihološko ispitivanje i isto prijavljuje, a da su u riziku za smještaj procjena ličnosti djeteta i članova u ustanovu djeca iz porodica u evidenciji porodice/roditelja. Stručni radnik, voditelj centra za socijalni rad koju Centar već zbog predmeta, prikupljao je i pismene izvještaje nekih njihvoih potreba poznaje ili prati drugih bitnih ustanova poput škole, policije zbog stanja rizika. i zdravstvene ustanove. Na timskom Prilikom dobijanja saznanja o sastanku kojem je prisustvovao i pravnik ugroženosti djeteta u porodici Centar za Centra za socijalni rad Derventa je socijalni rad preduzima mjere i radnje sa utvrđivao realnu situaciju i specifične ciljem socijalne dijagnostike, opservacije te okolnosti vezane za dijete. U svakom socijalne, pravne, pedagoške i psihološke pojedinačnom slučaju sačinjen je intervencije. Analizom spisa predmeta, u individualni plan rada sa listom praćenja ovom preliminarnom istraživanju, utvrđeno kao i mišljenje stručnog tima u kojem je je da u slučajevima saznanja o ugroženosti naveden, u kratkim crtama, razlog stavljanja života djeteta uslijed nepovoljnih okolnosti djeteta pod zaštitu Centra za socijalni rad, u porodici Centar za socijalni rad pristupa vrsta izabrane mjere, način na koji će se jednako u svim slučajevima uz poštovanje

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 76 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. mjera sprovesti kao i navođenje ustanove u Prema podacima utvrđenim analizom kojoj će se mjera provoditi. dokumentacije centra za socijalni rad kod Centar za socijalni rad je, u sve djece je na neki način razvoj ometen analiziranim slučajevima, provodio mjeru iz porodičnim prilikama, a ti razlozi Porodičnog zakona „stalni nadzor nad izmještanja djeteta iz porodice su prikazani vršenjem roditeljskog prava“ kod u tabeli 3. trinaestoro (13) djece, odnosno kod devet (9) porodica, a u slučaju jedanaestoro (11) Tabela 3. Razlozi izmještanja djeteta iz porodice Broj djece ili četiri (4) porodice centar je donio Razlog odluku o potrebi hitnog izuzimanja djeteta djece iz porodice. Centar za socijalni rad ima Nasilje u porodici 2 ulogu pomažućeg organa, ali i savjetovnu Bez roditeljskog staranja 1 kao i nadzornu, tako da se, u predmetima u Vaspitna zapuštenost i zanemarenost 11 kojima je utvrđen visok stepen rizika od Majka/otac nisu u mogućnosti da se 5 prisustva zanemarivanja djeteta u smislu brinu neredovnog pohađanja nastave, neredovnih Roditelji napustili dijete 5 zdravstvenih tretmana (vakcinacije, liječenje), Centar za socijalni rad angažavao Roditelji preminuli 2 tako što je određivan stalni nadzor odnosno donošeno Rješenje o stalnom nadzoru nad Iz prikazanog u tabeli 3 je vidljivo da vršenjem roditeljskog prava prilikom kojeg je rizik za izmještanje djeteta iz porodice je tehnikama i metodama socijalnog rada porijekla neadekvatna briga o vaspitanju psiholog i/ili socijalni radnik/socijalni djece u smislu da roditelji zanemare ili pedagog pratio dijete i porodicu, relacije, zapuste brigu o djeci. Kao način vaspitne funkcionalnost porodice, a sa roditeljima je zapuštenosti djece od strane roditelja u obavljan i informativno-savjetodavni rad. spisima se navode poremećaji u problemi Porodicama je s druge strane obezbjeđena i koje djeca ispoljavaju u školi u vidu socijalna podrška u vidu povremenog neopravdanog izostajanja sa nastave, materijalnog davanja što je evidentirano u slabijeg uspjeha u školi, problema u nekim slučajevima. Psiholog, referent u ponašanju, te se nailazi i na podatke koji predmetima nadzora nad vršenjem govore o nevođenju brgu o zdravstvenom roditeljskog prava, obilazio je porodice na stanju djece u vidu nepostojanja terenu te obavljao savjetodavni rad, pratio zdravstvenog osiguranja, neredovne odnose i relacije u porodici i ponašanje vakcinacije, nevođenju na ljekarske djeteta, te odnose prema djetetu. Dodaje se preglede i kontrole (npr. prilikom smještaja da je mjera stalnog nadzora trajala različito, kod djece se na ljekarskom pregledu odnosno da se kretala u kontinuumu od tri konstatuju kožne ili zarazne bolesti - šuga, mjeseca do godinu dana. U situacijama vašljivost), te je takođe uočeno da u nekim kada je centar ustanovio da stalni nadzor slučajevima roditelji nisu izvršili upis djece nad vršenjem roditeljskog prava nije dao, u zvanične evidencije kod nadležnih organa odnosno neće dati povoljne promjene u (prijava prebivališta, upis u matične knjige odnosu na brigu o djetetu, centar je rođenih). Dodaje se da je u slučaju pet (5) razmatrao porodične resurse, odnosno porodica kod roditelja prisutna nedovoljna mogućnost srodničkog preuzimanja brige o mentalna razvijenost (laka mentalna djetetu, a u analiziranim slučajevima nije retardacija) koja je posmatrana kao rizična prisutna srodnička podrška. okolnost od uticaja na način roditeljske Analizom gornjeg, tj. preduzetih mjera brige o vaspitanju i potrebama djeteta. vidi se da centar različitim pravnim i Dakle, može se uočiti prisutan psihosocijalnim mjerama nastoji osigurati diverzitet faktora koji karakterišu kontekst u odgovarajuću roditeljsku brigu i staranje a kojem djeca žive i to počevši od socio- što je u najboljem interesu djeteta. ekonomskih uslova života do relacije roditelj-dijete. Ono čemu centri za socijalni

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 77 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. rad, u postupcima izuzimanja djece iz vjerojatna svaka posljedica?; Koji su „za i porodice, obraćaju pažnju jeste porodica, protiv“ svake posljedice (koja je njihova odnosno roditelji i njihova briga o djetetu i očekivana korisnost)?; Šta je konačna o vaspitanju. Praćenje i procjena porodice je odluka?“ (Sladović-Franz, 2011). Uz to se značajna i ide od funkcionalne do mora obezbjediti podrška porodici i to kako nefunkcionalne ili nezdrave a isto zavisi od u toku vršenja procjene stanja i potreba u niza faktora poput reprodukcijske, porodici, u toku postupka obavljanja socijalizacijske i edukativne funkcije nadzora nad vršenjem roditeljskog prava porodice, socijalnih uloga, socio- tako i za vrijeme kada se dijete nalazi u ekonomskog stanja i emocionalnih odnosa, ustanovi socijalne zaštite. U interesu djeteta tako da se zaključuje da je porodica je upravo i da se porodici pomogne da najznačajniji izvor uslova i socijalizacije za obezbjedi uslove za život, za povrat u život djece (Brajša-Žganec, Kuterovac- porodicu. Dakle, pred stručnjacima koji Jagodić i Škrbić-Aničić, 2005.). Istraživanja rade u ustanovma socijalne zaštite nalazi se utvrđivanja diverziteta faktora brige o djeci zadatak postizanja ravnoteže između koji potiču iz stila roditeljstva tako da interesa djeteta da živi u porodici i procjene nepovoljno ili povoljno utiču na dijete su stepena rizika ostankom u porodici. prisutna u pedagoškoj praksi i nauci (Marić, Najbolji interes djeteta gledan kroz pravo 2020; Čudina-Obradović i Obradović, na život u porodici nekada nije interes 2003; Milivojević i sar., 2007). Tako su se kojim se slijepo vode stručnjaci jer se u izdvojile dvije dimenzije: roditeljski dešava da prevagne upravo u smjeru stilovi vaspitanja i postupci roditelja. donošenja odluke o izdvajanju djeteta u (Marić, 2020). Istraživanje pokazuje porodici, a iz razloga životnog konteksta. interakcije roditelj-dijete, pa tako autorka Zbog toga se pred stručnjacima nalazi niz zaključuje da vaspitni stilovi se odražavaju pitanja o kojima razmišljaju upravo vezano na kvalitet odnosa dijete roditelj tako što na i za procjenu vremenskog trajanja interakcije utiču pol i stručna sprema tretmana/podrške koja se pruža porodici, roditelja, a utiču i na djecu/učenike u smislu procjenu najboljeg momenta za izuzimanje ciljeva, vrijednosti, motivacije. Istraživanje djeteta (hitno ili koliko čekati), te za izbor je ukazalo na to da je kod roditelja sa nižim tipa smještaja koji je pogodan za određeno obrazovnim nivoom zastupljeniji nepoželjni dijete, uparivanje djeteta i hranitelja i slične vaspitni stil, a isto je povezano i sa dileme (Ajduković, 2004). školskim rezultatima djece. Razlozi za izdvajanje djeteta iz Prije odluke o smještaju u dom, organ porodice, odnosno smještaj u ustanovu su starateljstva ustvari najprije razmišlja o brojni, a većinom su vezano za porodični deinstitucionalnom smještaju, odnosno o kontekst, za uslove života i odrastanja. smještaju porodičnog tipa. Prema rezultatima istraživanja Vijeća Važno je napomenuti da nije lako Evrope glavni razlozi za smještaj djece van procjeniti i odrediti šta to jednom porodice su siromaštvo, nepovoljni socijalni konkretnom djetetu nedostaje u njegovoj uslovi, raspad porodice, problemi u porodici i odlučiti kako je bolji izbor za to roditeljskim vještinama, zlostavljanje i dijete da se izuzme iz porodice, a potom zanemarivanje djece, ovisnosti u porodici, odlučiti da je najbolji izbor smještaj u dom. psihološki i psihijatrijski problemi u Niz je stvari, područja koja stručnjaci porodici (Ajduković, 2004). Razlozi razmatraju tom prilikom procjenjujući i izuzimanja djece iz porodice, odnosno donošeći zaključke i mišljenja. Kako bi smještaja su najčešće zanemarivanje, odluka stručnjaka bila pravilna, adekvatna, relacije, socio-ekonomski uslovi. Tako npr. trebali bi se voditi sljedećim pitanjima „ u susjednoj Republici Hrvatskoj je Koju odluku treba donijeti?; Koje su zanemarivanje prisutno u 54% slučajeva, a opcije?; Koje su informacije potrebne da bi drugi razlozi su poremećeni porodični se olakšalo donošenje odluke?; Koje su odnosi, siromaštvo, napuštanje, smrt moguće posljedice svake opcije?; Koliko je roditelja (Ivković i Žižak, 2008; Ajduković,

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 78 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. Sladović Franz i Kregar, 2005), odnosno, procjene kao i mišljenja o kontaktima s Republički izvještaj kazuje da, od 6463 bliskim srodnicima. Dodajem da je u dvije slučaja, tjelesno ili mentalno nasilje je porodice prisutan psihijatrijski zdravstveni prijavljeno 2554 puta, polna zloupotreba problem kod majke, a kod četiri (4) 212, zanemarivanje ili nehajno postupanje porodice roditelji su lica sa nedovoljnom 3433 i zlostavljanje ili izrabljivanje djeteta mentalnom razvijenošću (laka mentalna u 264 prijavljena slučaja (Ministarstvo rada, insuficijencija). Dodajemo i da Centar prije mirovinskog sustava, obitelji i socijalne donošenja odluke o zbrinjavanju djeteta u politike Republike Hrvatske, 2020). ustanovu socijalne zaštite, odnosno Po procjeni stručnih radnika i tima da izuzimanja, o istom upoznavao roditelje kao je trenutno potrebno dijete izuzeti iz i dijete a kako bi isti dali svoje mišljenje i biološke porodice razmatra se mogućnost tako aktivno učestvovali u postupku što je i postojanja bliskih srodnika radi eventualnog zakonski zahtjev. prihvata kao staratelji/hranitelji, te se isti u Ovdje se mora dodati značaj i tom slučaju prate i pomaže im se u prednost van institucionalnog zbrinjavanja prilagođavanju i daljem usklađivanju, prate u odnosu na institucionalno. se relacije i odnosi te pomaže im se Deinstitucionalizacija je proces koji se savjetodavno ili slično. U ovom odvija aktivno i aktuelan je i u Republici preliminarnom istraživanju, odnosno u Srpskoj, a vrši se iz razloga repliciranja analiziranim slučajevima uglavnom nije porodičnog života, porodičnih uslova, utvrđeno prisustvo srodničke podrške, tj. unaprijeđenja brige djeci, posvećivanja srodnika koji bi mogli pružiti pomoć u veće pažnje djeci i unaprijeđenja uslova smislu preuzimanja brige o djeci nakon života, rasta, razvoja, ljubavi i pažnje koja izuzimanja iz porodice. se djeci pridaje. Hraniteljski smještaj se U analiziranim slučajevima, u ovom zbog toga stavlja kao poželjan nasuprot provedenom preliminarnom istraživanju, institucionalnom smještaju, što je i premisa kod dvoje (2) djece centar za socijalni rad je predviđena zakonima (ZSR, PZ). Djeci je, djecu, nakon izuzimanja, smjestio u naime, potrebno sigurno prirodno okruženje hraniteljske porodice, ali je nakon nekog gdje mu se mogu zamjeniti ili obezbjediti perioda došlo do premještaja djeteta u porodična toplina, stabilnost, podrška, ustanovu za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja i socijalna integracija i zadovoljavanje to iz razloga odustajanja hranitelja. Za osnovnih životnih potreba, a domovi za petoro (5) djece je nakon smještaja u dom djecu bez roditeljskog staranja nemaju te izvršen premještaj u hraniteljsku porodicu. mogućnosti u onoj mjeri u kojoj se djeci Razlozi izuzimanja djeteta i donošenja može obezbjediti kroz hraniteljski porodični odluke o potrebi smještaja djeteta u smještaj. Procjenama potencijala doma za ustanovu su bili ustanovljeno izuzetno djecu bez roditeljskog staranja utvrđuje se nepovoljno stanje u porodici gdje je dijete da domovi za djecu imaju pozitivnu zbog neadekvatne roditeljske brige i psihosocijalnu klimu (međuljudski odnosi, disfukcionalnosti u odnosima ugroženo. U prostor, aktivnosti) ali da imaju potrebe za slučajevima kada je organ starateljstva poboljšanjem uslova rada čime bi se pružila provodio stalni nadzor nad vršenjem kvalitetnija stručna pomoć djeci (Vejmelka roditeljskog prava utvrđeno je da mjera nije i Sabolić, 2015). dala efekte, da roditelji nisu dovoljno Ovo preliminarno istraživanje je sarađivali, da nisu prihvatali savjete i slično pokazalo da Centar za socijalni rad te je utvrđeno da se dijete mora izuzeti, a Derventa u posmatranom periodu nije imao uslijed nepostojanja srodničke podrške i edukovane hraniteljske porodice niti je trenutnog nepostojanja adekvatne sprovodio edukacije hranitelja, već se, u hraniteljske porodice radi navedena tri slučaja, koristio porodicama vaninstitucionalnog zbrinjavanja. Stručni koje su se tek prijavile za edukaciju, a inače radnici su obavljali razgovore sa djecom je obraćao se često drugim centrima za radi utvrđivanja činjeničnog stanja i socijalni rad tražeći pomoć u pronalaženju

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 79 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. adekvatne hraniteljske porodice. Centar za djeteta i srodnika, a po potrebi postavljao socijalni rad je obraćao se u više navrata i staratelje djetetu tako da se izvrši izrada drugim centrima za socijalni rad u okolnim ličnih dokumenata (pasoš, lična karta), opštinama sa zahtjevom za pomoć u učestvuje u postupcima socijalizacije pronalasku hraniteljske porodice, ali su djeteta, posjećivao ustanovu i održavao dobili negativne odgovore, tj, odgovore da kontakt sa djetetom, a dom redovno nemaju u evidenciji hraniteljske porodice godišnje, a po potrebi i češće, dostavljao je koje bi mogle u traženom momentu primiti Centru Izvještaj o stanju i ponašanju djeteta određeno dijete na smještaj. Ovdje se može sa podacima o obrazovanju, ponašanju, vidjeti nedostatak na strani sistema zdravlju i potrebama i željama djeteta, kao i socijalne zaštite, nedovoljno razvijeno kontaktima sa srodnicima. hraniteljstvo u praksi i dezintegracija Prilikom analize uočeno je da, u je socijalnih usluga u lokalnim zajednicama. radu sa porodicama, prilikom obavljanja Posredno, nerazvijenost instituta stalnog nadzora nad vršenjem roditeljskog hraniteljstva je nepovoljan kontekst za prava, stručni radnik uglavom pratio uvažavanje prava djeteta da odrasta u higijenske uslove i upozoravao na potrebe porodici. To utiče na socijalne usluge i uređivanja prostora za život, pravili podršku koju organ starateljstva pruža dogovore sa roditeljima o traženju djetetu, odnosno porodici (Ajduković, zaposlenja te o brizi o djecu u smislu 2004). obavezne vakcinacije, pohađanja škole. U par analiziranih slučajeva Dodaje se da su centri, kao i izuzimanja djeteta iz porodice Centar je posmatrani, često opterećeni velikim vršio prijave protiv roditelja, a kada je kao obimom posla, kao i širokim spektrom razlog ustanovljena ugroženost djeteta različitih poslova te se tako ne pridaje porodičnim prilikama, odnosno dovoljna pažnja specijalizovanoj edukaciji i neadekvatnim postupcima roditelja u smislu posvećenosti stručnog radnika referenta zanamerivanja brige o zdravlju (nevođenje smještaja. Tako je u ovom slučaju referent na zakonski obaveznu vakcinaciju, na smještaja istovremeno radio na još niz redovne pregled kod ljekara, na kontrole drugih poslova (smještaj punoljetnih lica, kod ljekara, neizvršenje zakonske obaveze dnevno zbrinjavanje, proširena prava iz prijave prebivališta djeteta, nepostojanje socijalne zaštite, postupci porodično-pravne evidencije o rođenju u matičnim knjigama, zaštite: razvodi, povjere, kontaktiranje ostavljanje i napuštanje djeteta) Centar je roditelja i djece, nasilje u porodici, dr.). podnosio krivične prijave kod nadležnog Dodaje se i da su u toku posmatranog organa unutrašnjih poslova a vezano za perioda stručni radnici Centra za socijalni postupanje po Zakonu o nasilju u porodici rad Derventa prošli obuke za edukacije (Zakon o nasilju u porodici [ZNP], 2012, hranitelja, odnosno za obavljanje poslova 2013, 2015, 2019). hraniteljskog smeštaja djece u organizaciji Dodaje se još da prilikom boravka Ministarstva zdravlja i socijalne zaštite djeteta u ustanovi socijalne zaštite, odnosno Republike Srpske i to jedan (1) radnik dok traje smještaj, Centar je vršio provjere 2014. godine i dva (2) radnika 2018. smještaja, procjenjivao smještaj, pratio i godine, što je pozitivan pokazatelj omogućavao ostvarivanje kontakata sa sposobnosti i znanja radnika. roditeljima i trećim licima sa kojima je Mora se dodati i da u analiziranim dijete blisko. To je vidljivo iz toga što su sučajevima vidljivo da je centar često, u djeca smještena u domu uglavnom imala toku trajanja nadzora nad vršenjem redovne kontakte i saradnju sa roditeljima, a roditeljskog prava, porodicama pomagao u kontakte sa roditeljima je Centar je vidu materijalnih davanja odnosno održavao radi razvoja roditeljskih odobravanjem jednokratne novčane pomoći kapaciteta i postizanja uslova za povrat ili naturalnih davanja kroz pakete hrane ili djeteta u porodicu. S druge strane Centar je higijenske pakete, a dvjema (2) porodicama sarađivao i sa domom prateći kontakte i kroz obezbjeđenje stambenog objekta

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 80 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. kako bi se roditeljima pomoglo da osnov za smještaj u dom djece koja imaju obezbjede uslove za ostanak i život djece u roditelje a kojima roditeljsko pravo nije ni porodici, odnosno za povratak izuzetog ograničeno niti oduzeto i posebno u dijelu djeteta u porodicu. Jednoj porodici je da li su i koje mjere porodično pravne priznavano i pravo na novčanu pomoć zaštite prethodile smještaju djeteta u dom, stalnog karaktera. Mora se dodati da ta te uspostaviti odgovarajuće evidencije u pomoć, uz savjetodavnu, imala svhu centrima za socijalni rad vezano za djecu pomoći roditeljima da uz podršku centra se bez roditeljskog staranja i djecu u riziku/ angažuju i krenu da preduzimaju aktivnosti čiji je razvoj ometen porodičnim prilikama i radi obezbjeđenja osnovnih uslova za život neadekvatnim roditeljskim staranjem, kao i i rast i razvoj djece. evidencije i obaveze doma. Ombudsman za Na osnovu gore predočenih činjenica i djecu Republike Srpske je izvršio još niz utvrđenog činjeničnog stanja, te navedenih analiza sa preporukama (Omudsman za procedura, metoda, tehnika socijalnog rada, djecu Republike Srpske, 2020) ukazujući na mjera psihosocijalne podrške i ostalog neophodnost sistemskog djelovanja u navedenom, može se zaključiti da organ smislu da se preduzmu aktivnosti kako bi starateljstva, prilikom saznanja o povredi svako dijete zbrinuto u domu imalo djetetovih prava ili ugrožavanja života i individualni plan uz učešće djeteta i potreba od strane roditelja, kao ustanova roditelja u izradi plana, te je dato nadležnim koja obavlja poslove socijalne, dječije i republičkim organima upravljanja za porodično-pravne zaštite, postupa vodeći se potrebu da preduzmu mjere za provođenje pozitivnim zakonima i drugim propisima aktivnosti definisanih zakonskim aktima i vezanim za zaštitu djece. Tako je, u strategijama, što zahtjeva i izmjene posmatranom slučaju, Centar za socijalni Porodičnog zakona. rad Derventa se, u svom radu, vodio principom obezbjeđenja prava djetetea i postupanja u cilju ostvarivanja najboljeg ZAKLJUČAK interesa djeteta, poštovanja ličnosti djeteta i Implementacija principa „najbolji njegovih potreba i želja, te vršio dubinsku interes djeteta“, predviđena međunarodnim eksploraciju i istraživanje svih životnih aktima, obezbjeđuje se i u Republici okolnosti, obavljao opsežnu psihosocijalnu Srpskoj kroz niz zakonskih akata te dijagnostiku, timski odlučivao o izboru aktivnosti subjekata zaštite kakvi centri za mjere kojom će se dijete zaštiti, pa sve do socijalni rad koji ovaj princip direktno krajnje mjere zbrinjavanja djeteta u provode i primjenju u svom stručnom radu. ustanovu socijalne zaštite – dom, a uz Nije lako procjeniti šta djetetu nedostaje u postojeće kapacitete i resurse i u skladu sa njegovoj porodici i odlučiti o vrsti pomoći i resursima i karakteristikama uslova zbrinjavanja, izmještanja, o smještaju u konkretne porodice, te resursa koje ima dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. lokalna zajednica. Centar je tako najprije Donošenju odluke o institucionalnom provodio psiho-socijalni tretman porodice, domskom smještaju prethodi niz opsežnih uvažavanjem mišljenja klijenata izrađivao stručnih postupaka i intervencija organa plan rad, prevenirajući izmještanje djeteta, starateljstva koji tom prilikom procjuje čime je nastojao ispoštivati pravo i interes potrebe djeteta, uključuje dijete u postupak djeteta da živi u porodici. Omudsman za radi izjašnjavanja, te nastoji najprije ojačati djecu Republike Srpske je 2011. godine, porodicu kao primarni interes djeteta. proveo analizu u Ju Domu za djecu bez Provedeno preliminarno istraživanje je roditeljskog staranja „Rada Vranješević“ i pokazalo da se dijete izdvaja iz porodice i centrima za socijalni rad u Republici smješta u dom uglavnom iz razloga Srpskoj (Omudsman za djecu Republike postojanja ugroženosti porodičnom Srpske, 2011), te zaključio da je za situacijom, odnosno zbog naedekvatnih unaprijeđenje zaštite djece neophodno postupanja roditelja, zanemarivanja i uraditi nadzor i utvrditi razloge i pravni zapuštanja brige, a da postoje i nedostaci na

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 81 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. strani organa poput nepostojanja Udruga za inicijative u socijalnoj edukovanih hraniteljskih porodica, politici-UISP. opterećenost postojećeg stručnog kadra. Čudina-Obradović, M., i Obradović, J. Unaprijeđenje uslova na strani organa (2003). Potpora roditeljstvu: izazovi i starateljstva u smislu kadrovskog jačanja u mogućnosti. Revija za socijalnu vidu specijalizovanijeg obavljanja poslova i politiku, 10(1), 45-68. uređenja obima poslova, bolje edukacije Ćorić, V. i Bačan, M. (2006). stručnih radnika za pružanje podrške Zanemarivanje djece. Zagreb:IT-Graf. porodici, te razvijanje hraniteljstva kao Habul, U. (2018). Primjena standarda alternativnog oblika zbrinjavanja, su neki 'najbolji interes djeteta' u starateljskoj od načina za obezbjeđenje bolje podrške i zaštiti djece bez roditeljskog staranja,. pomoći djetetu ugroženom porodičnom U S. Bubić (Ur), Zbornik radova, situacijom. Neophodna je i sistemska Drugi međunarodni naučni skup: državna socijalno-politička organizacija Dani porodičnog prava „Najbolji socijalne i dječije zaštite jer, provođenjem interes djeteta u zakonodavstvu i zakonskih dokumenata te strategija i praksi“ (str. 157-169). Mostar, BiH: akcionih planova Republika Srpska, se Pravni fakultet, Univerzitet „Džemal obezbjeđuje poštovanje principa „najbolji Bijedić“, Mostar. interes djeteta“, a bitno je da se isto ima u Ivković, Đ. i Žižak, A. (ur.). (2008). vidu i pri izradi lokalnih politika i Udomiteljstvo djece u Hrvatskoj, organizacije rada organa starateljstva. Na analiza stanja i prijedlog smjernica. taj način će se podići nivo zaštite djeteta i Zagreb: UNICEF Ured za Hrvatsku. obezbjediti poštovanje ovog principa, Konvencija o pravima djeteta, (1989). New ugodan život djeteta u porodici, bez York: Ujedinjene Nacije diskriminacije, sloboda uzražavanja Marić, T. (2020). Roditeljstvo u mišljenja i bezbrižno djetinjstvo. adolescenciji – kako vaspitavam svoje dijete. U J. Petrović (Ur), Porodica i savremeno društvo – izazovi i LITERATURA perspektive, Zbornik radova, V Ajduković, M. (2004). Pristupi zbrinjavanju međunarodna naučna konferencija djece bez odgovarajuće roditeljske „Društvene devijacije (str. 11-19). skrbi u Europi. Revija za socijalnu Banja Luka, BiH: Centar modernih politiku, 11(3-4), 229-320. znanja, Banja Luka, Resursni centar za Ajduković, M., Sladović Franz, B., i specijalnu edukaciju, Beograd. Kregar, K. (2005). Razlozi izdvajanja Milivojević, Z., Bilban, K., Kokelj, V., i obilježja života u primarnoj obitelji Kramberger, M., Steiner, T., i Kožuh, djece u javnoj skrbi. Dijete i društvo. B. (2007). Mala knjiga za velike Časopis za promicanje prava roditelje. Novi Sad: Psihopolis institut. djeteta, 7(2), 328-354. Ministarstvo rada, mirovinskog sustava, Bilić, V., Buljan Flander, G., Hrpka, H. obitelji i socijalne politike Republike (2012). Nasilje nad djecom i među Hrvatske. (2020). Godišnje statističko djecom. Zagreb, Jastrebarsko: Naklada izvješće o primjenjenim pravima Slap. socijalne skrbi, pravnoj zaštiti djece, Brajša-Žganec, A., Kuterovac Jagodić, G., mladeži, braka, obitelji i osoba lišenih Škrabić Aničić, I. (2005). poslovne sposobnosti, te zaštiti Funkcioniranje obitelji i važnost tjelesno ili mentalno oštećenoh osoba obitelji za razvoj djece u u Republici Hrvatskoj u 2019. godini. udomiteljstvu. U Brajša Žganec, A., Preuzeto 18.05.2021. sa Keresteš, G. i Kuterovac Jagodić, G. https://mrosp.gov.hr/UserDocsImages/ (ur.), Udomiteljstvo: skrb o djeci izvan dokumenti/MDOMSP%20dokumenti/ vlastite obitelji. (str. 15-42). Zagreb: Godisnje%20statisticko%20izvjesce%

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 82 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84. 20u%20Republici%20Hrvatskoj%20u za djecu. Ljetopis socijalnog rada. %202019%20godini.pdf 18(3). 439-467. Ministarstvo za izbjeglice i ljudska prava UNICEF. (2015). Jednak pristup pravdi Bosne i Hercegovine. (2018). djece u Bosni i Hercegovini. Preuzeto Smjernice za procjenu i utvrđivanje 16.05.2021. sa najboljeg interesa djeteta: vodič za https://www.unicef.org/bih/media/386 profesionalce. Preuzeto 8.1.2021.sa /file/Jednak%20pristup%20pravdi%20 https://snaznijiglaszadjecu.org/blog/20 djece%20u%20Bosni%20i%20Herceg 18/06/20/smjernice-za-procjenu-i- ovini.pdf utvrdivanje-najboljeg-interesa-djeteta/ UNICEF. (2017). Situaciona analiza o djeci Ombudsman za djecu Republike Srpske. pod rizikom od gubitka porodične (2011). Poseban izvještaj – djeca brige i djeci bez roditeljskog staranja u smještena u dječiji dom-, Bosni i Hercegovini. Preuzeto broj:1129/11. Preuzeto 8.1.2021. sa 8.01.2021. sa http://www.djeca.rs.ba/uploaded/pose https://www.sigurnodijete.ba/wp- ban%20izvje%C5%A1taj%20domovi. content/uploads/2019/06/Situaciona- pdf analiza_-Djeca-bez-roditeljskog- Ombudsman za djecu Republike Srpske. staranja.pdf (2020). Poseban izvještaj, Individualni Vejmelka, L. i Sabolić, T. (2015). plan brige mora da ima svako dijete Potencijali domova za djecu bez zbrinuto u ustanovi, br: 882-2-1/2020 odgovarajuće roditeljske skrbi iz od 15.09.2020. Preuzeto 8.01.2021. sa perspektive odgajatelja. Kriminologija http://www.djeca.rs.ba/uploaded/POS i socijalna integracija: časopis za EBAN%20IZVJESTAJ%20DJECIJI kriminologiju, penologiju i %20DOM.pdf poremećaje u ponašanju, 23(1), 72-98. Ombudsman za ljudska prava Bosne i Zakon o socijalnoj zaštiti Republike Srpske, Hercegovine. (2019). Specijalni Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske, izvještaj o stanju i problemima s 37/2012, 90/2016, 94/2019 i 42/2020. kojima se susreću centri/službe za Zakon o nasilju u porodici Republike socijalni rad u Bosni i Hercegovini, Srpske, Službeni glasnik Republike preuzeto 16.05.2021. sa Srpske, 102/2012, 108/2013, 82/2015, https://www.ombudsmen.gov.ba/docu 84/2019. ments/obmudsmen_doc201911201510 1009eng.pdf Porodični zakon Republike Srpske, Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske, 54/2002, 41/2008 i 63/2014. Pravilnik o hraniteljstvu Republike Srpske, Službeni glasnik Republike Srpske, 36/2008. Strategija unapređenja socijalne zaštite djece bez roditeljskog staranja u Republici Srpskoj, 2009-2014. Banja Luka: Ministarstvo zdravlja i socijalne zaštite Republike Srpske. Strategija unapređenja socijalne zaštite djece bez roditeljskog staranja u Republici Srpskoj, 2015-2020. Banja Luka: Ministarstvo zdravlja i socijalne zaštite Republike Srpske. Sladović Franz, B. (2011): Značajke procesa odlučivanja u socijalnoj skrbi

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 83 Lazić, LJ. (2021). Najbolji interes djeteta u postupku smještaja djece u dom za djecu bez roditeljskog staranja. STED Journal 3(1), 69-84.

THE BEST INTEREST OF A CHILD IN THE PROCEDURE OF PLACEMENT OF CHILDREN IN A HOME FOR CHILDREN WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE

Ljubinka Lazić

PI Centar for social work Derventa, Trive Vujića 6, 74 400 Derventa, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION The paper presents a descriptive analysis of the characteristics of cases of separation of ISSN 2637-2150 26 children from 14 families in a period of e-ISSN 2637-2614 ten years (2010-2020), and the intervention UDC 364.4-053.2:616-007-053.2 of guardianship institution. DOI 10.7251/STED2101069L The results pointed to conclusion that the children were separated from the reason of Paper received: 26.02.2021. the existence of a threat by family situation, Paper accepted: 20.05.2021. and that the adoption of this decision was Published: 28.05.2021. preceded by a series of extensive http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com professional procedures and interventions. Finally, the importance of the assessment of guardianship center professionals by the Corresponding Author: principle of "best interests of the child" was LJubinka Lazić, PI Centar for social work emphasized, as emphaised the need to Derventa, Trive Vujića 6, 74 400 Derventa, improve the child protection system without Bosnia and Herzegovina, adequate parental care in forms of [email protected] personnel changes, systemic cooperation, development of deinstitutionalized child Copyright © 2020 Ljubinka care and improving the system of family Lazić; published by UNIVERSITY PIM. suport. This work licensed under the Creative Keywords: "the best interests of the child"; Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- institutional care of children; interventions NoDerivs 4. of centre for social care.

ABSTRACT The work deals with the issue of protecting the interests of the child in the process of institutional care through the implementation of the principle of "best interests of the child" in the social welfare centers. The intention of the paper was to, through a qualitative analysis, analyze the cases of placement of children in a social care institution as well as the measures and procedures that are implemented in social protection in these cases. The research was conducted by collecting and analyzing files at the Derventa Center for Social Work.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 84 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

SPECIAL FORMS OF CONTROL OF STATE ADMINISTRATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Filip Novaković

University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Law, Bulevar vojvode Stepe Stepanovića 77, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, [email protected]

PROFESSIONAL PAPER election of their members (ombudsmen and auditors), the way they act, and the ISSN 2637-2150 possibilities they have, as well as the legal e-ISSN 2637-2614 mechanisms they can use to protect both UDC 35.072:061.2]:323.212(497.6) citizens and the public interest. DOI 10.7251/STED2101085N Keywords: ombudsman, auditor, audit, state administration, public interest. Paper Submited: 23.02.2021. Paper Accepted: 05.05.2021. INTRODUCTION Paper Published: 28.05.2021. In any modern democratic society, a http://stedj-univerzitetpim.com democratic state that strives to achieve the principles of the rule of law, it puts all the executors of state power under the norms of Coresponding Author: positive law, because in the modern state Filip Novaković, University of Banja Luka, man is not ruled by man, but by law. In Faculty of Law, Bulevar vojvode Stepe order to achieve the above, it is necessary to Stepanovića 77, 78 000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, supervise the work of those who exercise [email protected] power on behalf of the people. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the control of administrative activities Copyright © 2020 Filip performed by administrative bodies (which Novaković; published by UNIVERSITY is the final stage in the process of PIM. This work licensed under the Creative performing administrative administration), Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- which is one of the principles of NoDerivs 4. administrative functioning. Considering the number of tasks performed by ABSTRACT administrative bodies, great attention is paid The thematic conception of the work to the control of their work in all those consists of legal issues of special forms of countries that adorn themselves with the control of state administrative in Bosnia and title of a state governed by the rule of law. Herzegovina (at the state level, the level of Due to its great importance for federal units and districts). The paper strengthening legality, as well as specifics analyzes the structure of bodies that in the organization and functioning in perform this type of control, starting with relation to other organizations, there is a the ombudsman institutions (Ombudsman need for special legal regulation of the form for Human Rights of Bosnia and and content of control of administrative Herzegovina, Ombudsman for Children of bodies as the most important part of public Republic of Srpska), and with special administration in all countries (Singhal, reference to the institutions of auditors (of 1970). which there are four in Bosnia and In our law, as in most rights, no Herzegovina). The author will present the distinction is made between control and organization of these institutions, the supervision, and in our legal theory we

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 85 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. know how to label these terms as prava Bosne i Hercegovine [ZOLJP], synonyms, although some authors state that 2002). they are two terms that differ in content. The institution of the Human Rights Depending on whether or not the control of Ombudsman of B&H was established by the administration is regulated legally, we Annex VI of the General Framework distinguish between legal and illegal control Agreement for Peace in B&H in 1995, and of the administration, where the framework began operating in 1996. The mandate of in the first case consists of legal, and in the the first human rights ombudsman, second political instruments and appointed by the chairman of the mechanisms. Organization for Security and Cooperation As general types of control and in Europe, lasted five years, and the person oversight of the administration, we see appointed could not be a B&H citizen administrative and judicial (legal control) (Kazazić, 2005). and government control and control by In 2006, a single state-level parliament (political control), but in ombudsman institution was established, addition to the above, we have certain abolishing the entity ombudsmen (Dmičić special types of control of the & Pilipović, 2020). The ombudsman administration that appear as special forms institution consists of three persons of external control (control through the (ZOLJP, 2002). The institution of ombudsman). The author of the paper will ombudsman has its chairman, who rotates deal with these special forms of control every two years, and whose task is to with the intention of presenting them in the coordinate the work of the institution positive law of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (ZOLJP, 2002). It should be noted here that each ombudsman individually retains SPECIAL FORMS OF STATE independence and autonomy and his scope ADMINISTRATION CONTROL (Radojević, 2018; Morait, 2018). The order of presidency is determined in alphabetical Control of state administration through order (Dmičić & Pilipović, 2020). the institution of ombudsman B&H citizens with a law degree and a law degree only, a bar exam and at least 10 Institution of the Ombudsman of Bosnia and years of experience in the legal profession Herzegovina may be appointed as ombudsmen. Persons The Human Rights Ombudsman of who should be appointed ombudsmen must Bosnia and Herzegovina is an independent enjoy a great moral reputation, and stand body established to promote good out significantly in the field of protection of governance and the rule of law, protection human rights and freedoms of citizens of the rights and freedoms of natural and (ZOLJP, 2002). During the election of the legal persons guaranteed by the ombudsman, the Parliamentary Assembly Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina of Bosnia and Herzegovina forms a special, and international agreements directly ad hoc commission that publishes a public applicable in B&H in accordance with call and, after the competition procedure, Annex I of the Constitution of B&H (Art. determines the list of candidates who meet II.2 of the Constitution of the Bosnia and the conditions prescribed by law (ZOLJP, Herzegovina – Annex IV of the General 2002). The list of candidates is submitted to Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia the Parliamentary Assembly, which then and Herzegovina),5 and to monitor the simultaneously appoints three ombudsmen activities of B&H institutions, entities and to the ombudsman institution for a term of the Brčko District in accordance with the six years (with the possibility of re- law (Zakon o Ombudsmanu za ljudska election). Ombudsmen are appointed and dismissed by the House of Representatives and the House of Peoples of the 5In addition, the Constitution establishes the principle of direct application. STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 86 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. Parliamentary Assembly in accordance with are obliged to provide the ombudsman their rules of procedure (ZOLJP, 2002). institution with appropriate assistance in the Regarding the competence of the investigation and control, (2) at the time of ombudsman, we see that he considers cases the investigation the ombudsman has access related to poor functioning or violations of to any authority to verify the requested human rights and freedoms by any information. personal interviews and institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The consideration of the necessary files and ombudsman acts upon receipt of a documents and (3) the ombudsman must complaint or ex officio.6 He may undertake not be denied access to files or general investigations, recommend administrative documents or other appropriate or general measures. The documents relating to the activity or activity ombudsman has the power to investigate all under investigation (ZOLJP, 2002). The complaints of human rights violations ombudsman has the right to require state committed by the armed authorities, bodies to submit documents that are followed by violations caused by the poor confidential in nature (Dedić, 2001). In functioning of the judicial system or the such cases, the ombudsman will exercise improper processing of certain cases. We the necessary discretion and will not make must emphasize that the ombudsman does the same documents available to the public not interfere in court proceedings, but can (Dmičić & Pilipović, 2020). initiate court proceedings or intervene The ombudsman may make during the proceedings. He may make recommendations to the authorities with a recommendations to the authorities view to adopting new measures. The (authorities) participating as a party to the authorities that receive such proceedings or be consulted by a party to recommendations are obliged to give a the proceedings. A special circle of written answer and inform the ombudsman competences of the ombudsman is reflected about the result of the recommendations in the control of the work of administrative within the deadline set by him. If the bodies bodies. With his work, the ombudsman to which the recommendations are made do connects positive and natural law more than not take appropriate steps to comply with any other institution in the country (the them within the time limit set by the authors believe that this is one of the ways ombudsman, or if they do not inform the of good administration) (Vlaški, 2013). ombudsman of the reasons for not taking As ombudsmen are independent and them, the ombudsman may point out the autonomous in their work, and cannot failure of that body to the responsible receive orders, recommendations or any minister. If, in the end, the instructions from other entities (especially recommendations are not implemented in a from the authorities), they are obliged to case in which it was possible to find a abide by the Constitution and the law, and positive solution, the ombudsman will the highest principles of justice. and include this problem in his annual report or morality (ZOLJP, 2002). Their position is compile a special report on the problem incompatible with any public function, any (with special reference to citing bodies or political engagement, membership in a officials who have taken a negative stance). political organization, work in a state body, Although the institution of the Ombudsman trade union, religious organization, judicial of B&H has a wide range of powers and bodies, etc. Ombudsmen enjoy immunity competencies, the possibility to amend or (ZOLJP, 2002). All state bodies are obliged revoke measures and orders of public to cooperate with the ombudsman authorities is excluded from its competence, institution. This cooperation is established but they can make proposals for changing by law, which states that: (1) the authorities the criteria used in their adoption (Dedić, 2001).

6The Human Rights Ombudsman of BiH does not What sets the institution of consider cases related to facts, decisions or events that ombudsman in B&H apart from the same occurred before December 12, 1995. STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 87 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. institutions around the world is the “liberal” the work of state institutions. The relationship that has the way of addressing ombudsman has broader powers in certain the institutions, and initiating proceedings, countries and narrower powers in certain in accordance with modern tendencies in countries. Somewhere an entity performing comparative law (Radojević, 2018). Also this function may repeal or even annul an specific are the powers under which he administrative act, in some countries it may supervises the exercise of the right to legal submit or propose amendments to laws, aid (Radojević, 2018). dismiss certain persons, initiate criminal The Institution of the Ombudsman of proceedings against civil servants, while B&H submits an annual report on the work somewhere it is limited to a purely to the Parliamentary Assembly of B&H “existing” institution. (House of Representatives and House of Peoples of the Parliament of B&H), the Ombudsman for Children of the Republic Presidency of B&H, the Parliament of the of Srpska Federation of B&H and the National The institution of the Ombudsman for Assembly of RS. In cases of public Children of the Republic of Srpska was importance and where urgency is required, established in 2008 with the adoption of the the ombudsman institution may draw up a Ombudsman for Children Act by the entity special report. The annual report and the parliament. It is an independent institution special report are published (ZOLJP, 2002). that protects, monitors and promotes the Proceedings before the ombudsman rights of the child (Zakon o Ombudsmanu can be initiated in two ways: (1) by a za djecu [ZOD], 2008). In his work, the citizen's complaint and (2) ex officio.7 ombudsman for children is independent and Initiation of proceedings ex officio may autonomous in performing his duties follow on anonymous complaint of citizens, determined by law, and no one has the right after the control of institutions by the to influence his work and actions (Flekkoy, ombudsman (meaning periodic control that 1996). The Ombudsman for Children is does not exist in certain countries), then the authorized to give recommendations and proceedings may follow after the opinions to the entity government and publication of certain texts in the press, parliament in order to amend laws and other concerning irregularities in work of public regulations if he considers that they violate bodies and the like (Milkov, 1997). It the rights of the child, or if he deems it should be noted that every citizen has the important for the realization and protection right to file a complaint to the ombudsman, of children's rights (ZOD, 2008). Within the regardless of the violation of a competence of the Ombudsman for constitutional or legal right, but it is still the Children, we note the following: (1) ombudsman who decides whether to take it monitoring the compliance of laws and into consideration and to what extent other regulations in the Republic of Srpska (Kunić, 2010). relating to the protection of children's rights In his work, the ombudsman must with the provisions of the Constitution of have access to relevant documents and no the Republic of Srpska, the United Nations one can deny him or restrict his access to Convention on the Rights of the Child and data of interest (we classify this as an other international instruments and interests obligation of institutions to cooperate with of the child, (2) monitoring the the ombudsman) (ZOLJP, 2002). The implementation of the obligations of the powers of the ombudsman vary from state Republic of Srpska arising from the United to state, and relate to submitting criticisms, Nations Convention on the Rights of the warnings, making recommendations, all Child and other international documents with the aim of eliminating illegalities in relating to the protection of the rights and interests of the child, (3) monitoring the 7In some countries, citizens can also initiate implementation of all regulations relating to proceedings when they are not authorized to do so (e.g. the protection of rights and interests (4) Sweden, Finland). STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 88 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. monitoring the violation of the rights and governing the protection of children's rights interests of the child, (5) advocates for the and interests, and must have relevant protection and promotion of the rights and experience for the work of the Ombudsman interests of the child, (6) proposes measures for Children. After all, must be an to protect and promote the rights of the individual of high moral reputation and child, as well as to prevent harmful actions professional qualities (ZOD, 2008). that endanger the rights and interests child, (7) informs the public about the state of the child's rights and (8) performs other tasks State administration control through the determined by law (ZOD, 2008). institution of auditors The task of the Ombudsman for Children is to acquaint the youngest Audit Office of the Institutions of Bosnia members of society with the manner of and Herzegovina exercising and protecting their rights and The Audit Office of the Institutions of interests, and to advise them regarding the Bosnia and Herzegovina is an independent, use of mechanisms for the protection and professional and apolitical institution exercise of their rights and interests established with the aim of promoting (Melton, 1991). transparent and accountable management of The Ombudsman for Children is public resources by conducting audits based obliged to initiate proceedings before the on the principles of efficiency, Constitutional Court to assess the effectiveness, economy and rule of law constitutionality and legality of laws, other (Karajica, 2007). The Audit Office of the regulations and general acts, when he finds Institutions of B&H is the supreme audit that they are not in accordance with the institution established by a law passed by Constitution, i.e. the law (ZOD, 2008). In the Parliamentary Assembly of B&H, relation to other bodies, the Ombudsman which began operating in 2000. The Office, for Children has the authority to propose as an external and independent auditor, measures to prevent harmful conduct that supervises the work of institutions at the endangers the rights and interests of the state level. child. The Ombudsman for Children is As the main goals of the Office, by obliged to submit a report on his work to conducting audit activities, we see: ensuring the National Assembly of the RS once a an independent opinion on the execution of year (ZOD, 2008). the state budget and financial reports, The Ombudsman for Children in the ensuring an independent opinion on the use Republic of Srpska is elected by the entity of resources and management of state parliament on the proposal of the RS property by the Council of Ministers, president. In the process of determining the contributing to reliable reporting on the use candidate's proposal, consultations are held of budget funds, transparent and quality with scientific and professional institutions management of public revenues, as well as representatives of the civil sector expenditures and state property (Zakon o dealing with the protection of children's reviziji institucija Bosne i Hercegovine rights. The Ombudsman for Children is [ZRB&H], 2016). The Audit Office informs elected for a term of four years and the the responsible institutions and the public same person may be elected to this position about its findings and recommendations no more than twice in a row. A person with through timely and public publication of a law degree can be elected as an audit reports, and if relevant, other forms of ombudsman, and at least 10 years of information (ZRB&H, 2016). experience in the legal profession, must be The Audit Office is responsible for: well acquainted with United Nations (1) financial audits, (2) performance audits Conventions, international documents, the and (3) other specific audits (ZRB&H, Constitution and regulations of Republic of 2016). The Office is responsible for Srpska, as well as other regulations auditing all institutions at the state level

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 89 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. (including the Parliamentary Assembly, the information, (5) rights and obligations Presidency, the Council of Ministers, all regarding reporting on their work, (6) institutions financed from the state budget, freedom in deciding on the content of certain institutions whose funding is not reports and the time of their publication and provided for in the budget). The Office distribution, (7) the existence of effective monitors and supervises financial resources mechanisms for monitoring the collected by state institutions, including implementation of recommendations, (8) loans, credits and grants received by Bosnia financial and managerial autonomy and the and Herzegovina from other states and availability of adequate human, material international organizations, as well as funds and financial resources (Otbo, 2009). received by institutions, organizations on Within its competences, the Audit behalf of a loan or grant from international Office performs two significant audits - institutions. or state-owned bodies, financial and performance audit. In companies and other state-owned performing financial audit activities, the companies and companies and companies Office reviews the financial statements and where the state owns 50% plus one share. related accounts of institutions in order to The audit also includes all financial, assess whether they are reliable and administrative and other activities, whether the balance sheets fully reflect the programs and projects managed by one or results of budget execution (ZRB&H, more B&H institutions and bodies, 2016). The Office assesses whether the including processing and proceeds from the managements of the institutions of Bosnia sale of property, privatization and and Herzegovina apply laws and other concessions (ZRB&H, 2016). regulations well and whether they use funds The Audit Office is an apolitical body for appropriate purposes, then, the Office and must not support or be affiliated with evaluates financial management, evaluates any political party or organization internal audits and internal control systems (ZRB&H, 2016). In performing its duties (ZRB&H, 2016). In its financial audit and exercising its competencies in reports, the Office provides two types of accordance with the law, the Office is opinions: (1) an opinion on the financial independent and is not subject to the statements and (2) an opinion on the management or control of any other person compliance of activities, financial or institution. transactions and information with the The framework principles governing relevant laws and regulations governing the the Office, in accordance with international audited entity. In addition to the opinion, standards, are those established by the the financial audit reports also contain the ISSAI framework, i.e. with two significant findings of the performed audit. In addition declarations - the Lima Declaration (ISSAI to the financial audit, the Office has the 1) and the Mexican Declaration (ISSAI 10). right to review or examine a particular According to the Lima Declaration, aspect of the work of all or part of the supreme audit institutions can achieve their institution, program or activity, in terms of goals efficiently and objectively only if they cost-effectiveness, efficiency and are independent in their work from the effectiveness with which that institution auditee and external factors. The Mexican uses its resources (performance audit) Declaration proclaimed eight postulates of (Marchi, & Bartei, 2016). It should be noted public sector audit independence: (1) the that in addition to the term “performance existence of an appropriate and functioning audit”, in theory but also in practice, there constitutional and legal framework, (2) the are often other names for this type of audit independence of the heads of the supreme (not only in our country but also in the audit institution and its members, (3) a world). Thus, we notice terms such as: audit sufficiently broad mandate and full freedom of success, audit of 3E (economy, to perform the supreme institution function. efficiency and effectiveness), audit of value for auditing, (4) unrestricted access to for money (Stapenhurst & Titsworth, 2002).

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 90 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. The Audit Office of the Institutions of Audit Office of the Institutions of B&H B&H is managed by the Auditor General submits to the Parliamentary Assembly with two deputies. The Auditor General and individual reports on: financial audits (and his deputies shall be appointed by the compliance audits), performance audits and Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and special audits. The Office also submits an Herzegovina for a term of seven years, annual audit report on the main findings without the possibility of re-election and recommendations and an annual report (ZRB&H, 2016). on the audit of budget execution (ZRB&H, Every year, after consulting with his 2016). The reports of the Office shall be deputies, the Auditor General adopts the submitted to the House of Representatives annual audit plan of the Audit Office of the and the House of Peoples, as well as to the Institutions of B&H for the next year, competent commissions of both houses. In taking into account the requirements of the addition, the Auditor General (with his law. The audit plan is submitted to the deputies or together with other relevant Parliamentary Commission of the PAB&H, staff of the Office) attends parliamentary in the form of information, before the sessions at which audit reports are beginning of the new financial year considered and presents the main features (ZRB&H, 2016). The Parliamentary of a given audit cycle. Assembly or a parliamentary committee may at any time request that the Office RS Public Sector Audit Office carry out a special audit, but the Office shall The Main Audit Office of the Public decide whether to carry out such an audit Sector of the Republic of Srpska is an and shall inform the applicant in writing independent institution that professionally, (ZRB&H, 2016). in accordance with the law and the ISSAI The Supreme Audit Institutions, framework, performs parliamentary together with the people's representatives, oversight of the public sector, i.e. conducts are the most important mechanisms for audits to ensure an independent opinion on monitoring the spending of public funds in the application of laws and other modern societies (in addition to serving to regulations, financial reports, use of funds promote the responsible spending of public and management of public property in RS funds by the authorities). Representative public sector institutions (Zakon o reviziji bodies rely heavily on the professional javnog sektora Republic of Srpska [ZRRS], work and objective information collected by 2005). The Audit Office, through audit the audit service. Relevant parliamentary reports, prepared on the basis of financial committees are often seen as a contact audit and performance audit, and other group with the audit service, and as a body specific forms of audit, constantly informs that promotes public accountability and the public and public institutions about the strengthens the role of the audit service. management of public funds, ie whether the The main goal of the existence of these funds owned by Republic of Srpska are accountability mechanisms is certainly the used in an economical, efficient and effort to spend public funds in a proper and effective way (ZRRS, 2005). efficient and legal way, but also to ensure As already mentioned, the Main Audit that shortcomings are identified in a timely Office performs three types of audits: (1) manner and effectively eliminated. It is financial audit, (2) performance audit and believed that this “attention” of the (3) other specific audits (ZRRS, 2005). The parliamentary body as the highest first or financial audit includes an audit of representative body of citizens puts some the financial statements and a compliance pressure on the executive and audit, which would mean that the General administrative authorities and contributes to Service will determine the following when creating a more favorable environment for compiling its report: (1) whether the audited the implementation of the recommendations financial statements present financially and made by the auditors in their reports. The objectively, in all material respects;

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 91 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. condition of assets and resources, business standards (ZRRS, 2005). In addition, the performance, cash flows and budget Main Service has the authority under the execution, in accordance with the RSLPSA to audit public institutions, public prescribed financial reporting framework and other enterprises in which the RS has a and (2) assess whether regulations are direct or indirect ownership stake. Then, the applied, whether funds are used for Main Service may audit any funds provided appropriate purposes and evaluate financial to any institution for the implementation of management, internal audit function and projects by international organizations, such system internal controls (ZRRS, 2005). On as loans or donations to the Republic, funds the other hand, in the performance audit, the allocated from the budget to the institution Main Service examines activities, programs or organization and all other budget and projects within the competence of the institutions financed from the budget and RS Government and public sector funds and other extra-budgetary funds institutions in terms of economy, efficiency established by law. The powers of the and effectiveness (Obradović, 2010). The General Services include and all financial, National Assembly of the Republic of administrative and other activities, Srpska (NSRS) or the Audit Committee of programs and projects that are managed by the NSRS may request that the Main one or more institutions, including process Service perform special audits (for which it and proceeds from the sale of assets, is necessary to provide special funds). The privatization and concessions (ZRRS, Main Audit Office may perform a special 2016). In its work, the Main Service may audit at the request of the Government of request written data and documents of the Republic of Srpska, with the consent of interest, including data in electronic form, the Audit Committee of the National and access to them may not be denied or Assembly (ZRRS, 2005). restricted (the same applies to the premises The Main Audit Office is authorized of the institution where the audit is and obliged to audit financial statements performed) (ZRRS, 2016). and compliance of activities, transactions The Auditor General and Deputy and information with legal and other Auditor General are appointed by the NSRS regulations and budget execution of the on the proposal of the President of the RS. National Assembly of the Republic of Entity President propose to the National Srpska, the Office of the President of the Assembly a list of candidates previously Republic of Srpska, the General Secretariat prepared by the selection commission of the Government of the Republic of consisting of five members. The list of Srpska and ministries, the Council of candidates is determined after a public Peoples of the Republic of Srpska, Tax competition. The Auditor General and his Administration of Republic of Srpska, Deputy shall be appointed for a term of Pension and Disability Insurance Fund of seven years (ZRRS, 2005). Audit Office of Republic of Srpska, Health Insurance Fund the public sector of RS shall be financed by of Republic of Srpska, Public Fund for the budget of the Republic of Srpska. Child Protection of Republic of Srpska, The main audit service is obliged to Employment Bureau of Republic of Srpska, submit the final report to the institution in Consolidated annual financial report for which the audit was performed and to the users of the budget of Republic of Srpska, National Assembly, in accordance with the adequate number of local units self- law. A copy of the report will be government (Kunić, 2010) and public simultaneously submitted to the enterprises and other institutions and Government and RS president. Copies may entities in accordance with the Annual also be submitted to another institution, the Audit Plan, which is compiled by the Republic of Srpska Public Prosecutor and Auditor General with the assistance of the the Ministry of the Interior. The Audit Deputy, applying the Law on Audit of the Office will publish audit reports RS Public Sector and international

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 92 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. immediately upon submission of such financed directly from the budget. adopted reports (ZRRS, 2005). by Parliament, set Stine Canton and general inland Council, (d) non-budgetary funds Office of the Audit of the Institution in the may be established by law, (e) the funds as Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina a loan or a grant for Bosnia and The Audit Office of Institutions in the Herzegovina is provided to an institution, or Federation of B&H was established in 2006 project in the Federation of Bosnia and as the supreme audit institution in the entity Herzegovina from international bodies and of the Federation of B&H, which aims to organizations, and (f) funds provided from ensure independent opinions on budget the budget of any other institution, execution and financial reports organization or body. The jurisdiction of (Vićentijević, 2018), ensuring independent the Audit Office also includes a company in opinions of using of resources and which the state has a 50% ownership stake management of state property by the plus one share or more. The audit shall also Government and budget institutions in the include all financial, administrative and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and other activities, programs and projects public institutions in the Federation of managed by one or more institutions and Bosnia and Herzegovina, how it will bodies referred to in this Article, including contribute to reliable information on the use processing and proceeds from the sale of of budget funds, transparent and quality property, privatization and concessions management of public revenues, (ZRFB&H, 2006). expenditures and property in the Federation The Auditor General and his Deputy of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Zakon o shall adopt the annual audit plan, which reviziji institutcija u Federaciji Bosne i shall inform the competent parliamentary Hercegovine [ZRFB&H], 2006). The Audit committee. Office has the task of informing institutions With regard to financial audit, the and the public about its audit work. He is Audit Office, in accordance with adopted apolitical and independent in his work auditing standards, reviews the financial (ZRFB&H, 2006). Thus, it cannot be statements and related accounts of audited controlled by another institution or another institutions in order to assess whether the person. financial statements are reliable and The Audit Office of the FB&H whether the balance sheets fully reflect the Institutions is responsible for: (1) financial results of budget execution. It assesses audit, (2) performance audit and (3) other whether the heads of institutions apply laws specific audits (ZRFB&H, 2006). The and regulations, use funds for appropriate competence of the Audit Office includes all purposes, assesses financial management, public institutions in the Federation of internal audit functions and internal control Bosnia and Herzegovina including: (1) the systems. The Office conducts an ex-ante Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and audit during the financial year, including Herzegovina, (2) the President of the monitoring the implementation of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (3) recommendations from previous audits and the Government of the Federation of Bosnia analyzing the measures taken on the basis and Herzegovina and its ministries, (4) of those recommendations (ZRFB&H, extra-budgetary funds that may be 2006). established by law and (5) public funds, The Audit Office has the right to institutes and agencies (ZRFB&H, 2006). inspect or test (performance audit) of a Also, the competence of the office includes: particular aspect of the business all or part (a) assemblies and governments of cantons of the institutions, programs or activities in in the territory of the Federation of Bosnia terms of economy, efficiency and and Herzegovina, (b) municipalities in the effectiveness with which this institution territory of the Federation of Bosnia and uses its resources and reports its findings to Herzegovina, (c) all budgetary institutions the appropriate institution and Parliament of

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 93 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. FB&H, ie the competent parliamentary in 2007. The Office performs its duties in commission (ZRFB&H, 2006). accordance with the law, and is an The FB&H Parliament or the independent body that is not subject to the Parliamentary Audit Committee may management or control of any institution or request the Office to conduct a special individual. It is completely apolitical and audit, providing special funds. Following a must not support or be associated with any special audit, the Audit Office submits a political party or organization (Zakon o special report to the Commission or reviziji javnog sektora i institucija Brčko Parliament (ZRFB&H, 2006). Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine [ZRBD], The Office is obliged to submit the 2018). The Office applies auditing final report to the audited institution and the standards approved by the Coordination Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Board of Supreme Audit Institutions of Herzegovina. The report shall be submitted B&H (ZRBD, 2018). to the Government of the Federation of The Coordination Board of Supreme Bosnia and Herzegovina and the President Audit Institutions in Bosnia and of the Federation of B&H at the same time, Herzegovina is the main coordinating body and may be submitted to any other of the same institutions. Its headquarters are competent institution. The Audit Office in Sarajevo. The Coordination Board shall make the audit reports public after consists of Auditors General and Deputy their submission (ZRFB&H, 2006). The Auditors General of the Audit Office of the Audit Office is funded from the federal Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the budget. Main Audit Office of the Public Sector of The Auditor General and Deputy the Republic of Srpska and the Audit Office Auditor General are appointed by the of the Institutions in the Federation of Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The scope of Herzegovina, at the proposal of the work, ie the competence of the President of the Federation of Bosnia and Coordination Board includes: (1) Herzegovina, according to the ranking list establishment of consistent guides and of candidates prepared by the selection instructions based on INTOSAI auditing committee. The Parliament of the standards, (2) exchange of professional Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina experiences and aspirations to ensure appoints a commission for the election of consistent audit quality, (3) organization six members from both houses of the and coordination of SAI development Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and activities in B&H, (4) assigning audit Herzegovina, of which two members must responsibility for joint activities, and (5) be from opposition parties. The determining representation in international Commission determines whether all bodies. candidates meet the requirements of the Every year, the Audit Office audits the competition, evaluates the candidates who public administration, the Assembly of the meet the conditions of the competition and Brčko District of B&H, judicial institutions, determines the ranking list of candidates public funds, institutes, other institutions which it submits to the President of the financed from the budget of the Brčko Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The District of B&H, public companies, Auditor General and his Deputy shall be companies in which the District has an appointed for a term of seven years and ownership share of over 50%, institutions may not be from the same constituent or activities that receive budget funds or peoples (Art. 24 of ZRFB&H). donated funds from other levels of government from the country or abroad, Audit Office of the Brčko District of either as a loan or a grant for the Brčko Bosnia and Herzegovina District of B&H. The authority of the The Audit Office of the Brčko District Office includes all financial, administrative of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established and other activities, programs and projects

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 94 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. managed by one or more institutions of the appointed for a term of seven years. The District, including the procedure and BDB&H Audit Office is also funded from revenues from the sale of property, the District budget (ZRBD, 2018). privatization and concessions (ZRBD, 2018). CONCLUSION The main tasks of the Office are: (1) The modern state exists for the sake of ensuring transparency of public spending its citizens, its basic task is to create by presenting audit reports to competent conditions for satisfying the largest number authorities and institutions in the Brčko of needs of the largest number of people, District of B&H, media and the general i.e. to create an appropriate “climate” that public in accordance with the law, (2) would lead to the general satisfaction of the increasing accountability in spending public citizens themselves. In this regard, the state money by auditing financial systems, is the largest public body, it is an institution reports, transactions, review or examination that has huge resources, precisely for the of a particular aspect of business, program realization of all its functions, of which or activity in terms of economy, efficiency there are many, and these resources belong and effectiveness (performance audit), (3) to the citizens and society. Like any other increasing the quality and reliability of institution, the state must have a certain financial processes through leadership that will manage all these recommendations to bodies affecting resources on behalf of the citizens. That budget management, (4) ensuring legality in staff is elected by all citizens. But these the work of budget and other users who use people are just humans, and they make public money, identify deviations and mistakes, so it is logical to think that they suggest measures to eliminate deviations may fall into some kind of temptation (after and (5) providing access to legislative and all, these are large material resources that executive authorities of the Brčko District he has to manage). How to control these of B&H information through the funds? How to determine if one of those submission of audit reports, on the basis of elected representatives of the government which they can perform controls, reviews has lost his compass? There are different and take actions to free spending of public ways of control and supervision of public money. institutions that manage state funds, i.e. that The Office is responsible for are funded by citizens. We have regular performing: (1) financial audits, (2) ways (judicial, parliamentary, compliance audits, (3) performance audits, governmental, “self-control”, etc.) and and (4) special audits (ZRBD, 2018). The special ones. In special forms of Office shall submit a report on each audit to administrative control in our country, we the Assembly and the District Government, see the control of administrative bodies as well as to the institution in which the through the institution of ombudsman audit was conducted. If the report is (Ombudsman for Human Rights of B&H negative, it is submitted to the Prosecutor's and Ombudsman for Children of RS) and Office of BDB&H. In addition, the Office the institution of auditors, Office for Audit may, if it deems it necessary, submit a of Institutions of B&H, Main Audit Office special report to the District Assembly Federation of B&H and the Audit Office of (ZRBD, 2018). the Institutions of the Brčko District of The Auditor General and his deputies B&H). These institutions, which operate are appointed by the Assembly of the Brčko independently, which are non-political, District of B&H at the proposal of the must determine in the best possible way President of the Assembly on the basis of whether there have been illegal or incorrect an established list of candidates drawn up actions in the work of the institutions. by a commission of five members after a However, no matter how positively these public competition. The Auditor General institutions are regulated (which we can and Deputy Auditors General shall be rightly say by analyzing the legal

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 95 Novaković, F. (2021). Special forms of control of the state administration in Bosnia and herzegovina. STED Journal, 3(1), 85-96. regulations of B&H), the validity of the sudskim postupcima. Pravna riječ, control will depend on the persons Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu, performing the given functions. 2018(54), 115-125. Obradović, M. (2010). Finansijsko REFERENCES upravljanje u javnom sektoru. Revizor, Dedić, S. (2001). Upravno pravo Bosne i 13(50), 37-45. Hercegovine. B&Hać – Sarajevo: Otbo, H. (2009). SAI Independence: A Magistrat. Founding Principle of INTOSAI, Dmičić, M. i Pilipović, M. (2020). Ustavno International Journal of Government pravo, Dopuna osnovnoj literaturi. Auditing, 2009(36/2), 1-4. Banja Luka: Pravni fakultet Radojević, M. (2018). Institucija Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci. ombudsmana u Bosni i Hercegovini – Flekkoy, M.G. (1996). The Children's od međunarodnog ombudsmana do Ombudsman as an Implementor of nacionalne institucije za zaštitu Children's Rights. Transnational Law ljudskih prava. Pravna riječ, Časopis and Contemporary Problems, 1996(6), za pravnu teoriju i praksu, 2018(54), 354-371. 181-199. Karajica, V. (2007). Reforma javne uprave Singhal, M. (1970). State Government and u B&H ili njena evropeizacija. Srpska Local Administration, From Control to pravna misao, 2007(41), 335-348. Co-opeartion. Economic and Political Kazazić, V. (2005). Ostvarivanje i zaštita Weekly, 1970(5/28), 1098-1101. ljudskih prava u Bosni i Hercegovini Stapenhurst, R., & Titsworth, J. kroz praksu prava ombudsmena i (2002). Features and Functions of Doma za ljudska prava. Zbornik Supreme Audit Institutions. Africa radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu, Region Findings & Good Practice 2005(42), 43-53. Infobriefs, 208, 1-4. Kunić, P. (2010). Model, kontrola i zaštita Vićentijević, K. (2018). Efekti ključnih lokalne samouprave u Republici pitanja revizije na izveštaj nezavisnog Srpskoj. Godišnjak Pravnog fakulteta revizora. Revizor, 21(81), 63-74. Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci, Vlaški, B. (2013). Neki elementi razvojne 2010(31/32), 95-110. dimenzije koncepta dobre uprave. Kunić, P. (2010). Upravno pravo. Banja Godišnjak Pravnog fakulteta Luka: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci, 2013(35), Banjoj Luci. 165-182. Marchi, L., & Bertei, M. (2016). Zakon o Ombudsmanu za ljudska prava Performance Audit in the Public Bosne i Hercegovine, Službeni glasnik Sector. What is the contribution to the B&H, br. 19/02, 35/04, 32/06, 38/06 – Performance Management?, ispravak i 50/08. Management Control, 2016(3), 49-63. Zakon o reviziji institucija B&H, Službeni Melton, G.B. (1991). Lessons from glasnik B&H, br. 12/16. Norway: The Children's Ombudsman Zakon o Ombudsmanu za djecu, Službeni as a Voice for Children. Case Western glasnik RS, br. 103/08 i 70/12. Reserve Journal of International Law, Zakon o reviziji javnog sektora Republike 1991(23), 198-251. Srpske, Služebni glasnik RS, br. 98/05 Milkov, D. (1997). Ombudsman – vid i 20/14. vanpravne kontrole uprave. U Rajko Zakon o reviziji institucija u Federaciji Kuzmanović, Izgradnja i Bosne i Hercegovine, Službene novine funkcionisanje pravnog sistema FB&H, br. 22/06. Republike Srpske, Zbornik referata sa Zakon o reviziji javne uprave i institucija naučnog skupa (pp. 589-599). Banja Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine, Luka, B&H: Udruženje pravnika RS. Službeni glasnik BDB&H, br. 18/18 – Morait, B. (2018). Uloga ombudsmana u prečišćeni tekst.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 96 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

GUIDELINES TO AUTHORS FOR WRITING PAPERS

Dejan Kojić1*, Marijana Žiravac Mladenović1, Jelena Pavličević2

1University PIM, Technical Faculty, Despota Stefana Lazarevića, no number, 78000 Banja Luka, [email protected] 2Universty in Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Bulevar cara Lyara 1, Novi Sad, Serbia

ABSTRACT Guidelines to authors on preparing articles is formed pursuant to the world's best publishing practice and the Rulebook on publication of scientific publications (Official Gazette of the Republic of Srpska, No. 77/16). Guidelines are issued to ensure a uniform style of publication of articles in all issues of the scientific and professional journal of "STED JOURNAL". The Journal is published half-yearly (May- November) in print, with a circulation of 200 copies, and an electronic version of the edition is published on the site of https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/. All articles must be designed in accordance with these Guidelines and sent to the email address of the editor in chief, and then they go into the process of anonymous review by two reviewers. Only papers that have at least two positive reviews shall be published in the Journal. The Editorial Board has adopted the List of reviewers that has been confirmed by the Senate of the University. The identity of reviewers is not revealed to the authors, and vice versa. Keywords: STED Journal, review, publishing, scientific publications.

GUIDELINES TO AUTHORS FOR WRITING PAPERS When preparing these guidelines, the editorial board of the journal places an emphasis on the APA standards of the academic writing. It means that applying them consistently we also bring the papers of our authors closer to the global audience, that is, to readers. The guidelines to authors consist of two parts. The first part is related to the content aspect of the paper, that is, its necessary basic elements, based on which the reviewers evaluate the content adequacy of the paper. The second part of the guidelines is related to the technical aspect of formatting the paper based on which the editorial board, after receiving the paper, decides whether to send the paper to be reviewed or return it to the author to be finished before reviewing. STED JOURNAL, the journal of the PIM University on social and technological development publishes the papers which are subject to review and which are classified into the following categories: • Original scientific article, • Review scientific article, • Short or preliminary communication, • Scientific critique, • Professional article, • Presentations at scientific meetings.

Authors suggest the category of their papers, but the final decision is made by the Editorial Board and reviewers. Original scientific paper is a paper which is basically organized according to the IMRAD scheme (Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion) for experimental research or in a descriptive way for descriptive scientific fields, in which one for the first time publishes the text on results of their own research carried out applying the scientific methods,

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 97 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021. which are described textually and which enable that the research is repeated in case of need, and the established facts are checked. Review scientific article represents a review of the latest papers of a certain subject field, with the aim to summaries, analyses, synthesize and evaluate the information already published, and moreover it brings new syntheses which also necessarily include the results of the author's own research. Short or preliminary communication is an original scientific paper, but of a less extent or preliminary character, in which some elements of the IMRAD can be omitted, and it is about summarized presenting the results of a finished original research paper or article which is still in development (Working Paper). Scientific critique, that is, a polemic or overview is a discussion to a certain scientific topic based specifically on scientific argumentation, in which the author proves the correctness of a certain criterion of their opinion, that is, they confirm or reject other authors' findings. Professional paper is a contribution in which experience useful for improving the professional practice is offered, but which is not necessarily based on a scientific method, that is, the emphasis is on the usability of the results of original research and on spreading knowledge, and the text has to be adjusted to the professional and scientific level of the professional community for who the paper is intended. The papers classified into these categories are subject to review by two reviewers. Reviews are double-blind, the authors' identity is not revealed to the reviewers and vice versa. The paper shall be published only based on positive reviews about which the Editorial Board shall inform the author. The reviewers are selected among experts in the direct field of research to which the paper submitted for publication is related. The STED JOURNAL can include contributions from conferences, congresses, consultations and symposia. The author is fully responsible for the content of the paper. The Editorial Board assumes that before submitting the paper the authors regulated the issue of publishing the content of the paper pursuant to the rules of the institution or company where they work. The speed of publishing the paper will depend on how much the manuscript (text) complies with the guidelines. The papers requiring major modifications and amendments shall be returned to the author to be revised before reviewing.

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES The paper shall be sent to the Editorial Board of the journal by e-mail in the form of a text prepared specifically using the text processing program of Microsoft Word. The paper should include maximum 10 A4 pages and consist of the following elements in one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina or in English: • Title of the paper; • List of the authors and institutions; • Abstract; • Key words; • Introduction; • Theoretical framework; • Experimental part; • Results and discussion; • Conclusion; • Literature overview; • Title in English, list of authors and summary in English.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 98 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

The title of the paper should be centered and written in upper case, Times New Roman, 14 pt, bold, Caps Lock; The authors should be written in the center, without titles, Times New Roman, 12pt, normal, and the names of institutions centered, Times New Roman, 10 pt, normal. The titles of a part of the paper– of the first level, left alignment, Times New Roman, normal, 12 pt, bold, Caps Lock; The subheading – of the second level, left alignment, lower case, Times New Roman, 12 pt, bold; The subheading – of the third level, left alignment, lower case, Times New Roman, 12 pt, italic. Other parts of the paper should be written using the alignment on both sides (Times New Roman, 12 pt), one-sided spacing with one empty row above, between the subheadings and paragraphs, with margins of 2.54 cm (1"). The beginning of the paragraph should be typed at the beginning of the row. The abstract should have 100-250 words, and it is positioned between the paper heading (consisting of the paper title and information on authors) and key words, which are followed by the text of the paper. If the paper is written in one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the summary in English is given in an extended form, as a so-called resume and it should consist of up to 500 words.

Tables and charts Tables should be prepared in the WORD, graphics in the EXCEL, except for some special cases when it is not possible technically. Tables and graphics should be clear, as simple as possible and transparent. The title, heading (text) and subtext in tables and graphics should be written in Times New Roman – normal, Font Size 10 pt. Tables should be placed at a certain place in the text. Tables should not include more than ten columns and more than fifteen rows. If the author assumes that data should be presented in a larger number of columns and rows, it is necessary to split the content of the table into two or more smaller tables or deliver it as a special attachment. They have to be drawn according to the computer template (Insert Table), and not using the spacing, dots and tabs. When citing tables and graphics, we write the title of the table or graphic in the initial capital letter and then we specify its ordinal number (e.g. as it is shown in Table 9 and Figure 6, the lowest value was...).

A table examples

Tabela 1. Karakteristike umrežavanja NR/CSM blendi sa različitim sadržajem recikliranog gumenog praha.

Sadržaj recikliranog Karakteristike umrežavanja/Curing characteristics gumenog praha

WRP content Ml, Mh, M, ts2 min tc90 min CRI (phr) dNm dNm dNm , ,

0 4 40 36 6 15 11.0

20 5 42 37 8 16 12.5 40 5 45 40 9 16 14.3 60 7 46 39 9 17 12.5 80 7 47 40 10 17 14.3 100 7 47 40 10 17 14.3

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 99 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

A chart examples

Slika 1. Uticaj različitog udjela recikliranog gumenog praha na prekidnu čvrstoću NR/CSM/WRP kompozita pod uticajem različitih doza zračenja Figure 1 The effect of waste rubber powder content on tensile strength for the NR/CSM/WRP composites irradiated with different doses.

Equation Equations should be written in the graphic editor for equations, specifically in the Microsoft Equation and they should be placed at the beginning of the text. On the right edge of the text in the row in which the equation is written one should indicate its number in parentheses beginning with number 1.

kstmaks −kd (t−tmaks ) mr = ms (1 − e )− md (1− e ) za t  tmaks (1)

Figures Figures have to be prepared for black-and-white printing, that is, if the original figure is in colors which cannot be distinguished in black-and-white printing, the colors have to be replaced by "raster", that is, different graphic signs which need to be explained in the legend. We insert in figures only the most essential text necessary for understanding, such as measure variables with their dimensions, short explanation on curves and similar. The rest is stated in the legend under the figure. The maximum size of a figure is 13 cm x 17 cm.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 100 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

Slika 2. SEM mikrograf NR/CSM/ERP kompozita sa dodatkom 20 phr recikliranog gumenog praha pri uvećanju od 7500 puta Figure 2. The SEM micrograph of NR/CSM/WRP composites filled with 20 phr waste rubber powder at 7500X magnification.

Other notes In order to include successfully the papers published in one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina into international information flows, parts of the manuscript should be written both in the author's language and in English, including: text in tables, figures, diagrams and drawings, their titles and symbols.

About authors When sending the paper one should give their full official address, telephone number and email of all authors and emphasize the author with who the Editorial Board shall cooperate. These notifications should be submitted on a separate sheet.

Experimental technique, symbols and units Experimental technique and devices are described in detail only if they deviate significantly from the descriptions already published in the literature. If techniques and devices are familiar, only the source of necessary notifications is stated. Symbols of the physical quantities should be written in Italic (Times New Roman, 12 pt. – italic), and units of measurement in upright letters, e.g. V, m, p, t, T, but m3 , kg, Pa, °C, K. Quantities and units of measurement have to be used pursuant to the International System of Units (SI).

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 101 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

REFERENCES The reference list at the end of the article has to include only the sources which the author referred to in the article text. The used literature items are listed in alphabetical order.

Examples of citing An example of citing a scientific journal in the text: - one author: (Avramović, 2011); - two authors: (Žiravac-Mladenović i Đurica, 2018); - three to five authors: first citing in text: (Mitić, Nikolić, Cakić, Nikolić, & Ilić, 2007); second and every next citing in text: (Mitić et al., 2007); - six and more authors: (Špírková et al., 2009).

In the reference list: Avramović, D. (2011). Metode i okviri rasta vrijednosti banke. Anali poslovne ekonomije, 5(1), 28-37. Žiravac-Mladenović, M. i Đurica, F. (2018). Komparativna analiza trgovanja na Banjalučkoj i Sarajevskoj berzi. Anali poslovne ekonomije, 10(1), 25-35. Mitić, Ž., Nikolić, G., Cakić, M, Nikolić, R., & Ilić, LJ. (2007). The investigation of Co (II)- dextran complexes. Hemijska industrija, 61(5), 257-262. Špírková, M., Strachota, A., Urbanová, M., Baldrian, J., Brus, J., Šlouf, M., Kuta, A. & Hrdlička, Z. (2009). Structural and surface properties of novel polyurethane films. Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 24(10-11), 1185-1189.

An example of citing a book in the text: - one author: (Suzić, 2010); - two authors: (Peterlin i Mladenović, 2007); - three to five authors: first citing in text: (Đuranović, Todorović i Tešić 2016); second and every next citing in text: (Đuranović et al., 2016); - six and more authors: (Stefanović et al., 2008).

In the reference list: Suzić, N. (2010). Prvila pisanja naučnog rada: APA i drugi standardi. Banja Luka: XBS. Peterlin, J. i Mladenović, M. (2007). Finansijski instrumenti i menadžment finansijskih rizika. Banja Luka: Univerzitet za poslovni inženjering i menadžment. Đuranović, D., Todorović, S. i Tešić, R. (2016). Strategijski menadžment. Banja Luka: Univerzitet za poslovni inženjering i menadžment. Stefanović et al. (2008). Kretanje šinskih vozila. Banja Luka: Društvo za energetsku efikasnost.

An example of citing a chapter of a book in the text: - (Harly, 1981)

In the reference list: Harley, N. (1981). Radon risk models. U A. Knight, & B. Harrad (Eds.), Indoor air and human health (str. 69 78).̶ Amsterdam: Elsevier.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 102 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

An example of citing a paper published in the Scientific Conference Proceedings in the text: - one author: (Grgurević, 2014); - two authors: (Medić i Živadinović, 2014); - three to five authors: first citing in text: (Krstić, Skorup, Skorup, 2014); second and every next citing in text: (Krstić et al., 2014); - six and more authors: (Kojić et al., 2019).

In the reference list: Grgurević, N. (2014). Kuba i Nikaragva (Revolucija i postrevolucionarni period). U M. Žiravac-Mladenović (Eds.), Conference proceedings, International Scientific Conference on Social and Technological Development (pp. 124-131). Banja Luka, B&H: University of Business Engineering and Management. Medić, Z. i Živadinović, J. (2014). Neravnoteže i krize savremenog doba i ekonoska politika. U M. Žiravac-Mladenović (Eds.), Conference proceedings, International Scientific Conference on Social and Technological Development (pp. 102-1112). Banja Luka, B&H: University of Business Engineering and Management. Krstić, M., Skorup, A. i Skorup, S. (2014). Inovativnost – ključni element preduzetničke strategije rasta i razvoja privrednog subjekta. U M. Žiravac-Mladenović (Eds.), Conference proceedings, International Scientific Conference on Social and Technological Development (pp. 51-58). Banja Luka, B&H: University of Business Engineering and Management. Kojić, D., Pavličević, J., Špírková, M., Aroguz, A., Jovičić, M., Bera, O., MarinovićCincović, M. (2019). THE IFLUENCE OF SILICA ON THE SOLVENT RESISTANCE OF POLYURETHANE HYBRIDE MATERIALS. In M. Gligorić, A. Došić, D. Vujadinović (Eds.), Proceedings VI International Congress “Engineering, Environment and Materials in Processing Industry” (pp. 568-572). Jahorina, BiH: University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Technology.

An example of citing a master thesis or PhD thesis in the text: - (Petrović, 2001) - (Žiravac-Mladenović, 2009)

In the reference list: Petrović, R. (2001). Dehidratacija etera na mordenitnim katalizatorima. Magistarski rad. Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Tehnološki fakultet, Banja Luka, BiH. Žiravac-Mladenović M. (2009). Bankarski nadzor i regulative zemalja u tranziciji na Balkanu – globalizacija bankarskog sektora. Alfa Univerzitet, Beograd, Srbija.

An example of citing a publication of an institution as the author, downloaded from the Internet and citing a text from the web site Citing internet sites should be avoided, but if it is necessary, then they should include names of the authors, if they are available, the title, internet site and access date.

In the text: - institution: first citing in text (Zavod za statistiku Republike Srpske [ZSRS], 2009); second and every next citing (ZSRS, 2009); - call to authors: (Degelman, 2000); - unknown author: (Compiere, 2017) (Purdue University, n.d)

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 103 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

In the reference list: Zavod za statistiku Republike Srpske. (2009). Saopštenja. Preuzeto 10.02.2009. sa http://www.rzs.rs.ba/SaopstenjaRadLAT.htm Degelman, D. (2000). APA Style Essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000 from: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/apa.pdf Compiere, (2017). Products. Preuzeto 11.10.2018. sa http://www.compiere.com/products/ Purdue University Writing Lab [Facebook page]. (n.d). Retrieved January 22, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/PurdueUniversityWritingLab/

An example of citing laws, regulations, court decisions in text: - laws and regulations: first citing in text (Zakon o krivičnom postupku [ZKP], 2014); second and every next citing (ZKP, 2014); - court decisions: first citing in text (Vrhovni sud Srbije [VSS], Rev. 1354/06); second and every next citing (VSS, Rev. 1354/06);

In the reference list: Zakonik o krivičnom postupku, Službeni glasnik RS, 72/2011, 101/2011, 121/2012, 32/2013, 45/2013, i 55/2014; Regulation (EU) No. 1052/2013 establishing the European Border Surveillance System (Eurosur), OJ L 295 of 6/11/2013, 1; Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast), OJ L 180 of 29/6/2013, 60. Vrhovni sud Srbije, Rev. 1354/06, (6. 9. 2006). Paragraf Lex; Vrhovni sud Srbije, Rev. 2331/96, 3. 7. 1996, Bilten sudske prakse Vrhovnog suda Srbije 4/96, 27; CJEU, case C-20/12, Giersch and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2013:411, para. 16; Opinion of AG Mengozzi to CJEU, case C-20/12, Giersch and Others, ECLI:EU:C:2013:411, para. 16.

CONCLUSION The papers not written strictly according to these guidelines shall not be accepted.

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 104 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

STED journal : journal of social and technological development Vol 2, No. 2 (2020) – bibliografija članaka- Standard ISO 690

1. ANJUM, Ubair. Cyber Crime in Pakistan; Detection and Punishment Mechanism. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 29-55. ISSN 2637- 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220029A. [COBISS.RS-ID 132705025]

2. BJELIĆ, Edita, SULJKANOVIĆ, Mersiha. Conductometric study of ligand structure influence on the pb(ii) complexation with crown ethers. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-8. ISSN 2637- 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220001B. [COBISS.RS-ID 132701953]

3. BOTKO, Frantisek, HATALA, Michal. Mechanical analysis of the rotating drawing mandrel with selected bearings configuration. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 9-12. ISSN 2637- 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220009B. [COBISS.RS-ID 132702465]

4. KUSYI, Yaroslav, КUК, Аndrij. Application of the criterion of technological damageability in mechanical engineering. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 13-21. ISSN 2637- 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220001B. [COBISS.RS-ID 132703489]

5. MARJANICA, Frane, PROJIĆ, Ante. Utjecaj suvremenih komunikacijskih tehnologija na online učenje studenata. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 98-105. ISSN 2637- 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220098M. [COBISS.RS-ID 132712961]

6. ONYSKO, Oleh, LUKAN, Tetiana. Basics of automation of profiling of high- efficient inserts of the tool for thread machining. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 22-28. ISSN 2637- 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220022O. [COBISS.RS-ID 132704001]

7. PUSPITASARI, Linda, WARSONO, Hardi. The analysis of bureaucracy reform on a public service in the field of indonesian community health. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 66-75. ISSN 2637- 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220066P. [COBISS.RS-ID 132709633]

8. TODOROVIĆ, Zdravko, TOMAŠ, Darko, TODOROVIĆ, Boris. Sistem upravljanja za borbu protiv korupcije u preduzeću. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 56-65. ISSN 2637- 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220056T. [COBISS.RS-ID 132705793]

9. ЛАКИЋ, Данијела. Политички карактер национализма. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 76-86. ISSN 2637-2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220076L. [COBISS.RS-ID 132710913]

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 105 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

10. ТОДОРОВИЋ, Здравко, ТОДОРОВИЋ, Борис, ГАЛИЋ, Слађенко. Процесни приступ код креирања модела за мјерења перформанси предузећа. STED journal : journal of social and technological development. [Štampano izd.]. 2020, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 87- 97. ISSN 2637-2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/STED0220087T. [COBISS.RS- ID 132711937]

Registar naslova

• Application of the criterion of technological damageability in mechanical engineering 4 • Basics of automation of profiling of high-efficient inserts of the tool for thread machining 6 • Conductometric study of ligand structure influence on the pb(ii) complexation with crown ethers 2 • Cyber Crime in Pakistan; Detection and Punishment Mechanism 1 • Mechanical analysis of the rotating drawing mandrel with selected bearings configuration 3 • Sistem upravljanja za borbu protiv korupcije u preduzeću 8 • The analysis of bureaucracy reform on a public service in the field of indonesian community health 7 • Utjecaj suvremenih komunikacijskih tehnologija na online učenje studenata 5 • Политички карактер национализма 9 • Процесни приступ код креирања модела за мјерења перформанси предузећа 10

Registar autora

• Anjum, Ubair (autor) 1 • Bjelić, Edita (autor) 2 • Botko, Frantisek (autor) 3 • Hatala, Michal (autor) 3 • Kusyi, Yaroslav (autor) 4 • Lukan, Tetiana (autor) 6 • Marjanica, Frane (autor) 5 • Onysko, Oleh (autor) 6 • Projić, Ante (autor) 5 • Puspitasari, Linda (autor) 7 • Suljkanović, Mersiha (autor) 2 • Todorović, Boris (autor) 8

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 106 STED Journal. 3(1). May 2021.

• Todorović, Zdravko (autor) 8 • Tomaš, Darko (autor) 8 • Warsono, Hardi (autor) 7 • Галић, Слађенко (autor) 10 • Кuк, Аndrij (autor) 4 • Лакић, Данијела (autor) 9 • Тодоровић, Борис (autor) 10 • Тодоровић, Здравко (autor) 10

Izvor: lokalna baza podataka COBISS.RS/NUBRS, 26. 5. 2021

STED Journal 3(1). May 2021. Journal homepage: https://stedj-univerzitetpim.com/en/homepage/ 107